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PubMed1992

Base plate wax, dimensional stability and sorption of active components following treatment with disinfectant solutions.

The influence of seven disinfectants on the dimensional stability of a base plate wax, Tenax, was studied. Two methods for treatment were tested - immersion for one hour and spraying respectively. After spraying no significant influence on the wax could be established and after immersion four of the seven disinfectants, including Cidex and K-644, likewise had no significant influence on the dimensional stability. The wax specimens did not show any significant weight increase (less than one per cent) after immersion for four days but in four disinfectant solutions the surface properties of the wax specimens had changed showing that active components of the disinfectants were absorbed into or adsorbed on the wax surface.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

[The sporicidal activity of disinfectants based on hydrogen peroxide].

The authors analyzed the experience of disinfection experts related with the designing of new disinfection chemicals and of their composition variations. The key regularities were defined, which are important for the designing of effective disinfectants with preset properties capable of rapidly and safely inactivating a microbe contamination of different objects in the human habitat. A high antimicrobial activity and good outlooks are demonstrated for disinfectants made on the basis of hydrogen peroxide.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2004

Glutaraldehyde in bonding systems disinfects dentin in vitro.

PURPOSE: To study the dentin disinfecting capacity of glutaraldehyde-containing bonding agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Uniformly sized bovine dentin blocks infected with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were treated according to manufacturer's instructions with a three-step bonding system (Syntac Classic), its single components, or Gluma Primer. Bacterial growth from dentinal filings obtained immediately after application of the bonding agents was assessed at different dentin depths. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of glutaraldehyde against E. faecalis were determined. RESULTS: Both Gluma Primer and Syntac Adhesive disinfected dentin, while the other components failed to do so. This was explained by the high antibacterial efficacy of glutaraldehyde even at low concentrations. Applied in consecutive order, the Syntac bonding system disinfected dentin blocks equally well with or without previous application of Gluma Primer. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of the current study, bonding agents containing glutaraldehyde appear to be good dentin disinfectants compatible with bonding systems. However, their effect on pulp tissue awaits further clarification.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Microbiological quality and effect of washing and disinfection of pre-cut Chilean vegetables].

Actually it is possible to find a great offer of pre-cut vegetables in the Chilean market. These products present certain advantages, such as saving time in their preparation at home. The microbiological quality of some of these vegetables, pre-cut celery and pre-cut cabbage was assayed. Two different types of the products were studied. The traditional pre-cut vegetable and another one, which is also pre-cut but it is labeled as "ready-to-eat" (minimally processed). The last one could be consumed without previous washing or disinfecting. The assayed microbiological parameters were: total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count, total coliforms and fecal coliforms most probable number, investigation of Escherichia coli and absence or presence of Salmonella. The effect of washing and washing and disinfecting on the natural microflora was also carried out. A disinfectant product for home use was obtained from the market. When comparing the obtained results for the two vegetables from both types, a high level of total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count and total coliforms most probable number was observed. Fecal coliforms were detected only in samples of the traditional type in both vegetables. In each case E. coli was identified. No samples showed presence of Salmonella. Washing and washing and disinfecting effect was low. The maximum reduction of the present microflora of both vegetables was only up to 2 logarithm cycles.

Apium↗
PubMed2005

The role of nasal cavity disinfection in the bacteriology of chronic sinusitis.

OBJECTIVES: Several factors may influence the results of bacteriological studies in chronic rhinosinusitis. We investigated the potential role of nasal cavity disinfection in the bacteriology of the bulla ethmoidalis in patients suffering from chronic sinusitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteriology of the bulla ethmoidalis was studied in 176 consecutive adult patients presenting a chronic sinusitis refractory to standard medical treatment who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Two different techniques were used: (A) a technique with nasal vestibule and facial disinfection with chlorhexedin (N = 89 patients and 165 samples) vs. (B) a technique with facial, nasal vestibule and nasal cavity disinfection with a povidone-iodine solution followed by a cleansing of the nasal cavity (N = 87 patients and 166 samples). RESULTS: Culture rate was 89.6% (183 bacterial isolates) for technique (A) vs 76.5% (164 bacterial isolates) for technique (B) (p < 0.001). Major bacteria encountered in the (A) group and in the (B) group were respectively: Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus: 77 vs 40 isolates (p < 0.001); Coagulase positive Staphylococcus: 44 vs 30 isolates (p = 0.061); Streptococcus pneumoniae: 4 vs 5 isolates; Others: Streptococcus sp.: 12 vs 16 isolates; Haemophilus influenzae: 8 vs 6 isolates; Enterobacteriacea: 33 vs 53 isolates (p = 0.013) and others Gram Negative Bacilli: 3 vs 7 isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The standard (A) technique to study the bacteriology of the bulla ethmoidalis in patients with chronic sinusitis yielded a higher percentage of positive culture and of bacterial isolates than a more advanced (B) technique. This is mainly due to the higher percentage of contaminant bacteria such as Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus recovered with the standard technique. Enterobacteriacea and others Gram Negative Bacilli were more often encountered into the bulla ethmoidalis with the technique where disinfection of the nasal cavity was performed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Microbicidal efficacy of a new foam disinfectant].

The aim of this study was to test efficacy of a newly developed foam disinfectant Hvĕzda S.C.H. using the standard procedures. The agent was initially intended for use as a detoxicant for the needs of the Army, Integrated Rescue System and Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic and its active ingredient is hydrogen peroxide. Microbicidal efficacy of the agent was tested under the conditions required by the standards for the evaluation of bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal and virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics in health care settings, food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas and veterinary care facilities. In all of the efficacy tests used, the foam disinfectant Hvĕzda S.C.H. reduced density of test microorganisms under the prescribed conditions by at least eight orders of magnitude, even for much shorter exposure times (1, 5, 10 minutes) than usually prescribed by the standards. In conclusion, the foam disinfectant Hvĕzda S.C.H. easily met the requirements for the bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal and virucidal activity, with a reserve of several orders of magnitude, under the conditions prescribed by the standards for health care, community and veterinary settings.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2004

A comprehensive system for washing, pre-disinfecting and sterilizing of dental and surgical instruments.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test and describe in detail a newly developed comprehensive system for washing, pre-disinfecting and sterilizing of dental and surgical instruments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The system consists of a combined washing and steam-operated pre-disinfection apparatus and newly developed trays, in which assorted instruments can be washed and disinfected without handling individual instruments. The system was subjected to a large number of tests. RESULTS: The cleaning efficiency of blood-soiled instruments was found to be excellent. The disinfection of dental instruments contaminated with bacteria, yeast and non-enveloped virus showed decimal reduction factors that were equivalent to sterilization. The trays had optimal sealing qualities. Their steam permeability was perfect even after prolonged use in N-, S- and B-type autoclaves. However, long-term tests in a clinic revealed shortcomings with regard to insufficient drying of instruments in the wash/disinfection apparatus. Furthermore, the mechanical stability of the polysulfonate tray covers needs to be improved. Occasionally, after extended use, the fit of the filters in metal trays became inadequate, in particular when trays were sterilized for 18 min at 134 degrees C for a prolonged period of time. CONCLUSION: In spite of the above-mentioned shortcomings, the system shows great labor and cost-saving potential, allowing a new approach to instrument recirculation and workflow in the dental office.

Dental Instruments↗
PubMed2005

Disinfection by-products and microbial contamination in the treatment of pool water with granular activated carbon.

For swimming pools, it is generally agreed that free chlorine levels have to be maintained to guarantee adequate disinfection. Recommended free chlorine levels can vary between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/L in Germany and up to 3 mg/L in other countries. Bathers introduce considerable amounts of organic matter, mainly in the form of such as urine and sweat, into the pool water. As a consequence, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed. Regulations in Germany recommend levels of combined chlorine of less than 0.2 mg/L and levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) of less than 20 microg/L. Haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloropicrin and chloral hydrate are also detected in considerable amounts. However, these compounds are not regulated yet. Swimming pool staff and swimmers, especially athletes, are primarily exposed to these byproducts by inhalation and/or dermal uptake. In Germany, new regulations for swimming pool water treatment generally require the use of activated carbon. In this project, three different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) (one standard GAC, two catalytic GACs) are compared for their long time behaviour in pool water treatment. In a pilot plant operated with real swimming pool water, production and removal of disinfection byproducts (THMs, HAAs, AOXs), of biodegradable substances (AOC), of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, coliforms, HPC) as well as the removal of chlorine and chloramines are monitored as function of GAC bed depth. Combined chlorine penetrates deeper in the filter bed than free chlorine does. However, both, free and combined chlorine removal efficiencies decrease over the time of filter operation. The decreases of removal efficiencies are also observed for parameters such as dissolved organic carbon, spectral absorption coefficient, adsorbable organic carbon and most of the disinfection byproducts. However, THMs, especially chloroform are produced in the filter bed. The GAC beds were contaminated microbially, especially with P. aeruginosa. The contamination was not removable by backwashing with chlorine concentrations up to 2 mg/l free chlorine.

Charcoal↗
PubMed1992

Installation of a water disinfection system in a Mexico City hospital.

With a view to evaluating a small-scale water disinfection system based on production and application of oxidizing gases, the level of equivalent residual chlorine and the degree of contamination by fecal and total coliform bacteria was assessed at various points in the drinking water system of a Mexico City hospital before and after installation of the disinfection equipment. Tests done in May and June 1989, prior to installation of the equipment, showed that residual chlorine concentrations were lower than the national standard in most of the samples and that a sizable portion of these samples were also contaminated with fecal and total coliform concentrations exceeding national standards. After installation of the disinfection system at the main inflow to the hospital's drinking water supply in August 1989, the equivalent residual chlorine concentrations were found adequate and no coliform bacteria were detected. These results indicate that the oxidant mixture generated by the newly installed system was effectively disinfecting the water.

Disinfection↗
PubMed2005

[Foams as disinfectant carriers].

The article deals with surfactants capable of forming an aerodispersive system, foam, under specific conditions as described below. Characteristics of surfactants usable as foaming agents are specified. Attention is paid to detergency and detergent effects of foams, wetting process, dispersion formation, stabilization of foams and stabilizers. Rheological properties of foams, more precisely volume increase and stability, are described. Methods for disinfection efficacy testing of foaming agents are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of using foams for disinfection are summarized: it is concluded that the use of foams in disinfection is universally advantageous and means a great advance in disinfection technology.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Disinfection by antiseptics in management of postoperative surgical wounds in urologic operations.

The objective of this study was to confirm that frequent disinfection by antiseptics is unnecessary on surgical wounds of urologic operations. Patients who received urologic operations were divided into 3 groups that had the same surgical dressings but different frequencies of disinfection and different antiseptics used. Surgical wounds were evaluated clinically and bacteriologically for the period until removal of sutures. Of the 97 patients randomly recruited for the study, 3 developed surgical-site infection (SSI). There was no significant difference in the incidence of SSI among the 3 groups. Bacterial counts of surgical wounds increased over time after operation, to similar extents in the 3 groups. The major isolate was Staphylococcus epidermidis, one of the normal florae on the skin. This strain was found at almost equal frequencies in all groups. In conclusion, our study suggested that covering with the surgical dressing without frequent disinfection by antiseptics was effective for prevention of SSI. Thus, traditional frequent disinfection should be abandoned.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative assessment of hard surface disinfectant activity against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that must be controlled to ensure food safety. For the years 2003 and 2004, L. monocytogenes caused 20 deaths per 100 listeriosis cases and was responsible for most food recalls for pathogen contamination. The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative method to assess disinfectant activity against L. monocytogenes. Standard procedures for testing disinfectants against 3 bacteria are described in the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis as use-dilution methods. No standard methods are provided for L. monocytogenes. In this study, preliminary efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound with hydroperoxide ion was determined for 25 bacterial strains. The zones of inhibition ranged from 7.0 to 12.5 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 5 to 250 ppm. For final efficacy, stainless steel carriers were contaminated with L. monocytogenes and tested separately for 5, 10, and 15 min in disinfectant or phenol. After exposure, the carriers were placed into 2 series of D/E neutralization broth. For 3 replications with duplicate samples, the phenol coefficient was 3.3. This research presents a technique-sensitive method that provides quantitative data for comparison and analysis of disinfectant activity against L. monocytogenes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

[Disinfection of endoscopes in gastroenterology. Bacteriologic evaluation of the procedure employed in the endoscopic unit at the Mongi Slim Hospital of Tunisia].

An evaluation was made of the incidence of contamination of the endoscopes during gastroscopy and colonoscopy and of the efficacy of the disinfection procedure used in our digestive endoscopy unit. Serial bacteriological samples were made before and after the endoscopy session and also between patient procedures. These samples were taken on the endoscopes and their accessories and also on the walls, examination table, gloves and the uniforms of the staff. Over 60 p. cent of the samples were positive showing that the disinfection technique was not bacteriologicaly satisfactory. Most of the micro-organisms found were opportunists. Firm guidelines regarding adequate disinfection are important and regular micro-biological control of disinfection procedures must be performed.

Disinfection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The sensitivity to antibiotics and disinfecting substances of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients with orthodontic pathology].

Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under study. The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory diseases than that in health. Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants. Antibiotic sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants. The authors emphasize that effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to disinfectants as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Disinfection of dental impressions].

The need for disinfection of dental impressions is generally postulated. While many disinfectants for elastomeric impression materials have been recommended for at least ten years, several authors recently described suitable disinfectants for alginate impressions. Disinfectants for reversible hydrocolloid materials are in the phase of practical testing, and show promising first results. Under practical and scientific aspects further investigations are necessary to evaluate standards and standardized testing procedures.

Alginates↗
PubMed1991

[The determination of the bacterial effectiveness of surface disinfectants using suspension tests].

The results of the testing of 38 preparations intended for surface disinfection are compared in order to evaluate the value of the suspension tests. The studied testing methods are: the in vitro test (IVT) with the disinfectant diluted in distilled water (AD), in standard hard water (WSH) and in 0.2% albumin; the European Suspension Test (EST) under clean and under dirty conditions; the French AFNOR test NF T 72-190; the practical test of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM); and the Quantitative Surface Disinfection Test (QSDT). The suspension tests yield comparable results (Table 1). These results correlate very well with these of the AFNOR test, to a lesser extent with those of the DGHM test and hardly with the results of the QSDT, which is the most real-life mimicking practical test (Table 2). Suspension tests are not able to exclude only inactive preparations from further testing in practical tests: they are not specific (Tables 3 and 4). Therefore, it is necessary to include practical tests in the testing schedule for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of surface disinfectants.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1990

The assessment of the bactericidal activity of surface disinfectants. II. Two other practical tests.

The Dutch quantitative carrier test (QCT) prescribes the rinsing technique for counting the surviving bacteria after disinfection. This method is compared with the Leuven test, which uses the impression technique in order to determine the survival on the disinfected surfaces, and with a novel quantitative surface disinfection test (QSDT). The QSDT combines the preparatory and disinfection phase of the Leuven test with the postexposure rinsing technique of the QCT. The results of the three tests correlate very well as is shown by Kendall's rank correlation test. The QCT and the Leuven test yield equivalent results: neither the median of the results, nor the paired results apart differ statistically for the same exposure time of 30 min. On the contrary the results of the novel QSDT differ in a statistically significant way from those of both other techniques, but the QSDT is more severe than the QCT and the Leuven test in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas in the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa it is the less severe one. This phenomenon can hardly be explained and emphasizes the importance of the resuscitation of sublethally damaged germs in the postexposure phase of testing.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1990

[Characteristics of a new bioindicator and its testing in practice assays of thermal disinfection methods].

Thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4) is a thermostable metalloproteinase isolated from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus. It has been tested for its suitability as a macromolecular bioindicator for the screening of thermal disinfection methods. Using the time- und temperature-dependent inactivation rate of the immobilized enzyme we get a measure if given parameters of disinfection have been maintained. In order to determine standard conditions of practical use, physico-chemical properties of the enzyme (pH- and temperature-optimum, Km, Vmax) were ascertained first. Then, thermal inactivation of thermolysin was analyzed for temperatures between 75 degrees and 93 degrees C and exposition time 3-20 min. This new method of testing thermal disinfection is compared with conventional physical and microbiological testing methods; in addition values of reference for selected disinfection programs were analyzed. The bioindicator proved to be stable for up to 12 weeks of storage (room temperature).

Disinfection↗