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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion.

OBJECTIVE: To review the underlying pathophysiologic processes of concussive brain injury and relate these neurometabolic changes to clinical sports-related issues such as injury to the developing brain, overuse injury, and repeated concussion. DATA SOURCES: Over 100 articles from both basic science and clinical medical literature selected for relevance to concussive brain injury, postinjury pathophysiology, and recovery of function. DATA SYNTHESIS: The primary elements of the pathophysiologic cascade following concussive brain injury include abrupt neuronal depolarization, release of excitatory neurotransmitters, ionic shifts, changes in glucose metabolism, altered cerebral blood flow, and impaired axonal function. These alterations can be correlated with periods of postconcussion vulnerability and with neurobehavioral abnormalities. While the time course of these changes is well understood in experimental animal models, it is only beginning to be characterized following human concussion. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Following concussion, cerebral pathophysiology can be adversely affected for days in animals and weeks in humans. Significant changes in cerebral glucose metabolism can exist even in head-injured patients with normal Glasgow Coma Scores, underscoring the need for in-depth clinical assessment in an effort to uncover neurocognitive correlates of altered cerebral physiology. Improved guidelines for clinical management of concussion may be formulated as the functional significance and duration of these postinjury neurometabolic derangements are better delineated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Instructing the animal physiology graduate student in human assisted reproductive technology.

Animal physiology graduate students provide an excellent personnel resource for laboratories performing human assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures. However, the basic training of these students falls short of what is required for this highly specialized field. We designed a course to enhance their education in this area via classroom and hands-on laboratory instruction in a hospital and university setting. Topics covered in the course included in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture, embryo transfer, quality control, quality assurance, micromanipulation, and cryopreservation. These techniques were applied to a group project to evaluate the influence of spermatozoal quality and quantity on early embryonic development in cattle and humans. Student grades were based on 1) oral and written examinations; 2) demonstrated competency in laboratory techniques; 3) presentation of class project data at a state academy of science meeting; and 4) initiative, determination, and interest in the coursework. Three aspects of the course stood out as very positive. First, the team approach to accomplishing a class project was new to some of the graduate students. Second, a bond was formed between hospital- and university-based faculty that did and will continue to foster unique teaching and research opportunities between the two groups. Third, the opportunity for students to present research data in a formal setting was very rewarding. This course made the students keenly aware of the many aspects of ART and provided them with specialized skills that should make them more marketable in the field of reproductive technology.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1982

Criticisms of the psychopathological interpretation of witch hunts: a review.

The psychopathological interpretation of the European witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries, which has been prominent in histories of psychiatry, contends that demonology overwhelmed psychiatry in the late middle Ages, with the result that the mentally ill were executed by the thousands as witches. The author reviews the criticisms and contrary evidence that have been brought to bear on this paradigm in the past 20 years, including critiques of its data collection and interpretation, historical evidence which has failed to support its contentions, and questions about its implicit approach to the history and philosophy of science.

Archives↗
PubMed2005

Comparing statistical and semantic approaches for identifying change from land cover datasets.

In this paper, we examine methods for integrating spatial data which apparently should be comparable because they are of the same data type or theme, but which are incompatible or discordant because the classes of that theme are different. For a variety of reasons including changes in methods, in understanding of the resource, and in policy initiatives in the commissioning of the survey, this problem is widespread in the results of natural resources surveys. We present two generic methods: one method is grounded in a statistical approach using discriminant analysis, and the other exploits the knowledge of experts. We use the context of land cover mapping of Great Britain to explore these approaches for integrating discordant data. We demonstrate that the expert-based approach gives very good levels of identification of locations with incompatible classifications at different times, and gives a much better rate of recognition of change. Some conclusions are made about the need to expand current metadata and data quality reporting to include descriptions of:- data conceptualisations, semantics and ontologies;- who decided and defined what the features of interest in a dataset are, and why. If the benefits of spatial data initiatives such as GRID, E-science and INSPIRE are to be fully realised then some method needs to be found to communicate that information most effectively to the potential user of the data.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

Cerebrovascular disease and dementia.

Cerebrovascular disease and dementia are extremely prevalent and disabling disorders affecting older people. Results of previous pathological investigations and later epidemiological studies have raised the possibility that the two disorders may be causally related. The study of such causal associations may provide insights that could lead to the development of strategies intended to prevent or treat dementia more effectively. Cerebrovascular disease has many manifestations, some of which are strong causal factors in the development of a future dementia. However, uncertainty and controversy exist regarding the presence and nature of the causal contribution of others. Potential therapeutic strategies for dementia are hindered by the lack of understanding of such relationships and the consequent difficulty in identifying a clear phenotype of dementia occurring predominantly due to cerebrovascular disease. The field is ripe for further examination of the associations between vascular factors and dementia, and the mechanisms underlying such associations. The interface between basic and clinical science has much to offer in clarifying the relationships between aging, vascular factors and cognitive decline in older people. In this review, we will attempt to synthesize data available from epidemiological, clinical and basic science research in the field of dementia related to cerebrovascular disease, highlighting potential avenues for further research.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Cerebrovascular disease and dementia.

Cerebrovascular disease and dementia are extremely prevalent and disabling disorders affecting older people. Results of previous pathological investigations and later epidemiological studies have raised the possibility that the two disorders may be causally related. The study of such causal associations may provide insights that could lead to the development of strategies intended to prevent or treat dementia more effectively. Cerebrovascular disease has many manifestations, some of which are strong causal factors in the development of a future dementia. However, uncertainty and controversy exist regarding the presence and nature of the causal contribution of others. Potential therapeutic strategies for dementia are hindered by the lack of understanding of such relationships and the consequent difficulty in identifying a clear phenotype of dementia occurring predominantly due to cerebrovascular disease. The field is ripe for further examination of the associations between vascular factors and dementia, and the mechanisms underlying such associations. The interface between basic and clinical science has much to offer in clarifying the relationships between aging, vascular factors and cognitive decline in older people. In this review, we will attempt to synthesize data available from epidemiological, clinical and basic science research in the field of dementia related to cerebrovascular disease, highlighting potential avenues for further research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Deriving quantitative conclusions from microarray expression data.

MOTIVATION: The last few years have seen the development of DNA microarray technology that allows simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes. While many methods have been developed to analyze such data, most have been visualization-based. Methods that yield quantitative conclusions have been diverse and complex. RESULTS: We present two straightforward methods for identifying specific genes whose expression is linked with a phenotype or outcome variable as well as for systematically predicting sample class membership: (1) a conservative, permutation-based approach to identifying differentially expressed genes; (2) an augmentation of K-nearest-neighbor pattern classification. Our analyses replicate the quantitative conclusions of Golub et al. (1999; Science, 286, 531-537) on leukemia data, with better classification results, using far simpler methods. With the breast tumor data of Perou et al. (2000; Nature, 406, 747-752), the methods lend rigorous quantitative support to the conclusions of the original paper. In the case of the lymphoma data in Alizadeh et al. (2000; Nature, 403, 503-511), our analyses only partially support the conclusions of the original authors. AVAILABILITY: The software and supplementary information are available freely to researchers at academic and non-profit institutions at http://cc.ucsf.edu/jain/public

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Basic concepts of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and its application in pharmaceutical research.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are biologically inspired computer programs designed to simulate the way in which the human brain processes information. ANNs gather their knowledge by detecting the patterns and relationships in data and learn (or are trained) through experience, not from programming. An ANN is formed from hundreds of single units, artificial neurons or processing elements (PE), connected with coefficients (weights), which constitute the neural structure and are organised in layers. The power of neural computations comes from connecting neurons in a network. Each PE has weighted inputs, transfer function and one output. The behavior of a neural network is determined by the transfer functions of its neurons, by the learning rule, and by the architecture itself. The weights are the adjustable parameters and, in that sense, a neural network is a parameterized system. The weighed sum of the inputs constitutes the activation of the neuron. The activation signal is passed through transfer function to produce a single output of the neuron. Transfer function introduces non-linearity to the network. During training, the inter-unit connections are optimized until the error in predictions is minimized and the network reaches the specified level of accuracy. Once the network is trained and tested it can be given new input information to predict the output. Many types of neural networks have been designed already and new ones are invented every week but all can be described by the transfer functions of their neurons, by the learning rule, and by the connection formula. ANN represents a promising modeling technique, especially for data sets having non-linear relationships which are frequently encountered in pharmaceutical processes. In terms of model specification, artificial neural networks require no knowledge of the data source but, since they often contain many weights that must be estimated, they require large training sets. In addition, ANNs can combine and incorporate both literature-based and experimental data to solve problems. The various applications of ANNs can be summarised into classification or pattern recognition, prediction and modeling. Supervised 'associating networks can be applied in pharmaceutical fields as an alternative to conventional response surface methodology. Unsupervised feature-extracting networks represent an alternative to principal component analysis. Non-adaptive unsupervised networks are able to reconstruct their patterns when presented with noisy samples and can be used for image recognition. The potential applications of ANN methodology in the pharmaceutical sciences range from interpretation of analytical data, drug and dosage form design through biopharmacy to clinical pharmacy.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CLS advanced degrees and career enhancement. Part 1--Comparison of career data.

OBJECTIVE: Determine whether recipients of clinical laboratory science (CLS) advanced degrees (MS) experience greater career achievements than their baccalaureate level (BS) colleagues. DESIGN: Two similar questionnaires were used-one for certified or licensed CLS professionals who had earned advanced CLS degrees (MS); the other for matched BS CLS colleagues. SETTING: Five academic programs that conduct both National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences accredited CLS education and CLS MS degree programs participated. PARTICIPANTS: The number of survey respondents was 220, 117 with advanced CLS degrees and 103 BS level controls. There were 99 matched pairs, i.e., 198 individuals were matched for gender, residence region, and years of experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Careers of BS vs. MS respondents were statistically compared, e.g., fractions with managerial level jobs, relative earnings increases per year, numbers of publications and reports, and other professional contributions. RESULTS: Compared to their BS degree controls, MS degree respondents had more managerial level jobs (62% MS; 36% BS), a higher frequency of job change (once per 4.3 years MS; once per 5.9 years BS), and a higher increase per year of earnings (9.1% MS; 8.1% BS). A greater percentage of the MS degree graduates (77%) than the BS level controls (33%) had authored external publications; the responses related to authorship of institutional reports and procedures were less different-84% MS and 64% BS. Professional contributions to their institutions or profession were cited slightly more frequently by the MS graduates (65%) than by the BS level controls (55%). CONCLUSION: Compared to their matched BS level CLS colleagues, CLS MS degree recipients had greater job mobility, greater management authority, higher salary, and more numerous professional contributions.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1989

Replacing folklore with science. Prevention.

After four years of wading through data on prevention, an HHS-funded task force has finished a pragmatic ranking of primary care preventive services. Even before the report's release, prevention activists had begun saying the authors too often copped out with 'neutral' recommendations.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1978

[Spontaneous tumors in rats from the Rappolovo Breeding Nursery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR].

The authors report the data on the incidence of neoplasms in rats of the "Rappolovo" nursery breeding (USSR Acad. Med. Sci.) and their offsprings during 4 sequential generations kept in the vivarium of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. The frequency of spontaneous tumors in 213 male and 230 female rats was 25.8 and 35.7% accordingly. Totally, male animals developed 65 tumors, females--114. over 80% of all neoplasms developed in animals older than 18 months. The frequency of neoplasms of separate localizations in males and females was as follows: the hypophysis--7.0 and 12.6% correspondingly; the mammary gland--0.5 and 11.7%, the thyroid (thyroidal epithelium) - 1.4 and 3.0% and (light cells) 5.6 and 8.3%; the adrenal cortex--0.5 and 1.3%; the hematopoietic system --7.0 and 5.6%; parasitic sarcomas of the abdominal cavity --5.6 and 3.0%; the skin --0.4 and 0.4%; soft tissues --0.9 and 0%; the liver--0.4 and 0.4%; the kidneys --0.4 and 0.4%. Moreover, one male showed seminal vesicle tumor, and females-solitary neoplasms of the pancreas and salivary gland, the dura mater, the ovary and uterus. Significant differences were revealed in the frequency of spontaneous neoplasms in separate rat generations.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2003

caCORE: a common infrastructure for cancer informatics.

MOTIVATION: Sites with substantive bioinformatics operations are challenged to build data processing and delivery infrastructure that provides reliable access and enables data integration. Locally generated data must be processed and stored such that relationships to external data sources can be presented. Consistency and comparability across data sets requires annotation with controlled vocabularies and, further, metadata standards for data representation. Programmatic access to the processed data should be supported to ensure the maximum possible value is extracted. Confronted with these challenges at the National Cancer Institute Center for Bioinformatics, we decided to develop a robust infrastructure for data management and integration that supports advanced biomedical applications. RESULTS: We have developed an interconnected set of software and services called caCORE. Enterprise Vocabulary Services (EVS) provide controlled vocabulary, dictionary and thesaurus services. The Cancer Data Standards Repository (caDSR) provides a metadata registry for common data elements. Cancer Bioinformatics Infrastructure Objects (caBIO) implements an object-oriented model of the biomedical domain and provides Java, Simple Object Access Protocol and HTTP-XML application programming interfaces. caCORE has been used to develop scientific applications that bring together data from distinct genomic and clinical science sources. AVAILABILITY: caCORE downloads and web interfaces can be accessed from links on the caCORE web site (http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/core). caBIO software is distributed under an open source license that permits unrestricted academic and commercial use. Vocabulary and metadata content in the EVS and caDSR, respectively, is similarly unrestricted, and is available through web applications and FTP downloads. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/core/publications contains links to the caBIO 1.0 class diagram and the caCORE 1.0 Technical Guide, which provide detailed information on the present caCORE architecture, data sources and APIs. Updated information appears on a regular basis on the caCORE web site (http://ncicb.nci.nih.gov/core).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The microrevolution: applications and impacts of microarray technology on molecular biology and medicine (review).

Microarray is a technique that provides a global analysis of gene expression at the level of transcription. Genetic and epigenetic changes underlie neoplastic transformation, cardiovascular disease, some psychiatric illnesses, and a growing list of disease pathogeneses and therapeutic responses. The profile of genes expressed by different cells (gene up- and downregulation under different conditions) determines their phenotype, and thus provides insights into the molecular basis for health and disease. Microarray technology combines standard molecular techniques with high-throughput screening to monitor the expression of up to 38,500 genes. A single experiment can assay gene expression across the entire genome under experimental or clinical conditions. Microarray therefore extends wide bridges between basic science and clinical medicine. This review describes the principles behind transcriptional profiling, experimental designs, and data analyses in the context of basic and clinical sciences. In addition, we survey the Microrevolutionized field of clinical cancer research by reviewing the most recent and innovative microarray studies of breast carcinoma.

Breast Neoplasms↗