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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Demography of genotypes: failure of the limited life-span paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster.

Experimental systems that are amenable to genetic manipulation can be used to address fundamental questions about genetic and nongenetic determinants of longevity. Analysis of large cohorts of ten genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster raised under conditions that favored extended survival has revealed variation between genotypes in both the slope and location of age-specific mortality curves. More detailed examination of a single genotype showed that the mortality trajectory was best fit by a two-stage Gompertz model, with no age-specific increase in mortality rates beyond 30 days after emergence. These results are contrary to the limited life-span paradigm, which postulates well-defined, genotype-specific limits on life-span and brief periods of intense and rapidly accelerating mortality rates at the oldest age.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Demography. A billion and counting: China's tricky census.

Census officials are trying to keep politics out of the world's biggest enumeration as for the first time they gather additional data on mobility, fertility, and other sensitive demographic indicators. The government has repeatedly proclaimed that the information will remain confidential and that the census won't be used as an excuse to send migrants back to their hometowns, but rising expectations of privacy have become a problem for the government in this year's enumeration. More than accuracy is at stake: The wrong numbers could have political ramifications if they raise questions about compliance with such policies as the one-child-per-family rule.

Censuses↗
PubMed1986

Changing demography of trisomy 18.

The incidence of trisomy 18 in Leicestershire during the years 1980-85 inclusive was one in 3086 births. Eleven of the 21 babies born with trisomy 18 in this period were delivered by caesarean section. Median and mean periods of survival were 2.5 and 22 days, respectively.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1983

Epileptic seizures in a population of 6000. I: Demography, diagnosis and classification, and role of the hospital services.

A total of 122 patients with a history of non-febrile epileptic seizures were identified in a survey of 6000 persons from a single general practice. The lifetime prevalence was 20.3/1000 including single seizures and 17.0/1000 excluding single seizures; 5.3/1000 had active epilepsy. Diagnosis and classification of seizures in such a survey were difficult. Most patients were seen by a hospital specialist at some point, but hospital follow up was sporadic. Overall patient assessment and monitoring was poor. There is a place for specialised epilepsy clinics that could be organised along the lines of the clinics for diabetes. These provide facilities for initial diagnosis and assessment, for planning long term management, for the selected follow up of difficult cases, and for referral for specific problems. Such a system would improve the long term care of patients with epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Time trends and demography of mortality after fractured neck of femur in an English population, 1968-98: database study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate time trends in mortality after admission to hospital for fractured neck of femur from 1968 to 1998, and to report on the effects of demographic factors on mortality. DESIGN: Analysis of hospital inpatient statistics for fractured neck of femur, incorporating linkage to death certificates. SETTING: Four counties in southern England. SUBJECTS: 32 590 people aged 65 years or over admitted to hospital with fractured neck of femur between 1968 and 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Case fatality rates at 30, 90, and 365 days after admission, and standardised mortality ratios at monthly intervals up to one year after admission. RESULTS: Case fatality rates declined between the 1960s and the early 1980s, but there was no appreciable fall thereafter. They increased sharply with increasing age: for example, fatality rates at 30 days in 1984-98 increased from 4% in men aged 64-69 years to 31% in those aged > or = 90. They were higher in men than women, and in social classes IV and V than in classes I and II. In the first month after fracture, standardised mortality ratios in women were 16 times higher, and those in men 12 times higher, than mortality in the same age group in the general population. CONCLUSIONS: The high mortality rates, and the fact that they have not fallen over the past 20 years, reinforce the need for measures to prevent osteoporosis and falls and their consequences in elderly people. Whether post-fracture mortality has fallen to an irreducible minimum, or whether further decline is possible, is unclear.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Dermatitis herpetiformis: diagnosis, diet and demography.

We describe a long term study of 76 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Unlike patients with coeliac disease, where the peak incidence was during the first and fourth decades, no dermatitis herpetiformis patients presented in the first decade; also, there was a male preponderance in dermatitis herpetiformis which contrasts with the excess of females in coeliac disease. The apparent prevalence of dermatitis herpetiformis was 11 per 100 000 in our population; approximately one fifth of that of coeliac disease. Jejunal villous atrophy was present in 78% of our dermatitis herpetiformis patients, and a single jejunal biopsy was as effective at detecting this as the multiple biopsy technique. A majority of patients were able to stop, or radically reduce their dapsone or sulphapyridine treatment after the institution of a gluten free diet. Spontaneous remission of the skin lesion occurred in only two patients not receiving a gluten free diet. Gastric parietal or thyroid antibodies were detected in 38% of patients, and three cases of thyroid disease and two cases of pernicious anaemia were detected. Lymphoma developed in two patients, one being intestinal in origin. We conclude that a gluten free diet is of therapeutic benefit in dermatitis herpetiformis and that spontaneous remission is uncommon in those not on a diet. Despite patchiness of the enteropathy, a single jejunal biopsy is quite adequate to diagnose the presence of upper intestinal villous atrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86. 1. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke.

A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in a community of about 105,000 people is reported. The study protocol combined rapid clinical assessment of patients with accurate diagnosis of the pathological type of stroke by CT or necropsy, whether or not they were admitted to hospital. The study population was defined as those people who were registered with one of 50 collaborating general practitioners (GPs). Referrals to the study were primarily from the GPs though, to ensure complete case ascertainment, hospital casualty and admission registers, death certificates and special data from the Oxford Record Linkage Study were also scrutinized. Six hundred and seventy five cases of clinically definite first-ever in a lifetime stroke were registered in four years yielding a crude annual incidence of 1.60/1,000 or 2.00/1,000 when adjusted to the 1981 population of England and Wales. The age and sex specific incidence rates for first stroke showed a steep rise with age for both sexes. The odds of a male sustaining a first stroke were 26% greater than those of a female. Ninety one per cent of patients were examined in a median time of four days after the event by a study neurologist and 88% had cerebral CT or necropsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A simple model of linkage disequilibrium and genetic drift in human genomic SNPs: importance of demography and SNP age.

We propose a simple model of evolution at a pair of SNP loci, under mutation, genetic drift and recombination. The developed model allows to consider evolution of SNPs under different demographic scenarios. We applied it to SNP data containing polymorphisms spanning 19 gene regions. We initially matched the linkage disequilibrium (LD) data only, and then we reconciled both LD and heterozygosity data. The imbalance between LD and heterozygosity data, observed for some of the analyzed genomic regions, may be a signature of selection acting in these regions. However, assuming neutrality, we obtain estimates of the age of population expansion of modern humans, which are consistent with the consensus estimates. In addition, we are able to estimate the ages of the polymorphisms observed in different genomic regions and we find that they vary widely with respect to their age. Polymorphisms at loci implicated in human disease, seem to be younger than average. Our results supplement the conclusions originally obtained by Reich and co-workers for the same set of data.

Genetic Drift↗
PubMed1975

Consanguinity and demography in some Chilean populations.

Spatial and temporal changes in the rates and the patterns of consanguinity are studied in some (indigenous as well as admixed) populations of Chile. Relationship between the variation of infant mortality and late fetal death rates with the degree of inbreeding is also explored. The need of a temporal study of these demographic variables is also emphasized to elucidate the influence of marriage structure or determined reproductive patterns on the genetic and demographic aspects within these populations.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1985

Demography of psychiatric patients with borderline personality traits.

This study was designed to identify the intensity of borderline personality traits in a large sample of psychiatric inpatients (n = 4,800) and to determine the relationship between the borderline traits and a variety of demographic variables. Results indicated the intensity of borderline pathology increased in (1) students or the unemployed, (2) married and separated patients, (3) patients with a criminal record, (4) atheists, and (5) patients from a broken home. It lessened with increasing age of the patient. There was no relation between race or level of education and intensity of borderline traits. Findings are discussed in terms of previous empirical studies and the existent theoretical literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of sulfur oxides and respirable particles on human health. Methodology and demography of populations in study.

As part of a study of health effects of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, we have established a cohort of adults 25 to 74 yr of age in 6 communities who will be followed prospectively. At the conclusion of our first cycle of measuring the health of adults in 6 sites we found that, although we used different sampling frames, our samples were close to the distribution shown in the U.S. Census for age, sex, and occupation, with the possible exception of one city. Analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that for both age- and height-adjusted values for forced expiratory volume in 1 s and for selected rates of various respiratory symptoms standardized for age, differences among smoking groups were apparent. Differences in these parameters between sites suggest trends that were associated with levels of pollution. Further analyses of the prospective data currently being collected will be required before definitive statements can be made about the effect of specific levels of exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of the demography, clinical profile and treatment of adopted and non adopted children at a children's mental health centre.

A retrospective analysis of adopted and non adopted children attending a children's mental health centre between 1959 and 1973 indicated a higher than expected number of males and a significantly higher number of professional fathers than expected in the adopted group. A sub-group of adopted children identified as having learning problems by reports of the parents and teachers had a different pattern of test scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children from a non adopted group, who were also selected for learning difficulties. On the parent's and clinician's ratings, the adopted group had more parent-identified hyperactivity symptoms and clinicians' diagnoses of hyperactivity. Treatment data indicated that they used more stimulant medication; this was particularly significant for the early adoptees. The early adoptees were considered to be more hyperactive by their parents than the late adoptees. The late adoptees were more impaired on psychometric testing than those placed early, before six months of age. These findings are discussed in relation to possible explanations for the higher than expected prevalence of adoptees seen in clinical populations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗