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PubMedDate not supplied

Mental health and substance abuse treatment utilization among individuals served by multiple public agencies in 3 states.

Patterns of mental health (MH) and substance abuse (SA) treatment utilization among populations receiving services through multiple public programs are not well known. This study examines to what extent populations with MH and/or SA conditions utilize treatment services through Medicaid and State MH/SA Agencies. Data are from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Integrated Database, a multiyear file for 3 states combining Medicaid and State MH/SA Agency administrative data into a uniform database. Although populations with co-occurring conditions and those served by both Medicaid and State MH/SA Agencies have substantial contact with the public treatment system, a majority of the MH/SA populations examined here utilize few services over brief periods of time. Utilization is most limited among individuals with MH-only conditions and those served exclusively by Medicaid. While a lack of data on clinical outcomes prevents us from drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of MH/SA services, results of this analysis indicate that public programs in the states examined here do not provide services that are primarily utilized on a frequent or chronic basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Quantifying effects of soil heterogeneity on groundwater pollution at four sites in USA.

Four sites located in the north-eastern region of the United States of America have been chosen to investigate the impacts of soil heterogeneity in the transport of solutes (bromide and chloride) through the vadose zone (the zone in the soil that lies below the root zone and above the permanent saturated groundwater). A recently proposed mathematical model based on the cumulative beta distribution has been deployed to compare and contrast the regions' heterogeneity from multiple sample percolation experiments. Significant differences in patterns of solute leaching were observed even over a small spatial scale, indicating that traditional sampling methods for solute transport, for example the gravity pan or suction lysimeters, or more recent inventions such as the multiple sample percolation systems may not be effective in estimating solute fluxes in soils when a significant degree of soil heterogeneity is present. Consequently, ignoring soil heterogeneity in solute transport studies will likely result in under- or overprediction of leached fluxes and potentially lead to serious pollution of soils and/or groundwater. The cumulative beta distribution technique is found to be a versatile and simple technique of gaining valuable information regarding soil heterogeneity effects on solute transport. It is also an excellent tool for guiding future decisions of experimental designs particularly in regard to the number of samples within one site and the number of sampling locations between sites required to obtain a representative estimate of field solute or drainage flux.

Bromides↗
PubMed2006

Rigid and flexible control of eating behavior and their relationship to dieting status.

This study examined whether or not rigid and flexible dimensions of restraint could differentiate between women who self-identified as dieting to lose weight versus those who self-identified as dieting to maintain weight. Four hundred thirty-three women responded to dichotomous questions regarding their dieting status and completed the Eating Inventory and Rigid and Flexible Control Scales (RC16 and FC12, respectively). Logistic regressions were conducted using dieting status as the dependent variable and RC16 scores, FC12 scores, susceptibility to overeating, and BMI as the independent variables. Scores on the RC16 and BMI correctly identified 73.6% of women as dieting to lose weight; scores on the RC16 and FC12 correctly identified 52.6% of women as dieting to maintain weight. Susceptibility to overeating was unrelated to dieting status. Results indicate that rigid control over eating is strongly related to dieting to lose weight and that both rigid and flexible control are related to dieting to maintain weight. This latter relationship is in need of further exploration. Results of this study support the contention that restraint and dieting are related, however, they are not equivalent constructs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (GenBank accession number AY905542) is 17,243 bp in length and contains 2 ribosomal genes, 12 protein-coding genes, and 23 transfer RNAs. The arrangement of protein-coding genes is identical to that of the congeneric Pacific oyster C. gigas, but tRNA genes show several duplications and extensive rearrangements between the species. Unique features in C. virginica include an additional trnM gene, the absence of an ATPase subunit 8 (atp8) gene, and an inferred translational frameshift within the cytochrome b (cob) gene. In both species the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene is encoded by 2 separate regions of the mitochondrial genome, the first reported case of a split ribosomal RNA gene in a metazoan. Translation of protein-coding genes in both species is initiated with methionine, with the exception of cob, which uses leucine. In C. virginica translation of all protein-coding genes (except possibly cob) terminates with TAA, with polyadenylation completing the primary transcript in cytochrome oxidase subunit III (cox3) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (nad4L), whereas C. gigas employs stop codons TAA and TAG equally. Interspecific divergence of mitochondrially encoded proteins is considerable, with amino acid identities ranging from 47% to 92%. A single major noncoding region representing the putative control region is found in both species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Evaluated community fire safety interventions in the United States: a review of current literature.

The purpose of the study was to assess the state of fire prevention research, provide an updated synthesis of evaluated fire prevention programs, and discuss the role of fire fighters and data systems in prevention efforts. The review included all evaluations of U.S. based fire prevention interventions published between January 1998 and September 2004 and any earlier articles about U.S. fire prevention interventions not included in two prior review articles. We retrieved information from each identified study including evaluation findings, involvement of fire service personnel and use of existing data systems. We identified twelve articles: seven reported on smoke alarm interventions, three on multi-faceted programs, and two other programs. Five programs involved fire service personnel in the design, implementation, and/or evaluation, and three used existing data systems. Studies reviewed suggest that canvassing and smoke alarm installations are the most effective means of distributing alarms and increasing the functional status of distributed alarms. The functionality of smoke alarms, an issue noted in earlier reviews, remains a problem. Programs involving partnerships with fire departments have indicated success in preventing fires and deaths, improving smoke alarm ownership and functional status, and improving children's fire safety knowledge. Using existing data systems to target and to evaluate interventions was effective. In the years since prior reviews, some improvements in the rigor of evaluation designs have been made, but there is still a need for high quality evaluations that will inform fire injury prevention efforts.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1991

Environmental exposure to cockroach allergens: analysis with monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassays.

Quantitative two-site monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based enzyme-linked immunoassays for two cockroach (CR) allergens, Bla g I and Bla g II, have been developed and used to measure allergen levels in house-dust samples. Dust collected from the CR-infested homes of two patients with asthma from Charlottesville, Va., demonstrated wide variation in the levels of Bla g I, depending on the location of dust collection. Dust from kitchen floors and cabinets contained 50-fold more allergen (mean, 10,755 U/gm of dust) than dust from bedrooms and upholstered furniture (mean, 204 U/gm). One hundred forty-five dust samples were collected from the bedrooms and living rooms of 22 children with asthma and 16 control subjects without asthma living in Atlanta, Ga. Twenty-seven of the 38 homes (17/22 children with asthma; 10/16 control subjects) had detectable Bla g I (4 to 1340 U/gm of dust). Bla g II levels were assayed in 40 kitchen, bedroom, and living room samples from homes in Wilmington, Del. Highest levels of Bla g II were detected in kitchen-floor dust (300 U/gm of dust). Additionally, approximately 20% of homes with no visual evidence of CR infestation had significant levels of Bla g II in at least one dust sample (greater than 4 U/gm of dust). Our results demonstrate that CR may be an occult allergen in homes. The kitchen appears to be the primary site of CR-allergen accumulation, but significant CR-allergen levels can also be found at other sites in the home. The MAb-based assays can be used for quantitation of environmental exposure to CR allergens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

National Council Licensure Examination success: accurate prediction of student performance on the post-1988 examination.

This study was designed to identify variables that might be used as predictors for success on the post-1988 National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) and to identify those students at risk of failing the examination. The convenience sample consisted of 257 graduates of a baccalaureate nursing program from 1988 to 1990. The investigators examined 15 variables to determine their predictive value for NCLEX success. Grades in the first senior level nursing course and graduation grade point index were the two best predictors. Results of the discriminant analyses identified seven significant predictor variables leading to successful classification of 86 per cent of students at the end of the junior year, 88 per cent during the senior year, and 91 per cent by the time of graduation. Findings from this study indicate that reasonably accurate predictive data on individual student performance is available by the end of the junior year, allowing faculty to begin interventions for at-risk students. The greater precision of prediction during the senior year and at graduation provides direction for later remediation to increase the probability of passing the NCLEX.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A statewide assessment of preferences of registered nurses desiring academic credit-bearing continuing education.

As needs, mandates, and interests for continuing education (CE) in nursing increase, institutions of higher learning have growing opportunities and responsibilities to respond. Planning educational programs necessitates assessment of nurses' needs to deliver offerings responsive to topic, delivery method, and scheduling preferences. This nonrandomized statewide telephone survey of 535 registered nurses describes the preferences of the large subgroup (n = 359) of nurses who stated a desire for academic credit while participating in CE programs. Preferences were further examined in relation to the nurses' eligibility for undergraduate or master's level offerings. Results include a number of specific preferences with implications for educational institutions to increase their creativity and flexibility in developing credit CE offerings, and to become more responsive to the needs of nurses in practice. Findings suggest that partnerships between institutions of higher education and health care may better meet the continuing education needs of nurses.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Substance abuse treatment providers' beliefs and objections regarding contingency management: implications for dissemination.

Contingency management (CM) interventions are among the most effective methods for initiating drug abstinence, but they infrequently have been adopted by community drug and alcohol treatment programs. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of specific beliefs that community treatment providers hold regarding contingency management interventions. We surveyed 383 treatment providers from three geographical areas of the United States regarding moral or ethical objections, negative side effects, practicality, limitations and positive opinions regarding tangible and social CM interventions. Results indicate that positive beliefs were surprisingly prevalent, with providers agreeing with an average of 67% of the positive statements regarding CM using tangible incentives and 54% indicating that they would be in favor of adding a tangible CM intervention to their treatment program. The most prevalent objections to incentive programs were that they cost too much, fail to address the underlying problems of addiction, and do not address multiple behaviors. Social incentives were viewed more favorably than tangible incentives and both were viewed more positively by providers who were supervisors, had advanced degrees, had more addictions experience, and had previous experience with tangible incentives. These findings have implications for improving the dissemination of this empirically-supported treatment.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

The relationship of body mass index and blood pressure in primary care pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an association of overweight, or risk of overweight, and blood pressure can be detected in children in the pediatric primary care practice setting. STUDY DESIGN: We examined electronic medical record (EMR) data from primary care practices on 18,618 children age 2 to 19 years. Each child was classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile as normal weight (BMI < 85th percentile), at risk for overweight (BMI > or = 85th and < 95th percentile), or overweight (BMI > or = 95th percentile). BMI Z-score and height Z-score were computed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were compared among age-sex-BMI groups. RESULTS: Among children in primary care pediatric practices, 16.7% were at risk of overweight and 20.2% were overweight. With increasing BMI status there was a significant increase in both systolic blood pressure (P < .001) and diastolic blood pressure (P < .001). The association of higher blood pressure with increasing BMI status was present in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical data from pediatric primary care practices verify the high prevalence of childhood overweight. The effect of overweight on blood pressure is present in childhood and can be detected even in children as young as 2 to 5 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An educational framework to support gerontological nursing education at the baccalaureate level.

Building gerontological content into a nursing curriculum will help meet the rising nursing care needs of older adults. An educational framework used to support innovative teaching and learning strategies is presented. Using this framework, strategies for developing and teaching a new undergraduate nursing elective include exposure to and interactions with older adults, national conference attendance, and use of film to investigate issues of aging. A topical outline of the course, assignments, and additional teaching strategies are presented. To date, 58 students have reported high satisfaction and increased interest in gerontological nursing. Twenty-three percent of graduating nurses enrolled in this course and received specialty content in the care of older adults. Faculty satisfaction remained high. The innovative teaching strategies enhanced faculty and student engagement in course content. The successful use of these strategies should be considered for implementation in both elective and required courses that focus on gerontological nursing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Neospora caninum detected in feral rodents.

The role of rodents in the epidemiology of neosporosis was investigated by assaying brain tissue of feral mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus) for Neospora caninum. Both mouse and rat brain tissue were extracted for total DNA, and subjected to two different N. caninum-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. A portion of brain tissue from the mice and rats were also assayed for N. caninum in gerbils or gamma-interferon gene knockout (KO) mice. Of the 105 feral mice tested, 10% were positive in the N. caninum-specific PCR assays. Of the 242 rats tested, 30% were positive in both assays. Although mice and rats had N. caninum by PCR testing, clinical signs of N. caninum infection were not observed nor were N. caninum parasites observed in gerbils or KO mice inoculated with the rodent brain tissue.

Animals↗