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PubMedDate not supplied

[Additional studies in the assessment of brain concussion].

Following minor head traumas nervous system injuries develop at cellular level. In these cases only multidirectional analysis using various techniques can contribute to easier detection of focal lesions. The importance of neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), polysomnography, neuroimaging methods, such as cerebral tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MRI), single photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in cases of minor head trauma. A brief review of the diagnostic methods applicable in the assessment of brain commotion shows that the dynamic development of new diagnostic techniques such as SPECT and MRI made possible a better insight into the processes taking place after minor trauma to the head. Together with traditional methods it can contribute to more objective demonstration of the symptoms, dynamics of the pathological process and more exact expertise of late sequelae of the trauma.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathogenesis and psychosocial consequences of post-concussion syndrome].

About 35% of subjects with head injury (HI) suffer from postconcussion syndrome (PCS). These disturbances can be chronic or even permanent. Such patients are discharged from hospital without any apparent problems, but it is often the case that their families, and sometimes even they themselves, start to notice the emergence of new problems. They may exhibit affective changes, such as thinking that they are worthless, alone and without any future perspectives. When they are left without the help of specialists and/or family and friends, their problems gain even greater significance. PCS includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness) and cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes. PCS influences all areas of the patient's life. Subjects who have sustained head injury often have problems with marital relationships, maintaining of independence, employment, leisure activities and other functions which are related to social adjustment. Various studies have attempted to predict the post-injury status of HI patients from information available, such as data on the severity of head injury, the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and the results of neuropsychological assessment. This kind of prediction is important in planning of rehabilitation services and thus improving the kind of help available to survivors of HI. Early prediction of post-injury psychological status may also help the patient and his family in coping with the difficulties related to the trauma. We know a great deal about head injury and its consequences, but many questions still need to be answered. Among these are issues such as: the role of neurobehavioral data in the prediction of outcome for HI patients, the identification of variables determining the extent of PCS and the search for reliable factors which may influence future employment or school status. The assessment of patients for invalidity and other social security benefits also requires a more rational approach, based on the data available.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMed1998

[The nature, diagnosis and treatment of post-concussion syndrome].

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between brief loss of consciousness, subsequent cognitive and emotional complaints, and impact on daily functioning continues to be hotly debated. DEVELOPMENT: In this paper the strong variability about prevalence of the postconcussional syndrome found in several studies is outstanding and the main issues of this disagreement are suggested. Recent neuroimaging techniques are discussed and some neuropsychological measures are suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Currents models (organic/psychogenic) of postconcussional symptoms are reviewed, and a multifactorial model which integrates biological factors with the relevance of neuropsychological deficits--attention, memory, speed of information processing--and coping process is proposed. Finally, according with this model, we conclude with some suggestions to improve neuropsychological intervention and medical treatment of these patients.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

[Computed tomography as an alternative to observation in brain concussion].

In Sweden, patients with minor head injury (i.e., history of loss of consciousness or posttraumatic amnesia) are routinely admitted for neurological observation. The article reports the results of a small study of current clinical practices at St Göran's Hospital in Stockholm, and briefly reviews published reports of different management strategies. The findings suggest that computed tomography scanning might constitute better management than routine hospitalisation, both medically and economically. However, further investigation from a Swedish perspective is needed before any evidence-based recommendations can be made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A question of merit: John Hutton Balfour, Joseph Hooker and the 'concussion' over the Edinburgh chair of botany.

In 1845, Robert Graham's death created a vacancy for the traditionally dual appointment to the University of Edinburgh's chair of botany and the Regius Keepership of the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. John Hutton Balfour and Joseph Hooker emerged as the leading candidates. The contest quickly became embroiled in long running controversies over the nature and control of Scottish university education at a time of particular social and political tension after a recent schism in Church of Scotland. The politics of the appointment were complicated by the fact that the Edinburgh Town Council (which preferred Balfour) chose the chair while the keepership was under the patronage of the Westminster government (which preferred Hooker). Balfour eventually emerged triumphant after a bitter campaign marked on all sides by intense politicking. The struggle to replace Graham provides a case study in how Victorian men of science adapted their aspirations to the practical realities of life in industrial, reforming, imperial, multinational Britain.

Botany↗