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PubMed1996

Casual sex, extramarital sex, condom use and alcohol intake among heterosexual patients attending an STD clinic in Norway.

A study excluding homosexuals was performed to study casual sex, extramarital sex, the use of a condom with a casual sexual partner and the combination of alcohol intake and casual sex among patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Heterosexual patients (467) received a questionnaire, and 458 were included. Men reported more (94%) casual sexual partners than did women (76%). According to a multiple logistic regression analysis a condom was used significantly less frequently in "old" respondents, those having a permanent sexual partner, those having low education, those infected with STDs (earlier STDs), those who had had more than 4 sexual partners over the last year, and those combining alcohol intake and casual sex. Intravenous drug users/prostitutes used a condom more often than did men with paid sex and "other heterosexuals". To have an effect on STD patients, innovative forms of health education may be necessary, and greater emphasis should be placed on more informal means of information, including interactive health education and communication strategies to promote positive attitudes regarding condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Increasing use of the female condom through video instruction.

The female condom is effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases and when used properly reduces risk of HIV infection among women. This field experiment evaluated the effect of a video presentation on reported use of and satisfaction with the female condom. Participants were 100 women tested for HIV infection in a community agency. Ages ranged from 17 to 62 years, and one fifth of the sample were African American or Hispanic. The 23 women who viewed an instructional video were significantly more likely than 13 of the control group of 50 to try the condom and report to the researcher. Video viewing was unrelated to liking the product and future intent to use. Almost three quarters of those who used the condoms reported they liked and would use them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Knowledge and attitudes relating to condoms on the part of African high school children around Johannesburg.

Senior high school children completed a self-administered questionnaire on sexual activity, knowledge of family planning methods, condoms and use of condoms. The study highlighted some useful and interesting information though its value is limited by a poor response rate. The results suggest that at least 50% of the scholars are sexually active, but only about 20% reported sexual intercourse during the month preceding the survey. This small group reports more than 1 sexual partner and unprotected sexual intercourse in over 50% of the cases. Knowledge of condoms was poor and a number of factors relating to resistance to condoms are identified. These must be addressed by a combination of social marketing and educational strategies. The most important finding is that half of the children were still not sexually active. Education programmes therefore should support the development of safe and responsible sexual lifestyles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Experiences of 100 men who have sex with men using the Reality condom for anal sex.

A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire examining opinions and experiences of using Reality, the "female" condom, for anal sex was completed by a convenience sample of 100 men who have sex with men (MSM). Eighty-six percent of respondents said they would use Reality again; 54% would rather use Reality than penile condoms. Acceptability was higher among MSM who were HIV positive, in nonmonogamous relationships, or who had serodiscordant partners. Negative experiences included: difficulty inserting (33%), irritation (17%), bunching up (12%), unpleasant texture (10%), and noise (9%). Breakage was reported three times in 334 episodes of use. Although no available data compare preferences and efficacy of Reality to penile condoms, Reality is a welcome alternative for some MSM who have difficulty consistently using penile condoms and probably reduces HIV transmission compared with unprotected anal sex. Research to more definitively assess Reality as a risk reduction method for MSM is greatly needed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1993

Condom use and the popular press in Nigeria.

The increased acceptability and use of condoms by men in southwestern Nigeria is reflected in joking references to condoms in the comic-style popular press. Yet these references display an ambivalence about condoms that is mirrored in survey data and in interviews regarding condom use by rural Ekiti Yoruba men. This ambivalence, which is often couched in terms of health, has implications for the acceptance of government-sponsored HIV/AIDS-related educational programs. Because of the irreverence of comic-style newspapers and the 'unofficial' nature of their authority which coincides with popular attitudes about health programs, they have a credibility that could be useful in educating adolescents about sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

Japan, Indonesia to investigate condom plant feasibility.

The Japanese government has begun investigations on the possibility of constructing a condom manufacturing plant in Indonesia in response to a request by the Indonesian government. Indonesia, which hopes to reduce its birthrate as of 1971 by 1/2 by 1990, asked for Japanese assistance in building a condom plant based on the expectation that demand for this contraceptive method, although quite low at present, will increase rapidly in the near future with stepped-up motivation campaigns. As a 1st step in the investigation, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sent a study team of family planning experts headed by Family Planning Federation of Japan Chairman Dr. Hidebumi Kubo and including JOICFP International Division Director MR. Tameyoshi Katagiri to Indonesia from March 15-24. During its visit, the JICA team held discussions with representatives of BKKBN (the National Family Planning Coordinating Board) including its Chairman and Minister of Health Dr. Suwardjono and reached agreement on the scope and schedule of work toward determining the feasibility of building and operating a condom plant in Indonesia. In defining the scope of work and the schedule, the JICA team and the BKKBN representatives decided on specific issues to be investigated in the feasibility study to be carried out by JICA and scheduled to be completed by the end of October of this year. To be included in the feasibility study are: estimation of future domestic demand for condoms, examination of the domestic supply of latex capacity, chemicals and packaging materials, and collection of information on infrastructure relating to water, energy, transportation, etc. Actual data collection for the study is expected to begin in late May or early June. Dr. Kubo and Mr. Katagiri, upon returning to Japan, reported great enthusiasm for the project in Indonesia and expressed the hope that the plant construction will be feasible so that the country's family planning program can be given a boost and the cooperative relationship between Indonesia and Japan deepened.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plastic condom developed.

A prototype plastic condom that is expected to be at least as strong as latex, less likely to fail, and more comfortable to use has been designed by researchers at North Carolina-based Family Health International (FHI). The National Institutes of Health has granted the nonprofit medical research organization $1.3 million to conduct tests that will include clinical trials involving volunteer couples to examine the condom/s safety, efficacy in preventing pregnancy, and acceptability among users. Researchers hope the tests, expected to take about 4 years, will show that the plastic condom can be stored for years without weakening, whereas latex loses strength with time. In addition, FHI claims the plastic condom can be used with any kind of lubricant, while Latex is limited to water-based or silicone lubricants. Latex condoms lose up to 90% of their strength when used with oil-based lubricants such as hand lotion, according to studies.

Americas↗
PubMed1992

A condom sense approach to AIDS prevention: a historical perspective.

Condoms have come a long way since their use in ancient Egypt three millennia ago. Their benefit is well established for the prevention of both contraception and STDs. Although AIDS has revitalized the condom, we must remember that condoms do not prevent the spread of HIV infection, people do. Everyone must take personal responsibility to avoid high risk behavior (e.g.; IV drug use, promiscuous sex, casual sex, etc). If one does engage in high risk sexual behavior, he/she should at least use condom sense.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of condom acquisition after an STD clinic visit.

Data from a survey of 691 men and women who made patient visits to an inner-city, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic and were given coupons to redeem for condoms at a neighborhood pharmacy show that only 22% of the sample did so. Gender, ethnicity, marital status and education were not significant predictors of whether study participants redeemed their coupons. Factors that significantly predicted coupon redemption included the extent of acculturation and age, with those who were older and less acculturated more likely to do so. Other significant factors were having a primary sexual partner and having had more than one sexual partner in the last month; having ever had an STD was negatively associated with coupon redemption. A perception of being at high STD risk and a favorable attitude about condoms also significantly predicted condom acquisition. All these variables, except for attitude toward condoms and a history of an STD, remained significant when entered into a logistic regression controlling for the influence of all independently significant predictors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Health belief and self-efficacy models: their utility in explaining college student condom use.

This investigation tested the ability of the Health Belief Model (HBM), dimensions of self-efficacy, various behavioral variables (i.e., number of sex partners in the past 12 months, frequency of drunkenness during sexual intercourse, and number of diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases), and demographic measures to distinguish between three condom user groups (i.e., nonusers, sporadic users, and consistent users). The usable sample consisted of 366 college students, ages 18 to 24. The study operationalized the following HBM components: perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. The multidimensional Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) was also used in this investigation. Results from a discriminant analysis indicated that sporadic users were best distinguished from both consistent and nonusers by number of sex partners in the past year, frequency of drunkenness during sexual intercourse, perceived susceptibility to HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and a self-efficacy factor labeled Assertive. The sporadic users had significantly more sex partners, were drunk more often when engaging in sexual intercourse, perceived themselves as more susceptible to HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and were less confident in their ability to discuss and insist on condom use with a partner. It was also discovered that each condom user group was best defined by different subsets of discriminating variables. Implications of these findings for campus-based prevention programs and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of condom prices on sales in social marketing programs.

The issue of pricing contraceptives in family planning programs is becoming more and more important. What is the relationship between consumer prices and demand, and how can we strike the correct balance between the two? This report examines the correlation between consumer prices for condoms, expressed as a percentage of per-capita gross national product, and per-capita sales of condoms in 24 social marketing programs. The correlation that emerges is strong and negative: Even when the data are controlled for age of program and other independent variables, there is a clear negative correlation between prices and contraceptive sales in these programs. The conclusion is clear that condom prices must be set very low--well below the equivalent of 1 percent of per-capita gross national product for a year's supply--in order to achieve satisfactory prevalence for condoms in either a family-planning or an AIDS-prevention context.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

HIV risk behavior, street outreach, and condom use in eight high-risk populations.

In this paper we examine risk behavior, exposure to street outreach, and condom use in samples of injecting drug users (IDUs) and high-risk youth. We used systematic sampling methods to produce representative samples of injecting drug users IDUs (five sites) and high-risk youth (three sites). The populations surveyed engaged in high levels of sexual risk behavior: 20% to 46% reported two or more sex partners in the last month. The majority (62% to 97%) knew someone infected with HIV. Condom use rates approached national health promotion goals for nonsteady partners but not for steady or main partners. Having a condom at time of interview was the most consistent predictor of condom use at last intercourse. Many of the respondents have been in contact with street outreach programs and many acknowledged some personal risk for HIV infection. However, most of the injecting drug users and high-risk youth interviewed (and their sex partners) were still at risk through unprotected sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Factors related to condom use with casual partners among urban African-American and Hispanic males.

Constructs from the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action were tested for their relationship to condom use with casual partners in a probability sample of urban African-American and Hispanic males aged 15-24. The results indicate the importance of 1) promoting a sense of male responsibility regarding condom use; 2) promoting the belief that condoms should be used with all partners; 3) developing skills for condom use and partner communication; and 4) increasing perceived susceptibility to HIV infection in design of intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sexually transmitted disease prevalence in brothel-based commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand: impact of the condom use campaign.

One hundred and ninety five (195) brothel-based commercial sex workers (CSW) in Chiang Mai, Thailand, were screened for sexually transmitted disease (STD) between October 1994 and April 1995, prior to their enrollment in a multi-center comparative trial of the effectiveness of two strategies using male and female condoms. These CSW had a mean age of 22.2 (SD 4.3) years. Forty-seven per cent were Thai and 57.4 per cent had no formal education. Median duration of prostitution was 16 months and median cost for sexual service was 50 baht (US$ 2) per client. Ninety-four per cent of CSW reported always using condoms with clients. There were 63 (32.3%) CSW infected with at least one type of the STD screened. The prevalence of STD included chlamydial infection (16.9%), gonococcal infection (14.4%), condyloma accuminata (4.6%), moluscum contagiosum (2.6%) and trichomoniasis (1.0%). There was no statistically significant risk factor for STD found in this study. Despite an active programme for prevention of STD in CSW and the provision of free condoms, STD were diagnosed in one-third of the screened CSW in Chiang Mai. The programme needs to be strengthened by more intensive education and practice in the correct and consistent use of condoms and integrated with other STD prevention programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

AIDS and condoms in Brasilia: a telephone survey.

A telephone survey was conducted to measure AIDS knowledge, media usage and condom attitudes and behaviors among 500 adults aged 18 to 49 in Brasilia, as well as to evaluate the feasibility of the telephone survey method in a developing country. The response rate was 91.6%. Respondents had good knowledge about correct modes of HIV transmission and prevention but also believed HIV was transmitted through blood donation, public toilets, swimming pools, and mosquito bites. TV and newspapers were the most important sources of information on health matters and AIDS, though health workers were considered the most credible sources of such information. Only 19% of sexual encounters in the 4 weeks prior to the survey included condoms. Single and younger respondents and those with more positive attitudes used condoms more frequently. More work is needed to identify appropriate messages to motivate people to use condoms. Telephone surveys regarding AIDS and sexual attitudes and behaviors are feasible in Brasilia, a planned community with universal telephone coverage.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Condom and other contraceptive use among a random sample of female adolescents: a snapshot in time.

This study examined the sexual practices of 235 females aged 15 to 19 years and their readiness to use specific contraceptive methods for birth control and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention. The investigation was based on the stages-of-change construct from the Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983, 1984). Results demonstrated that despite the availability of newer contraceptive methods (e.g., Depo-Provera), most sexually active adolescents were least resistant to using condoms and were further along in the stages of change for condom use as compared with other contraceptive methods. Moreover, the females perceived the male condom as an acceptable method for prevention of both pregnancy and STDs. These findings suggest that interventions designed to target consistent and correct condom use may result in better compliance, reducing the number of unintended pregnancies and STD cases among this populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Measuring condom use: asking "do you or don't you" isn't enough.

This article compares cross-sectional measures of condom use among 2,269 female sex workers in Cameroon randomly assigned to receive one of five different questionnaires measuring condom use. We found that the level of reported condom use varied depending on the type of survey questions used. Measures based on 2-week coital logs or the past 10 acts categorized more women as "100%" or "0%" users than always-to-never scales categorized women as "always" or "never" users. Consistency of use also varied by type of partner. Internal consistency of responses was high. Future studies should assess differences in prospective measures of condom use and the level of association between various measures and infection with sexually transmitted disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Association of condom use, sexual behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections with the duration of genital human papillomavirus infection among adolescent women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of potentially modifiable factors such as condom use, sexual behaviors, and concurrent sexually transmitted infections with duration of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among adolescent women. DESIGN: Longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Study conducted at 3 inner-city clinics in Indianapolis, Ind. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-nine HPV-positive adolescents were tested frequently for HPV infection and provided sexual behavior diaries. Main Exposures Condom use, sexual behaviors, number of partners, and concurrent infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time from onset to clearance of type-specific HPV infections was analyzed with proportional hazard models. Adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) were used to assess the effects of risk factors on the duration of HPV infection. Because viral clearance is a preferred outcome, a variable with an AHR less than 1 was considered a risk factor (ie, associated with reduced chance of viral clearance and prolonged infection). RESULTS: Prolonged HPV infection was associated with oncogenic HPV types (AHR, 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39-0.84]) less than median level of condom use during an HPV infection (AHR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.33-0.84]) and coinfection with C trachomatis (AHR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.31-0.89]) or T vaginalis (AHR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.16-0.64]). Not having multiple sexual partners during an HPV infection was associated with early HPV clearance (AHR, 5.52 [95% CI, 3.28-9.30]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support public health messages of reducing the number of sexual partners, promoting routine condom use, and frequent sexually transmitted infection screening that may be beneficial with HPV infections.

Adolescent↗