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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? .

Through rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), we asked Ss to identify a partially specified letter (target) and then to detect the presence or absence of a fully specified letter (probe). Whereas targets are accurately identified, probes are poorly detected when they are presented during a 270-ms interval beginning 180 ms after the target. Probes presented immediately after the target or later in the RSVP stream are accurately detected. This temporary reduction in probe detection was not found in conditions in which a brief blank interval followed the target or Ss were not required to identify the target. The data suggest that the presentation of stimuli after the target but before target-identification processes are complete produces interference at a letter-recognition stage. This interference may cause the temporary suppression of visual attention mechanisms observed in the present study.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Facilitation and inhibition of the human startle blink reflexes by stimulus anticipation.

The cutaneous eyeblink has 2 electromyographic components, 1 unilateral and early (R1) and 1 bilateral and late (R2), which are served by different neural pathways. These 2 reactions were measured when the eliciting stimulus was expected or relatively surprising. Forewarning was varied in 3 ways: Subjects received notice that the stimulus was about to occur on some trials (Experiment 1); delivered the stimulus to themselves on some trials (Experiments 2 & 3); or experienced a series of trials in which a tone was paired with the eliciting stimulus, followed by tone-alone trials interspersed with test trials (Experiment 4). In each case, forewarning enhanced R1 amplitudes while depressing R2 but reduced the latency of both components. This mixed pattern of effects reveals that the preparatory state provoked by forewarning focuses excitatory and inhibitory processes simultaneously on different reflex pathways: inhibition central and excitation peripheral.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Neural spread of herpes simplex virus to the eye of the mouse: microbiological aspects and effect on the blink reflex.

This paper reports the microbiological aspects of zosteriform spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to the eye in the NIH strain of inbred mouse. Microbiological data support the concept of true zosteriform spread of herpes simplex virus from the inoculation site on the snout to the trigeminal ganglion, and thence to the eye. Following zosteriform spread of HSV to the eye, there is a frequent bacterial superinfection and this is associated with a typical clinical picture. Treatment of the mice with intensive systemic and topical antibiotics is able to alter the frequency with which this type of keratitis is seen.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Modelling drainage of the precorneal tear film after a blink.

We study the drainage of the precorneal tear film in humans. A fluid dynamic model for the drainage of the aqueous layer is developed that includes the effects of evaporation and gravity. The model may be reduced to a single nonlinear partial differential equation for the thickness of the aqueous layer. The equation is solved numerically and accurate times for film rupture are obtained for physically realistic parameters. The results indicate that although gravity and evaporation are not the most dominant effects in some parts of the film, they can nevertheless materially affect the film drainage process and should therefore be included in models for tear film drainage.

Blinking↗
PubMed1995

Scalp distribution of electrical fields related to blink reflex.

In 20 subjects the supraorbital nerve was stimulated and R1 recorded from electrodes placed over the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle and from locations Fz, F8, F7, Cz, C6, C5, Pz, T4, and T3 on the scalp. The latter were referred either to an extracranial electrode or to Fz. In five subjects an artificial dipole was set at three different positions on the eyebrow and records were taken from the same derivations on the scalp to study the distribution of fields of known intensity originating from known locations. It was found that R1 could be easily detected from all scalp locations. According to its scalp distribution, three patterns were identified, which matched those of the artificial dipole. Conversely from what had been believed by previous authors, the amplitude of R1 could be larger on the contralateral scalp, according to the reference used or to the location of its origin. Therefore, it is remarked that larger amplitude contralateral to the stimulus cannot anymore be considered an exclusive feature of responses arising from the cortex. The evidence we have provided recommends a highly cautious approach in interpreting results describing trigeminal scalp responses in the latency range of R1.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in young adult humans.

PURPOSE: To further assess the spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) in primary gaze in young adults to further define the causes of variance in this activity. METHODS: Nonconcealed video recordings were made of 61 white adults (30 males), aged 18 to 28 years, while silently directing their gaze to a 2-m-distant, 35-mm-high target under 350 lux illumination. An event marker was used to trace the video recordings in real time. RESULTS: The overall SEBR was 10.3 +/- 3.1 eyeblinks/min (+/- SD) and the inter-eyeblink interval (IEBI) was 6.4 +/- 2.4 s, with no difference being detected between men and women (p > 0.1). There was no evidence of substantial time-dependent change in SEBR during the 5-min recording period. As assessed on a single occasion, it was noted that the subjects could display one of three patterns of eyeblink activity, namely irregular, J-type, or symmetrical. Both the SEBR and IEBI values were statistically different (p < or = 0.05) for the three patterns, with the highest SEBR values (12.3 +/- 2.4 eyeblinks/min) and lowest IEBI values (5.1 +/- 1.3 s) being observed for those with a symmetrical eyeblink pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of spontaneous eyeblink activity can result in differences in the SEBR and IEBI values. It is proposed that the pattern of spontaneous eyeblink activity where there are similar intervals between each eyeblink event should be referred to as a "normal" (rather than symmetrical) pattern and should be considered as the normal eyeblink activity, both from a physiological and statistical perspective.

Adult↗