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PubMed2000

Electronic eigenvalue (EEVA): a new QSAR/QSPR descriptor for electronic substituent effects based on molecular orbital energies. A QSAR approach to the Ah receptor binding affinity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

A new descriptor of molecular structure for use in the derivation of predictive QSAR and QSPR models, electronic eigenvalue (EEVA), is described. This is a modification of the recently proposed EVA approach, but is based on computationally-derived molecular orbital energies instead of vibrational frequencies. Like EVA, it is also invariant as to the alignment of the structures concerned. Its performance has been tested with respect to the Ah receptor binding of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, and its predictive ability has been clearly demonstrated. In particular, it seems to be suitable for 'pure' electronic substituent effects. i.e., for cases in which both hydrophobic and steric factors are of minor importance.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Spatial resolution and energy filtering of backscattered electron images in scanning electron microscopy.

Numerical simulations of energy filtering effects on backscattered electron images of semiconductor multilayers are reported. The theoretical investigation has been performed for a wide range of energies, 1-40 keV, and for beam incidence angles between 90 degrees (normal incidence) and 20 degrees. Quite a general purpose of this research concerns the investigation of the optimum energy conditions and of their implications. It will be shown that the optimum energy defines an operating context suitable to ensure a compositional contrast enhancement; i.e. a minimum threshold current and a maximum resolution, without energy filtering, independent of the beam incidence angle. This optimum energy, depending on the specimen and its details, is, however, of the order of a few keV or less for specimen details having a size of the order of few nm. When the performance of the electron gun does not allow to work at low energy it is necessary to operate at an energy higher than the optimum one, the energy filtering can produce positive effects. Yet in those circumstances there is an optimum energy loss window suitable to minimise the threshold current. It spreads from 10-30%, depending on the primary energy and size of the compositional detail, for normal incidence, to a few per cent for high incidence angles and high energy. The simulation results for these last conditions are in agreement with the well-known experimental results obtained with the low-loss methods.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Inelastic electron scattering observation using energy filtered transmission electron microscopy for silicon -- germanium nanostructures imaging.

This paper presents a new technique using energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) for inelastic electron scattering contrast imaging of Germanium distribution in Si-SiGe nanostructures. Comparing electron energy loss spectra (EELS) obtained in both SiGe and Si single crystals, we found a spectrum area strongly sensitive to the presence of Ge in the range [50-100 eV]. In this energy loss window, EELS spectrum shows a smooth steeply shaped background strongly depending on Ge concentration. Germanium mapping inside SiGe can thus be performed through imaging of the EELS background slope variation, obtained by processing the ratio of two energy filtered TEM images, respectively, acquired at 90 and 60 eV. This technique gives contrasted images strongly similar to those obtained using STEM Z-contrast, but presenting some advantages: elastic interaction (diffraction) is eliminated, and contrast is insensitive to polycrystalline grains orientation or specimen thickness. Moreover, since the extracted signal is a spectral signature (inelastic energy loss) we demonstrate that it can be used for observation and quantification of Ge concentration depth profile of SiGe buried layers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Electronic structure of some adenosine receptor antagonists. III. Quantitative investigation of the electronic absorption spectra of alkyl xanthines.

Quantitative and comparative investigation of the electronic absorption spectra of theophylline, caffeine and their derivatives is reported. The spectra of theophylline, caffeine and theobromine were compared to establish the predominant tautomeric species in solution. This comparison, analysis of solvent effects and assignments of the observed transitions via MO computations indicate the exits of only one tautomeric species in solution that is the N7 form. A low-lying triplet state was identified which corresponds to a HOMO-LUMO transition. This relatively long-lived T1 state is always less polar than the ground state and may very well underlie the photochemical reactivity of alkyl xanthines. Substituents of different electron donating or withdrawing strengths and solvent effects are investigated and analyzed. The present analysis is facilitated via computer deconvolution of the observed spectra and MO computation.

Caffeine↗
PubMed2003

[Electronic structures of organometallic complexes of f elements. Part 54. Electronic Raman and f-f transitions in the low temperature vibrational spectra of Cp3Ce(NCCH3)2].

A comparison of the low temperature Raman spectra of Cp(3)Ce(NCCH(3))(2) (1), Cp(3)La(NCCH(3))(2) (2), Cp(3)La(NCCH(3))(2):Pr(3+) (3), Cp(3)La x NCCH(3) (4), Cp(3)Ce x NCCH(3) (5) and Cp(3)Tb x NCCH(3) (6) shows that the former compound exhibits three additional bands at 320, 2129 and 2154 cm(-1), which we ascribe to electronic Raman transitions. The two latter signals also appear in the low temperature IR spectrum of complex 1, but not in those of compounds 2-6. By performing crystal field (CF) calculations, the terminal states of the observed electronic Raman transitions could be identified. On the basis of both experimental and calculated CF energies as well as calculated wave functions the observed temperature dependence of mu(2)(eff) of complex 1 could be simulated in a satisfactory manner. A comparison of the low temperature Raman spectrum of compound 1 with the low temperature FIR spectrum of complex 2 shows that the selection rules for trigonal-bipyramidal coordination do not hold strictly for the skeletal vibrations. If the additional criterion of allowed vibronic side bands is applied to the transitions Gamma(1)-->Gamma(1, 4, 5, 6) of compound 3, the observed vibrational energies may be partly classified according to their symmetry.

Cerium↗
PubMed1999

Empirical Identification of Uranium Oxides and Fluorides Using Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope.

: A set of uranium compound particles relevant to contaminated soils and other environmental concerns surrounding uranium bioavailability were studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Core-loss EELS results suggest that uranium 4(+) compounds have an energy loss resolvable from 6(+) compounds. Shoulders on the uranium O(4,5) edge further distinguish UO(2) from UF(4). Low-loss characteristics distinguish carbon-free uranium oxide specimens on holey substrates. In the presence of carbon, correction techniques must be applied. Uranium oxides, fluorides, and minerals show a tendency toward reduction of uranium toward 4(+) under the beam. The electron dose required to achieve the transformation from 6(+) to 4(+) is more severe than that usually required to obtain satisfactory spectra, but the possibility for reduction should be considered. The conditions for low-loss analysis need not be as vigorous as those for core losses, and can be done without altering the valence of most oxides.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Electron tunneling and ab initio calculations related to the one-electron oxidation of NAD(P)H bound to catalase.

Models for NAD(P)H le- oxidation in bovine catalase were studied using Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations, along with information taken from the published X-ray structure of the enzyme. Geometries and energies of ground states and transition states were calculated at the 6-31G* level for N-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine and N-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide undergoing the pathway (i) le- oxidation to yield the radical cation, (ii) general-base-catalyzed (hydroxide and/or imidazole) deprotonation of the radical cation to yield the neutral radical, and (iii) le- oxidation of the neutral radical to the N-methylpyridinium or N-methylnicotinamide cation. Barrier heights for deprotonation of the radical cation intermediates were calculated to be 7-11 kcal/mol. Kinetic isotope effects were calculated for general-base-catalyzed deprotonation of the N-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine radical cation and the 4,4-dideuterio species and found to be kH/kD2 = 5.38 (hydroxide) or 3.64 (imidazole), in qualitative agreement with published experimental isotope effects for the analogous deprotonation of N-methyl-1,10-dihydroacridan or the N-methyl-1,10-dideuterioacridan radical cation. In the calculated transition state for imidazole deprotonation of the N-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide radical cation, an unusual short contact was calculated and interpreted as a hydrogen bond (2.35 A) between the amide oxygen and the hydrogen attached to C2 of imidazole. Similar hydrogen bonds were also observed and calculated at the 3-21G and 6-31G* levels between His234 of catalase and the amide oxygen of bound NAD(P)H and complexes of N,N'-dimethyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide or cis-N-methylformamide with N-methylimidazole. Comparison of these results to the X-ray structure of bovine catalase allows for further interpretation of the possible roles of the imidazole bases His234 and His304 and the hydrogen-bonded contacts in the NAD(P)H binding site. Electron tunneling pathways between NAD(P)H and the iron protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX) axial tyrosinate ligand Tyr357 in molecular dynamics and X-ray crystal structures of bovine catalase were calculated using PATHWAYS II (version 2.01). The pathways which were calculated included those involving the amino acid residue Tyr214, which is near the NAD(P)H binding site. Coupling involving Tyr357 was not particularly efficient; however, strong coupling between Tyr214 and iron-protoporphyrin IX was observed. These pathways may be important if electron transfer is stepwise; i.e., Tyr214 oxidized first, followed by NAD(P)H.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

A new infrared electronic transition of the oxidized primary electron donor in bacterial reaction centers: a way to assess resonance interactions between the bacteriochlorophylls.

The primary electron donor in the reaction center of purple photosynthetic bacteria consists of a pair of bacteriochlorophylls (PL and PM). The oxidized dimer (P+) is expected to have an absorption band in the mid-IR, whose energy and dipole strength depend in part on the resonance interactions between the two bacteriochlorophylls. A broad absorption band with the predicted properties was found in a previously unexplored region of the spectrum, centered near 2600 cm-1 in reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and several other species of bacteria that contain bacteriochlorophyll a, and near 2750 cm-1 in Rhodopseudomonas viridis. The band is not seen in the absorption spectrum of the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll cation in solution, and it is missing or much diminished in the reaction centers of bacterial mutants that have a bacteriopheophytin in place of either PL or PM. With the aid of a relatively simple quantum mechanical model, the measured transition energy and dipole strength of the band can be used to solve for the resonance interaction matrix element that causes an electron to move back and forth between PL and PM, and also for the energy difference between states in which a positive charge is localized on either PL or PM. (The absorption band can be viewed as representing a transition between supermolecular eigenstates that are obtained by mixing these basis states.) The values of the matrix element obtained in this way agree reasonably well with values calculated by using semiempirical atomic resonance integrals and the reaction center crystal structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriochlorophylls↗
PubMed2001

Electron distribution in the nonclassical bis(dithiolene) electron transfer series [M(CO)2(S2C2Me2)2]0/1-/2- (M = Mo, W): assessment by structural, spectroscopic, and density functional theory results.

The electron-transfer series [M(CO)2(S2C2Me2)2]0/1-/2- (series 2) have been established, and the previously reported series [M(S2C2Me2)3]0/1-/2- (series 3) confirmed, by voltammetry (M = Mo, W). Redox reactions are reversible with EMo > EW, and all members of each series have been isolated. Members of a given series have very similar distorted trigonal prismatic structures; isoelectronic complexes are isostructural. The existence of these series with structurally characterized members facilitates examination of geometric and electronic properties over three consecutive oxidation states. Upon traversing the series in the reducing direction, M-S, S-C, and C-O bond distances increase, and M-C, chelate ring C-C, and vCO values decrease. Density functional calculations identify the electroactive orbital, which is well separated in energy from other orbitals. Trends in bond lengths and vibrational frequencies in a given series are fully accountable in terms of increasing population of this orbital, whose composition is roughly constant across the series and is dominantly ligand (ca. 80%) in character. Consequently, redox reactions in the two series are essentially ligand-based. The noninnocent nature of dithiolene ligands in oxidized complexes has been long recognized. The results of DFT calculations provide a contemporary description of the delocalized ground states in the two series. The trends in parameters involving the carbonyl groups provide a particularly clear indication of the classical behavior of a pi-acceptor ligand in isostructural molecules subject to consecutive reductions over three oxidation states.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Electron-transfer salts of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylferrocene, Fe(II)(C5Me5)(C5H5). Structure and magnetic properties of two 1:1 and two 2:3 Fe(C5Me5)(C5H5) electron-transfer salts of tetracyanoethylene.

The reaction of Fe(II)(C5Me5)(C5H5), FeCpCp, with percyano acceptors, A [A = C4(CN)6 (hexacyanobutadiene), TCNQF4 (perfluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane), and DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone)], results in formation of 1:1 charge-transfer salts of [Fe(III)CpCp]*]*+[A]*- composition. With A = TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane) a 1:2 electron-transfer salt with FeCpCp forms. With A = TCNE (tetracyanoethylene) a pair of 1:1 salts as well as a pair of 2:3 salts of [FeCpCp]2[TCNE]3.S (S = CH2Cl2, THF) have been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [FeCpCp][TCNE] consists of parallel 1-D.D(*+)A(*-)D(*+)A(*-)D(*+)A(*-). chains, while [FeCpCp][TCNE].MeCN has a herringbone array of D(*+)A2(2-)D(*+) dimers separated by solvent molecules. Although each [TCNE](-) is disordered, the diamagnetic [TCNE]2(2-) dimer is structurally different from those observed earlier with an intradimer separation of 2.79 A. The [TCNE](-) in the 2:3 [FeCpCp]2[TCNE]3.S exists as an eclipsed diamagnetic [TCNE]2(2-) dimer with an intradimer ethylene C.C separation of 2.833 and 2.903 A for the CH2Cl2- and THF-containing materials, respectively. The bond distances and angles for all the cations are essentially equivalent, and the distances are essentially equivalent to those previously reported for [FeCp2](*+) and [FeCp2](*+) cations. The average Fe-C5H5-ring and Fe-C5Me5-ring centroid distances are 1.71 and 1.69 A, respectively, which are 0.05 A longer than reported for Fe(II)CpCp. The one-electron reduction potential for Fe(II)CpCp is 0.11 V (vs SCE). The 5 K EPR of [FeCpCp](*+)[BF4](-) exhibits an axially symmetric powder pattern with g(parallel) = 4.36 and g(perpendicular) = 1.24, and the EPR parameters are essentially identical to those reported for ferrocenium and decamethylferrocenium. The high-temperature magnetic susceptibility for polycrystalline samples of these complexes can be fit by the Curie-Weiss law, chi = C/(T - theta), with low theta values and mu(eff) values from 2.08 to 3.43 mu(B), suggesting that the polycrystalline samples measured had varying degrees of orientation. [FeCpCp][TCNE] exhibits the highest effective moment of 3.43 mu(B)/Fe and weak ferromagnetic coupling, as evidenced from the theta of 3.3 K; however, unexpectedly, it does not magnetically order above 2 K. The formation of the four phases comprising FeCpCp and TCNE emphasizes the diversity of materials that may form and the present inability to predict neither solid-state compositions nor structure types.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Tuning of electronic structures of quasi-one-dimensional bromo-bridged Ni(III) complexes with strong electron-correlation by doping of Co(III) ions, [Ni(1-x)Co(x)(Chxn)(2)Br]Br(2).

We have succeeded in synthesizing the Ni(III) complexes doped by Co(III) ions, [Ni(1-x)Co(x)(chxn)(2)Br]Br(2) (x = 0, 0.043, 0.093, and 0.118) by using an electrochemical oxidation method. The single-crystal reflectance spectrum of x = 0.118 shows an intense CT band about 0.5 eV, which is lower than that of [Ni(chxn)(2)Br]Br(2) (1.3 eV). The single-crystal electrical conductivities at room temperature of these compounds increase with increase of the amounts of doping of Co(III) ions. In the ESR spectra, peak-to-peak line widths DeltaH(pp) at room temperature change about 600 G in [Ni(chxn)(2)Br]Br(2) to 200 G in x = 0.118. Such a large x dependence of DeltaH(pp) seems to be ascribed to the increasing contribution from the increasing Curie spins which have smaller line width. Therefore, we have tuned the electronic structures of quasi-one-dimensional bromo-bridged Ni(III) complexes with strong electron correlations by doping of Co(III) ions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Electron deficiency in tetrahedral transition-metal clusters: electronic structure and magnetic properties of [Ru4(eta6-C6H6)4(mu3-H)4](2+).

Analysis of the electronic structure of the electron-deficient cluster cation [Ru4(eta6-C6H6)4H4](2+) (1(2+)) by density functional theory calculations shows a very small energy gap (0.06 eV) between the diamagnetic singlet state and the paramagnetic triplet state, as a consequence of the absence of a significant Jahn-Teller distortion in the molecular structure of 1(2+). Magnetic measurements of [1]Cl2, [1][BF4]2, and [1][PF6]2 show 1(2+) to be diamagnetic in the fundamental state, with some weak temperature-independent paramagnetism, depending upon the nature of the counterion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Tuning the electronic communication and rates of intramolecular electron transfer of dimers of trinuclear ruthenium clusters: bridging and ancillary ligand effects.

Ten new bridged dimers of oxo-centered triruthenium clusters with CO and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (dmap), pyridine (py), or 4-cyanopyridine (cpy) as terminal ligands and pyrazine-d(4) (d(4)-pz), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (dmpz), 2-methylpyrazine (mpz), and 2-chloropyrazine (clpz) as bridging ligands were prepared. The carbonyl stretching frequency, nu(CO), was used as a probe for infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements. In the neutral and doubly reduced states, a single band was observed for each of the dimers, with a shift in frequency due to the oxidation state of the triruthenium clusters. In the singly reduced state, a range of nu(CO) line shapes was observed, depending on the nature of the ligands, from two bands centered at the frequencies of the bands of the neutral and doubly reduced species to one broad band at the average of these two frequencies. By synthesizing new combinations of bridging and ancillary ligands, electronic communication between two bridged triruthenium clusters was effectively tuned, and electron-transfer rates were estimated by IR spectral line-shape analysis. In dimers bridged by the asymmetric ligand mpz, it was possible through selective isotope labeling of one CO ligand to observe "mixed-valence isomers," the two alternate charge distributions of a mixed-valence complex.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Electronic modulation of hyperpolarizable (porphinato)zinc(II) chromophores featuring ethynylphenyl-, ethynylthiophenyl-, ethynylthiazolyl-, and ethynylbenzothiazolyl-based electron-donating and -accepting moieties.

A series of conjugated (porphinato)zinc(II)-based chromophores structurally related to [5-(4-dimethylaminophenylethynyl)-15-(5-nitrothienyl-2-ethynyl)-10,20-bis(3,5-bis(3,3-dimethyl-1-butyloxy)phenyl)]zinc(II) were synthesized using metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving [5-bromo-15-triisopropylsilylethynyl-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II), [5-bromo-15-(4-dimethylaminophenylethynyl)-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II), [5-(4-dimethylaminophenylethynyl)-15-ethynyl-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II), and [5-(4-nitrophenylethynyl)-15-ethynyl-10,20-diarylporphinato]zinc(II), along with appropriately functionalized aryl, thienyl (or thiophenyl), thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, and carbazolyl precursors. The linear and nonlinear optical properties of these asymmetrically 5,15-substitued-(10,20-diarylporphinato)zinc(II) chromophores that bear either 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-thiophen-5-yl-ethynyl, 4-dimethylaminophenylethynyl, or 2-(N,N-diphenylamino)thiophen-5-yl-ethynyl electron-releasing groups and an electron-withdrawing group selected from 2-formyl-thiophen-5-yl-ethynyl, 2-(2,2-dicyanovinyl)-thiophen-5-yl-ethynyl, 4-nitrophenylethynyl, 6-nitrobenzothiazol-2-yl-ethynyl, or 5-nitrothiazol-2-yl-ethynyl are reported. The dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of these compounds were determined from hyper-Rayleigh light scattering measurements carried out at a fundamental incident irradiation wavelength (lambda(inc)) of 1300 nm; these measured beta1300 values ranged from 690 --> 1400 x 10(-30) esu. These data (i) show that these neutral dipolar molecules express substantial beta1300 values, (ii) highlight that reductions in the magnitude of the aromatic stabilization energy of (porphinato)metal-pendant arylethynyl groups have a significant impact upon the magnitude of the molecular hyperpolarizability, and (iii) provide insights into advantageous design modifications for closely related structures having potential utility in long-wavelength electrooptic applications.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Electronic Structure of [Pt(2)(&mgr;-O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) Using the Quasi-Relativistic Xalpha-SW Method: Analysis of Metal-Metal Bonding, Assignment of Electronic Spectra, and Comparison with Rh(2)(&mgr;-O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2).

The electronic structure and metal-metal bonding in the classic d(7)d(7) tetra-bridged lantern dimer [Pt(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) has been investigated by performing quasi-relativistic Xalpha-SW molecular orbital calculations on the analogous formate-bridged complex. From the calculations, the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied metal-based levels are delta(Pt(2)) and sigma(Pt(2)), respectively, indicating a metal-metal single bond analogous to the isoelectronic Rh(II) complex. The energetic ordering of the main metal-metal bonding levels is, however, quite different from that found for the Rh(II) complex, and the upper metal-metal bonding and antibonding levels have significantly more ligand character. As found for the related complex [W(2)(O(2)CH)(4)], the inclusion of relativistic effects leads to a further strengthening of the metal-metal sigma bond as a result of the increased involvement of the higher-lying platinum 6s orbital. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of [Pt(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) is assigned on the basis of Xalpha-SW calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths. Unlike the analogous Rh(II) spectrum, the visible and near-UV absorption spectrum is dominated by charge transfer (CT) transitions. The weak, visible bands at 27 500 and 31 500 cm(-)(1) are assigned to Ow --> sigma(Pt(2)) and OAc --> sigma(Pt(2)) CT transitions, respectively, although the donor orbital in the latter transition has around 25% pi(Pt(2)) character. The intense near-UV band around 37 500 cm(-)(1) displays the typical lower energy shift as the axial substituents are changed from H(2)O to Cl and Br, indicative of significant charge transfer character. From the calculated oscillator strengths, a number of transitions, mostly OAc --> sigma(Pt-O) CT in nature, are predicted to contribute to this band, including the metal-based sigma(Pt(2)) --> sigma(Pt(2)) transition. The close similarity in the absorption spectra of the CH(3)COO(-), SO(4)(2)(-), and HPO(4)(2)(-) bridged Pt(III) complexes suggests that analogous spectral assignments should apply to [Pt(2)(SO(4))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2)(-) and [Pt(2)(HPO(4))(4)(H(2)O)(2)](2)(-). Consequently, the anomalous MCD spectra reported recently for the intense near-UV band in the SO(4)(2)(-) and HPO(4)(2)(-) bridged Pt(III) complexes can be rationalized on the basis of contributions from either SO(4) --> sigma(Pt-O) or HPO(4) --> sigma(Pt-O) CT transitions. The electronic absorption spectrum of [Rh(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(2)] has been re-examined on the basis of Xalpha-SW calculated transition energies and oscillator strengths. The intense UV band at approximately 45 000 cm(-)(1) is predicted to arise from several excitations, both metal-centered and CT in origin. The lower energy shoulder at approximately 40 000 cm(-)(1) is largely attributed to the metal-based sigma(Rh(2)) --> sigma(Rh(2)) transition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Influence of the Nature of the Ligands on the Electronic Ground State of Organouranium(V) Compounds, Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.

Organouranium(V) amide compounds were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance in frozen solution. Their g-tensors were quantitatively interpreted by assuming that dialkylamide, C(8)H(8), C(5)H(5), C(5)Me(5), and THF ligands interact only weakly with 5f orbitals of the central U(V) atom, so that the total angular momentum J = 5/2 remains a good quantum number for the description of the electronic ground state of these complexes (weak-field approximation). In the absence of THF ligands, the ground state is predominantly made of |M(J)()| = (1)/(2) states, with a significant admixture of |M(J)()| = (5)/(2) states independent of the symmetry of the complex. Thus 5f orbitals are essentially nonbonding, and the metal ligand bonding should involve mainly uranium 6d orbitals. A THF ligand induces a significant admixture of |M(J)()| = (3)/(2) states. Substitution of amide ligands by alkoxide ligands is characterized by strong U(V)(5f)-OR interactions, which breaks the weak-field approximation. This sensitivity to oxygen ligands indicates that 5f orbitals contribute to the U(V)-oxygen bonding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Solution Photophysics, One-Electron Photooxidation, and Photoinitiated Two-Electron Oxidation of Molybdenum(III) Complexes.

Several six-coordinate Mo(III) complexes phosphoresce and undergo photooxidation in room-temperature solution. The phosphorescence of (Me(3)[9]aneN(3))MoX(3) (Me(3)[9]aneN(3) = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) in CH(3)CN at room temperature occurs with the following maxima, lifetimes, and quantum yields: X = Cl, 1120 nm, 1.0 &mgr;s, and 6.1 x 10(-)(5); X = Br, 1130 nm, 0.80 &mgr;s, and 9.6 x 10(-)(5); and X = I, 1160 nm, 0.40 &mgr;s, and 1.2 x 10(-)(4), respectively. The phosphorescences are assigned to the {(2)E(g), (2)T(1g)} --> (4)A(2g) transition. Solutions of HB(Me(2)pz)(3)Mo(III)Cl(3)(-) Me(2)pzH = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) in CH(3)CN, and solid MoCl(3)(py)(3) and (Me(3)[9]aneN(3))WCl(3), also phosphoresce. (Me(3)[9]aneN(3))MoX(3) (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes undergo reversible one-electron photooxidation upon irradiation in the presence of acceptors such as TCNE and chloranil. (Me(3)[9]aneN(3))MoX(3) (X = Br, I only) are photooxidized irreversibly to [(Me(3)[9]aneN(3))Mo(IV)X(3)](+) by C(NO(2))(4) in CH(3)CN. In CH(3)CN-H(2)O (1:1 v/v), photoinitiated two-electron oxidation occurs: the primary photoproduct is Mo(IV), which disproportionates spontaneously to form [(Me(3)[9]aneN(3))Mo(V)OX(2)](+).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

A New Electron-Transfer Donor for Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Polypyridyl Molecular Assemblies.

A synthetic procedure has been devised for the preparation of the reductive quencher ligand 4-methyl-4'-(N-methyl-p-tolylaminomethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb-tol), which contains toluidine covalently bound to 2,2'-bipyridine. When bound to Re(I) in [Re(I)(dmb-tol)(CO)(3)Cl], laser flash Re(I) --> dmb metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation at 355 nm in CH(3)CN at 298 +/- 2 K is followed by efficient, rapid (<5 ns) appearance of a transient with an absorption feature at 470 nm. The transient spectrum is consistent with formation of the redox-separated state, [Re(I)(dmb(-)-tol(+))(CO)(3)Cl], which returns to the ground state by back electron transfer with k(ET) = (1.05 +/- 0.01) x 10(7) s(-)(1) (tau = 95 +/- 1 ns) at 298 +/- 2 K. Rapid, efficient quenching is also observed in the Ru(II) complex [Ru(4,4'-(C(O)NEt(2))(2)bpy)(2)(dmb-tol)](2+). Based on transient absorption measurements, a rapid equilibrium appears to exist between the initial metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state and the redox-separated state, which lies at higher energy. Decay to the ground state is dominated by back electron transfer within the redox-separated state which occurs with k > 4 x 10(8) s(-)(1) at 298 +/- 2 K.

Journal Article↗