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PubMed1993

[Detection of the phenotypes of resistance of enterobacteriaceae to aminoglycosides with ATB Plus Expert System].

ATB Plus Expert (Biomérieux SA) is an expert system which has been developed to perform an interpretative reading of ATB susceptibility tests. The system was tested on the results obtained for 217 strains of enterobacteriaceae. These strains were selected in order to cover a maximum of bacterial species and resistance mechanisms. The isolates were tested on rapid ATB E, rapid ATB G-, rapid ATB Ur, ATB G- and ATB Ur strips. In parallel, a disc diffusion susceptibility test was performed with 5 discs of aminoglycosides (kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin) and the interpretation was carried out according to the criteria usually followed. Of the 217 strains tested, 122 showed a resistance phenotype. Only the rapid ATB E strips included kanamycin and allowed the detection of APH(3') phenotypes. Amikacin was not included in the ATB Ur strip, consequently it was impossible to discriminate AAC(3)-II and AAC(6') + AAC(3)-I phenotypes. 12 strains did not grow within 5 hours using the rapid ATB methodology. Not taking into account the problems previously encountered, different phenotypes between the 6 susceptibility tests were found for 16 strains. In 5 cases the expert system detected an anomaly instead of the correct phenotype, and in 3 cases of unknown phenotypes, the answers were variable. In the other cases, the main difficulty was the detection of the isolated resistance to gentamicin (AAC(3)-I phenotype). The expert system automatically corrects the susceptibility test result according to the phenotype observed.

Amikacin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An additional test in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae and some representatives of the genus Vibrio].

An additional test: aerobic redox fermentation in semiliquid Hiss' medium with mannitol is recommended for the indication of Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio, etc. The majority of mannite-fermenting enterobacteria change the color of the indicator in a thin upper layer of a column of semiliquid Hiss' medium in comparison with the bulk of medium after 20-24 h growth in it. Such changes of the indicator are never observed with Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio bacteria of the studied strains, Yersinia, some cocci, etc., which may be considered as an additional differential diagnostic test at early stages of investigation with due consideration for other known signs. The aerobic redox test does not require additional quantities of nutrient media, reagents, or glassware.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1977

Serologic relationship of fimbriae among Enterobacteriaceae.

The existence of serological relationship of fimbriae among serotypes of the same genus and among genera of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by agglutination and absorption procedures. It was found that fimbriae of different serotypes of the same genus and among the genera a) Escherichia, Shigella and Klebsiella, and b) Salmonella, Arizona and Citrobacter were more or less antigentically related. No relationship was found among fimbriae of the Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Proteus and Providencia. It was also found that in Klebsiella, MS and MR fimbriae differed antigenically. On the basis of the results obtained nine antigentically distinct types of fimbriae were distinguished.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

A simple method to detect bacteriolytic enzymes produced by enterobacteriaceae.

The production of bacteriolytic enzymes by Enterobacteriaceae in various growth conditions was investigated. Peptone-based media containing killed Gram-negative cells facilitated detection of bacteriolytic enzyme production in the highest number of species. These belonged to the genera Serratia, Proteus, Morganella and Providencia. In contrast, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter species did not produce bacteriolytic activities in any of the conditions tested.

Bacteriolysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathways of benzoic acid dissimilation in "enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)].

The Enterobacteriaceae can be divided into two groups with respect to the benzoic acids metabolism. In the first group, benzoate and/or p-hydroxybenzoate are dissimilated through the beta-ketoadipate pathway and m-hydroxybenzoate through the gentisate pathway; in the second one, are clustered species which do not dissimilate these aromatic acids. The possible taxonomic significance of this divergence is discussed.

Benzoates↗
PubMed1996

Antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of Hong Kong isolates of enterobacteriaceae.

High levels of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins have been reported in the Western Pacific area but data on the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) is more scanty. 370 Hong Kong blood culture isolates of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the years 1990 and 1995 were evaluated for resistance to 15 antibiotics and the presence of ESBLs. 1995 isolates showed increased levels of resistance for beta-lactams, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin and aminoglycosides. The proportion of E. coli harbouring ESBLs was 1/61 (1.6%) in 1990 and 2/77 (2.6%) in 1995. The prevalence in Klebsiella spp. rose from 1/36 (2.8%) in 1990 to 5/49 (10.2%) in 1995. ESBLs were found most frequently in Enterobacter spp. and were present in 7/29 (24.1%) of 1990 isolates and 5/22 (22.7%) of 1995 isolates. ESBLs may not be detectable in routine susceptibility testing and appropriate screening methods such as double disc screening tests are necessary to accurately determine ESBL prevalence.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1977

[Microbiological pollution of the environment due to breeding. I. Enterobacteriaceae due to cattle breeding].

Enterobacteriaceae from faeces of cattle belonging to four cattle farms situated in the Ferrara district were investigated. At the same time, investigation was made of effluent sewage and recipient wells (upstream and downstream). The cattle (of the Italian Frisona breed) resulted uncontaminated by Salmonellae, but proved to be very susceptible to Arizona, Citrobacter, Shigella and S. gallinarum-pullorum infections, coming from the environment. Predominant species in faeces were as follows: Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterbacter and coliforms. One farm proved to be heavily polluted by Edwardsiella tarda. Yersinia enterocolitica strains were also isolated from faeces and sewage.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1997

[beta-Lactam antibiotics--mechanisms of action and resistance in Enterobacteriaceae].

Beta-lactams are considered to be very important drugs used in the therapy of many serious bacterial infections. In the last few years, the number of isolated clinical strains from the Enterobacteriaceae family, mainly Enterobacter and Klebsiella spp. resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins, rapidly increased. Resistance can be located on chromosomes or be determined by plasmids and transposons. The production of beta-lactamases is the most frequent manifestation of beta-lactam resistance. Spread of such resistance, especially plasmid-encoded, is believed to be a serious risk factor. Therefore the study of the resistance mechanism is Gram-negative bacilli to beta-lactams not only indicates the present situation, but also trends in future medical therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Production of Escherichia coli group I-like heat-labile enterotoxin by Enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental water.

Strains of Klebsiella oxytoca (2), Citrobacter freundii (2), Enterobacter cloacae (1) and Escherichia coli (1) isolated from environmental water were identified as heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) producing strains by immunological methods and polymerase chain amplification. A 322 bp amplified fragment was obtained with specific primers LTR and LTL, and hybridized to a digoxigenin-labelled LTB probe only under low stringency conditions, and not with a cholera toxin probe. These results suggest that Enterobacteriaceae may produce a LT-like toxin antigenically and genetically related to the LT enterotoxin of E. coli.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence and sensitivity to antibiotics of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary cultures in some microbiology laboratories of a city in west Greece.

The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae from midstream urine samples from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) of a town in SW Greece during one year period and their susceptibility to antibiotics were studied. The most frequently recovered pathogens were E. coli (77%), Proteus mirabilis (10%), Klebsiella spp (8.7%), Enterobacter spp (2.5%) and Citrobacter freundii (1.8%). E. coli were found more resistant to carbenicillin, the combination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cotrimoxazole. Half of the strains were found resistant to more than one antibiotics. All strains were found sensitive to aminoglucosides, 2nd generation cephalosporines (except cefoxitin), 3rd generation cephalosporines, aztreonam and imipeneme. According to our results a statistically significant increase of the resistance to antibiotics at individuals over 45 years of age was noticed. The positivity of the samples was not correlated to prior antibiotic consumption and to the occupation of the participants or their residence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Enterobacteriaceae identification compared by MORLOC (a new system) and API 20E.

Identifications of 201 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were compared by MORLOC (a new system) and the API 20E system. Identifications agreed for 192 isolates (95.5 per cent). Of the nine discrepancies, MORLOC was correct for four, API for three; neither for one; and for one, MORLOC agreed with the reference laboratory but apparently all three systems were incorrect. The MORLOC system requires an extra day for a TSI but is smaller and simpler and can be recommended as easier to use, more reproducible, less expensive, and, in this study, more accurate than the API 20E.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Conservative regions of the gene of thermostable enterotoxin in Enterobacteriaceae--the principal possibility of their practical use].

The nucleotide sequences connected with the production of thermostable enterotoxins (ST) by the representatives of Enterobacteriaceae were analyzed. The conservative area sized up to 30 pairs of nucleotides at the 3'-end of all ST-genes, present in the bank, and responsible for the enterotoxicity of ST-toxin molecules was detected. On its basis 3 oligonucleotides were synthesized; 2 of them were used as primers in experiments on the amplification of the DNA of enterotoxigenic strains of Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Yersinia spp. and the third one was used as a probe in experiments on dot-blot hybridization with the DNA of the above-mentioned cultures. The universal diagnostic test system making it possible to detect the ST-enterotoxin of opportunistic enterobacteria irrespective of their species was proposed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Salmonella serovars identified at the Centre for Enterobacteriaceae of Palermo over the 5-year period 1983-87.

Salmonellosis is become an increasing public health problem in many countries. Serotyping and assessment of antibiotic resistance are useful tools, which assist in understanding the epidemiology of Salmonella infections. In this respect, the Centre of Enterobacteriaceae of Southern Italy provides helpful information on the changing pattern of Salmonella serovars in this geographic area. This paper reports the distribution of serovars and their antibiotic susceptibility in the years 1983-1987. In particular, because of their peculiar trends during this 5-year period, epidemiological features of Mbandaka, Corvallis, Dublin, Infantis and Wien serovars are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A new tetracycline-resistance determinant, class E, isolated from Enterobacteriaceae.

A fifth tetracycline(Tc)-resistance determinant, designated class E, has been identified on a transferable plasmid found in a fecal strain of Escherichia coli. This determinant does not show homology by DNA-DNA hybridization at high stringency with any of four other Tc resistance determinants (classes A, B, C and D) previously described among the Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance is inducible by 1 microgram Tc/ml and increases the minimum inhibitory concentration 130-fold for Tc and 3.5-fold for minocycline. The mechanism, like that of the other four determinants examined, appears to involve an active efflux of the drug. Using a 32P-labeled cloned fragment containing the resistance determinant, we have found the determinant in Aeromonas, but not in any of over 200 other E. coli strains tested.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1992

The Escherichia coli Mu/D108 phage ner homologue gene (nlp) is transcribed and evolutionarily conserved among the Enterobacteriaceae.

The Escherichia coli nlp gene is highly homologous to the regulatory ner genes of transposable coliphages, Mu and D108. It was discovered, via its action when overexpressed, as a positive activator of mal gene expression in a cya- crp*1 strain. Chromosomal disruption of the nlp gene by insertion of a promoterless luxAB reporter gene revealed that nlp is nonessential for E. coli viability. Light measurements from the resulting nlp::luxAB transcriptional fusion, plus RNA dot blot analysis, suggest that nlp is transcribed. Southern-blot analyses of DNAs from several bacterial species were performed and indicate that nlp is evolutionarily conserved, but only among closely related Enterobacteriaceae.

Bacteriophage mu↗
PubMed2005

Plasmid-mediated, inducible AmpC beta-lactamase (DHA-1)-producing Enterobacteriaceae at a Korean hospital: wide dissemination in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca and emergence in Proteus mirabilis.

The aim of the study was to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of recently emerging cefoxitin-resistant and induction-positive isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Proteus mirabilis. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated at a Korean tertiary care hospital between June and December 2002. Induction was tested using cefoxitin and aztreonam disks, the blaDHA allele was detected by PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were also analyzed. Among the cefoxitin-resistant isolates, 2.7% of E. coli, 21.1% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32.0% of Klebsiella oxytoca, and 8.3% of P. mirabilis isolates showed induction, and were blaDHA-1 allele positive. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of blaDHA-1 in P. mirabilis. The MICs of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aztreonam increased significantly by higher inoculum, suggesting that their clinical usefulness is limited. Presence of multiple PFGE patterns and identical patterns in some isolates suggest that the widely disseminated blaDHA-1 in Klebsiella species was because of both horizontal and clonal spread.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Structural studies on the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide.

The structure of the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide, which is the common core in Shigella flexneri and some Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has been investigated. The principal method used in these studies involved methylation analysis of the original and modified materials. The polysaccharide was modified by N-deacetylation-deamination and by Smith degradation. As a result of these studies, the following structure is proposed: alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-[alpha-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)]-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1993

Acquisition of nonmaternal Enterobacteriaceae by infants delivered in hospitals.

To determine whether Escherichia coli strains that colonize the intestinal tract of newborn infants in hospitals are of maternal origin or come from the environment, plasmid profiles of E. coli strains isolated from the stools of infants were compared with those from the stools of their mothers. Twenty-nine mother-infant pairs were studied in three different hospitals. In only 4 of 29 pairs, plasmid profiles of E. coli or other Enterobacteriaceae were shared by infant and mother; vertical transmission seemed to be uncommon, unlike findings in previous reports. In one hospital, 8 of 10 infant fecal E. coli strains shared a single plasmid profile, strongly suggesting nosocomial acquisition. In another, 7 of 9 neonate strains also shared a unique profile, and additionally carried K1 capsular antigen, a known virulence factor. Two other infants from the latter nursery acquired a urinary tract infection with E. coli K1 carrying the same plasmid profile. This study indicates that nosocomial acquisition of hospital strains of E. coli by neonates may be common in some hospitals and that the clinical implications are potentially serious.

Antigens, Bacterial↗