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PubMed1976

Effects of physical training on ventilatory equivalent and respiratory exchange ratio during weight supported, steady-state exercise.

Thirty-three college men participated in a 9-week endurance training program. An equal number of subjects served as controls. Pre- and post-test metabolic measurements were made during 10 min of submaximal exercise (1080 kpm/min at 60 rpm) and 15 min of recovery. Measurements included oxygen consumption, CO2 production, ventilatory equivalent (Ve/VO2 ratio) and respiratory exchange ratio (R). A three factor design variance analysis was used to analyze the effects of training on min-by-min exercise and recovery Ve/VO2 ratio and R. For the experimental group training resulted in a significant improvement in ventilatory efficiency during exercise, as well as a significant decrease in R. During recovery, Ve/VO2 and R decreased significantly for both groups although the magnitude of change was greater for the group that trained. Apparently, there was a significant habituation effect due to test procedures for the control group. The results are discussed in terms of lactate production and substrate utilization during exercise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlative histologic and arthroscopic evaluation in rheumatoid knee joints.

The correlation between arthroscopic observations and histologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis is still controversial. Synovial samples of 21 knee joints in rheumatoid arthritis patients were comparatively investigated by endoscopy and histology. Biopsies were scored by an endoscopist and subsequently dissected. Different histochemical and immunocytochemical staining techniques were used to define inflammatory activity. Arthroscopic and histological values were compared by rating scales and variance analysis. Our study indicates that synovial biopsy is of diagnostic value in rheumatoid arthritis. However, its usefulness depends on the histochemical methods used. The results revealed highly significant correlations of endoscopic features with the number of neutrophilic granulocytes, intravascular leukocytes, and peroxidase-positive macrophages. However, no relationship was found between the detection of lymphocytes or resident macrophages and inflammatory scores. The close correlation between endoscopic and histological findings suggests that arthroscopic evaluation allows a valuable classification of the inflammatory activity in rheumatoid synovitis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1992

The effects of dietary n-3/n-6 ratio on brain development in the mouse: a dose response study with long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

This study examines the effects of the ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids (FA) on brain development in mice when long-chain n-3 FA are supplied in the diet. From conception until 12 days after birth, B6D2F1 mice were fed liquid diets, each providing 10% of energy from olive oil, and a further 10% from different combinations of free FA concentrates derived from safflower oil (18:2n-6), and fish oil (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3). The range of dietary n-3/n-6 ratios was 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0, with an n-6 content of greater than 1.5% of energy in all diets, and similar levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In an additional group of ratio 0.5, 18:2n-6 was partially replaced by its delta 6 desaturation product, 18:3n-6. Biochemical analyses were conducted on 12-day-old pup brains, as well as on samples of maternal milk. No obvious effects on overall pup growth and development were observed, apart from a smaller litter size at ratio 1. Co-variance analysis indicated that increasing the n-3/n-6 ratio was associated with slightly smaller brains, relative to body weight. We found that 18:2n-6 and 20:5n-3 were the predominant n-6 and n-3 FA in the milk; in the brain these were 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, respectively. Increasing dietary n-3/n-6 ratios generally resulted in an increase in n-3 FA, with a corresponding decrease in n-6 FA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Quantitative determination of the effect of induced alternating currents on the integration of autologous spongiosa transplants].

In a right-left experiment on the ulna of beagles, the authors investigate the influence of induced alternating current on the number of healed-in autologeous spongiosa grafts taken from the same side of the body. At first an atrophic pseudarthrosis is produced in both ulnae of twenty animals by bone resection and electrocoagulation over six months. Following to spongiosa transplantation and plate osteosynthesis, the ulnae are stimulated during eight weeks with a sinusoidal current of 38 cps and an electromagnetically induced alternating-current voltage of 600 mV on an average. The blindfold evaluation of the X-ray picture is performed by four experts and shows significantly better results in the stimulated side. By variance analysis of the results of electronic planimetry of serial layers in the region of transplantation represented by microradiography, it is demonstrated that the greater bone density of the stimulated grafts compared to the control grafts is statistically significant. It has to be considered that these results refer strictly to the electric data and treatment times applied by the authors. Particularly the results are not valid for the unique application of electromagnetic fields without alternating-current component.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Treatment of euthyroid struma. Comparable volume reduction with 400 micrograms iodine, 100 micrograms levothyroxine combined with 100 micrograms iodine or individually dosed levothyroxine].

AIM: In patients with euthyroid goitre, the efficacy of treatment with 400 micrograms iodine and 100 micrograms levothyroxine combined with 100 micrograms iodine was compared to that of the previous standard of therapy, individually dosed levothyroxine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 78 patients presenting with euthyroid diffuse goitre (> or = 25 ml) were prospectively enrolled, randomised and treated for 6 months. The course of thyroid volume was followed using thyroid volumetry. RESULTS: Data of 69 patients were included in the final evaluation (57 women, 12 men, age 31 +/- 1 years, thyroid volume 31.5 +/- 1.4 ml, 23 per treatment group). In the patients treated with individually dosed levothyroxine, the thyroid volume decreased by about 39% (95%-confidence limit [CL]-31% to -41%). However, the volume reductions achieved in the patients treated with 400 micrograms iodine or 100 micrograms levothyroxine/100 micrograms iodine were not significantly different (p = 0.35, variance analysis, mono-iodine -34%, 95%-CL -29% to -43%, 100 micrograms levothyroxine/100 micrograms iodine -39%, 95%-CL -32% to -45%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with euthyroid diffuse goitre, treatment with mono-iodine or combination of levothyroxine with iodine should have principally the same status as the previous standard of therapy, individually dosed levothyroxine. In the view of the authors, its preferential treatment with mono-iodine appears most reasonable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Osteosynthesis after sagittal division of the mandible. Biomechanical stability of various methods in a pig mandibular model].

Forty years after the introduction of sagittal split osteotomy for transposition of the mandible according to Obwegeser, very different procedures for osteosynthesis are still discussed and practised. In a simple biomechanical model in the porcine mandible, five different methods for osteosynthesis using metallic screws (titanium, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy) and one using a polymer screw (polylactic acid-copolymer blend), as well as the use of miniplates, were studied with regard to the stability of the compound. The Kruskal-Wallis H-test (variance analysis by ranks) showed statistically highly significant differences (P = 0.00017) regarding maximum stability. Osteosynthesis by miniplates was very stable with regard to the maximum load (Fmax = 234 N +/- 47), but not so in terms of three-dimensional stability of the osteosynthesis itself. The highest stability of osteosynthesis with screws only (Fmax = 183 N +/- 65) was found for a 2.7-mm titanium screw in triangular geometry. The use of 2.7-mm cobalt-chromium-molybdenum screws (Fmax = 173 N +/- 42) and 3.5-mm titanium screws (Fmax = 160 N +/- 76) did not make an statistical difference (P = 0.37). The mechanical values of 2.0-mm titanium screws in linear (Fmax = 113 N +/- 37) or triangular (Fmax = 136 N +/- 62) geometry and of 3.5-mm polylactic acid-copolymer blend screws (Fmax = 121 N +/- 33) did not differ statistically from each other (P = 0.75) but they did from the previous group (P = 0.019). In consideration of the low biting forces following sagittal split osteotomy, all tested procedures of osteosynthesis meet the mechanical requirements for clinical practice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative bioavailability of alpha-methyldopa normal and film tablet formulations after single oral administration in healthy volunteers.

In a single dose, randomized, cross-over study, with one week of wash-out period, the relative bioavailability of Dopegyt tablets containing 250 mg alpha-methyldopa (AMD) and Presinol film tablets with identical active ingredient content was examined in 24 healthy volunteers. Since technologically two completely different preparations (a film-tablet and a non-film-tablet) having significantly different in vitro dissolution were to be compared, both preparations were compared to a third one, AMD solution (Dopegyt solution) with 250 mg/50 ml concentration. Plasma concentrations of the drug were measured for 24 hours post-dose, applying HPLC with fluorometric detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from individual data (AUC0-infinity, AUC0-t, Cmax, Cmax/AUC0-infinity, t(max)) were evaluated statistically. Wilcoxon's nonparametric test and the four-way variance analysis could not detect any significant difference at the usual a=95% probability level in these pharmacokinetic parameters of the two tablet preparations. For AUC0-infinity at the 90% probability level, the confidence interval was 0.883-1.237 (with an estimated geometric mean of 1.045), for the test/reference ratio of Dopegyt and Presinol tablets, thus the two preparations proved to be bioequivalent. The relative bioavailability of Dopegyt (test preparation) and Presinol (reference preparation) calculated from the AUC0-infinity values was 116.7+/-56.7% that also confirmed bioequivalence. The results of all the applied statistical tests suggest that Dopegyt and Presinol can be considered as bioequivalent preparations.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

Catecholamine excretion in old age.

Catecholamine excretion was studied in two groups of nonhospitalized subjects, 60 and 80 years of age, N = 35 and 29, respectively. Urinary 24h dopamine excretion exhibited an age-related decline (p = 0.001). There was a sex difference for dopamine excretion; men had higher excretion levels (p = 0.04). Twenty-four-hour excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine was slightly higher in 60- than in 80-year-old individuals (NS). Smoking was associated with a considerable increase in epinephrine (p = 0.001) and norepinephrine (p = 0.04) excretion. Body mass index was negatively correlated to epinephrine excretion (r = -0.27; p less than 0.05). When analyzed with a multi-way analysis of variance with analysis of covariance, significant influences of age on dopamine excretion, of creatinine clearance on dopamine and norepinephrine excretion, and of smoking on epinephrine excretion were seen. Thus, factors such as age, gender, body mass, kidney function and smoking habits considerably influence catecholamine excretion in elderly people.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Glucagon administration elicits blunted GH but exaggerated ACTH response in obesity.

Reduction in both spontaneous and stimulated GH secretion in obesity has been clearly demonstrated. Mild hyperactivity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been also reported. Glucagon, at least after im administration, induces clear increase in either GH or ACTH and F levels but its effect on somatotroph and corticotroph secretion in obesity has never been studied. In 7 patients with abdominal obesity (OB, aged 24-42 yr, BMI: 29.1-43.9 kg/m2, waist/hip ratio [WHR]: 0.86-1.00) we studied the GH, ACTH and F responses to the im administration of glucagon (0.017 mg/kg at 0 min). The results in OB were compared with those in a group of 6 age-matched controls normal subjects (Ns aged 26-32 yr, BMI 19.7-22.5 kg/m2). In Ns glucagon administration induced clear increase in GH (peak vs baseline, mean+/-SE: 11.6+/-3.4 vs 3.3+/-0.7 microg/l, p<0.02), and ACTH (52.9+/-15.2 vs 19.0+/-1.5 pg/ml, p<0.02) levels which peaked at +150 and +165 min, respectively. Increase in F levels (222.3+/-23.8 vs 158.3+/-7.0 ng/ml, p<0.05) was also recorded but peaked at +180 min. In OB glucagon administration induced GH response (7.4+/-2.3 vs 0.8+/-0.6 microg/l) lower (p<0.05) than that recorded in Ns; when the GH responses were evaluated by co-variance analysis, a significant difference between the 2 groups was recorded in term of peaks but not of AUCs. On the other hand, the ACTH response to glucagon in OB was higher than that in Ns (11452.6+/-2447.7 vs 4892.2+/-719.4 pg/ml x min, p<0.05). The F response to glucagon in OB and Ns was, however, similar (24057.9+/-4109.1 vs 29835.9+/-1566.0 ng/ml x min). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in obese patients the im administration of glucagon elicits blunted GH response but exaggerated ACTH increase which is uncoupled with the adrenal response. These findings agree with the existence of concomitant GH insufficiency and altered corticotroph function in obesity.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2000

Preventive effect of 2 and 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

UNLABELLED: This double-blind, randomised and cross-over study was designed to compare the preventive effect against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), defined as the percentage decrease in FEV1 > or = 15% after 6 min of exercise, of 2 mg and 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), administered through a metered dose inhaler via spacer, in asthmatic children. Each of the 30 subject (age 11.6 +/- 3.2 years) was tested on five occasions. For inclusion, EIB in test1 was required. In tests 2 to 5, all subjects inhaled 2 mg or 10 mg of SCG 20 min and 120 min before exercise in a randomised order. In order to assess excretion of eosinophil protein X (EPX) accompanying EIB, urine samples were collected before and after exercise. The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (+/- SD) in test 1 was 26.8 +/- 9.8%. Inhalation of 2 mg and 10 mg of SCG 20 min before exercise provided a significant preventive effect in 83% and 77% and inhalation 120 min before exercise provided a preventive effect in 63% and 70%, respectively (n = 30). Variance analysis did not reveal a statistically different absolute fall in FEV1 after exercise when both doses (120 min before exercise) were compared (P = 0.356). In an unselected subgroup of 12 children, urinary EPX increased after the challenge without SCG premedication (test 1) (mean change: +48.7 micrograms/mmol creatinine, P = 0.034), whereas no significant increase was found in case of SCG premedication (mean change in microgram/mmol creatinine): 2 mg/20 min: +12.1; 2 mg/120 min: +8.5; 10 mg/20 min: -10.4 and 10 mg/120 min: -23.5; P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: Administration of 10 mg of sodium cromoglycate is no more effective in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction than 2 mg regardless of whether the medication is given 20 or 120 min before exercise. The preventive effect of sodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children is associated with the inhibition of urinary eosinophil protein X excretion.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1998

Anti-inflammatory action of pale sulfonated shale oil (ICHTHYOL pale) in UVB erythema test.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: In a clinical research institute the anti-inflammatory effect of pale sulfonated shale oil versus hydrocortisone was investigated in a placebo-controlled clinical trial using a double-blind design and random assignment of the treatments to the test fields. SUBJECTS: 20 male and female volunteers with healthy skin in the test areas participated in this trial. TREATMENT: All subjects received different concentrations of pale sulfonated shale oil (2% and 4%), the active ingredient-free vehicle and a reference product containing 0.5% hydrocortisone. METHODS: Approximately 300 microl of test preparation were applied to the treatment fields. The medication was administered for 23 h. An untreated, irradiated and an untreated, non-irradiated control field were included as well. The test fields were compared intraindividually. Four different UV-doses (1; 1.25; 1.6 and 2 MED) were tested in each volunteer. The test fields were occluded for 6 h. After 7 h, measurement with a colorimeter was carried out. After measurement, the treatment was repeated. The test fields were occluded for a further 16 h and test preparations carefully wiped off. One hour later, post-irradiation color measurements were made by colorimetric detection. Variance analysis was used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: 4% pale sulfonated shale oil and 0.5% hydrocortisone had a significantly greater efficacy than the vehicle (p = 0.0001). There were no differences between the efficacy of 4% pale sulfonated shale oil and 0.5% hydrocortisone (p = 0.5169). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of 4% pale sulfonated shale oil and help explain the clinical effects of the drug in the therapy of atopic eczema.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Classification of anterior open bite using individualized cephalometry.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the cephalometric characteristics of the open bite, and to classify the open bite according to individualized norms. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The lateral cephalograms of 134 patients with an anterior open bite (min -0.5 mm) were analyzed. Patients were classified according to the inclination of the jaws, applying the principles of individualized cephalometry. The harmony box described by Hasund was used to define individualized norms for the inclination of the upper and lower jaws in each patient. The open bite was classified into four sub-types: (1) dental, (2) skeletal with enlarged ML-NSL angle, (3) skeletal with reduced ML-NSL angle, and (4) skeletal with deviations in upper and lower jaws. A skeletal open bite was found in 89 patients (66.4%). A dental open bite was found in 45 patients (33.6%). RESULTS: A number of significant differences were found between these four groups using single-factor variance analysis and the Bonferroni a posteriori test, (p < or = 0.05, p < or = 0.01, p < or = 0.001). The most prominent variables were index value of anterior facial hight, total facial height ratio, gonial angle, and Y-axis. No significant differences were found for overbite, however. CONCLUSION: It was possible to use individualized norms to classify the open bite into four sub-types. The demarcation between the four groups was supported statistically. The extent of the anterior open bite does not allow any conclusions as to the craniofacial pattern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Experimental stability of a new implant-free fixation technique in ACL replacement].

The purpose of the study is to establish data on the stability of an ACL replacement. In 40 human cadaver knees, either a mid patellar ligament third with a trapezoid bone block on one side was fixed on the femoral side in a 2-diameter drill hole, or a conventional interference screw fixation was applied. Average primary stability amounted to 570 N (+/- 100 N) for the bone-blocking technique, and to 402 N ( +/- 79 N) for the interference screw fixation. When statistically tested by variance analysis, stability was significantly higher for the bone blocking technique than with interference screw fixation (p < 0.05). Thus, when using a mid-patellar ligament third for ACL reconstruction, the new implant-free technique described here appears to be a practical and reliable method for femoral graft fixation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Genetic determination and correlation of body mass index and bone mineral density at the spine and hip in Chinese Han ethnicity.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the magnitude of genetic determination of spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI), and to explore the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations among the above phenotypes in Chinese Han ethnicity. The sample was composed of at least 217 complete nuclear families in Chinese Han ethnicity. BMD at the spine and hip was measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. The heritability (h2) of BMI and BMD at the spine and hip, the genetic correlation (rhoG) and environmental correlation (rhoE) among the three phenotypes were evaluated via variance analysis, with age, sex, and age-by-sex interaction as covariates. The phenotypic correlation (rhoP) and the bivariate heritability rhoG2 were also calculated. The heritability for BMD and BMI was approximately 0.70 and approximately 0.50, respectively (p<0.0001). The common environment shared by household members (household effect) is significant for BMI variation (p=0.0004). Significant genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlation was observed. The rhoG2 values were 0.13 for BMI/spine BMD, 0.18 for BMI/hip BMD, and 0.58 for the spine BMD/hip BMD. While BMD at the spine and hip have significant genetic determination, BMI is more likely to be affected by environmental factors than BMD. In addition, BMD at the spine and hip shares more genetic effect (pleiotropy) than BMI and BMD do in Chinese Han ethnicity, though the effects are significant for both.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Teaching and assessment in otolaryngology and neurology: Does the timing of clinical courses matter?

Little is known about the effectiveness of clinical courses as a learning environment. To accurately assess performance in these courses, equal conditions for all candidates are required. We investigated the influence of the proximity of the course to the students test taking, the students' learning styles, and their self-motivation for learning in relation to performance success. One hundred and eleven students were randomized into eight groups, each attending a 2 week course in otolaryngology with a high proportion of patient-related teaching, and a 2 week long course in neurology with a low level of patient-related teaching. All students took multiple-choice end-of-term exams to assess their knowledge in both subjects. There was a different time interval between the course participation and the test taking for each of the groups. Performance success was correlated with the different groups, as well as with the type of learning style (LIST questionnaire) and with motivation for learning (study interest questionnaire). Explorative rank variance analysis showed a significant correlation between students' performance on the written exam and the time interval between completion of the neurology course and test-taking, with the shortest interval corresponding to highest scores (P = 0.002). There was no such effect on the success rate in otolaryngology (P = 0.28). Study motivation was not the major component for performance success, but a strong correlation between the use of strategic and deep learning styles and success in the exam was observed (R = 0.62; P < 0.001). The duration of time between a clinical course with little practical teaching and the students' taking of the exam plays a significant role on performance success; this effect does not occur in a course with a high proportion of practical patient-related teaching. More studies on clinical courses are needed to establish how students can be given adequate opportunities to develop necessary skills for patient care and for objective success on assessment. With such further information, the effectiveness of clinical courses as a learning experience might be enhanced.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of serum leptin concentration in Behçet's disease with ocular involvement.

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation between the serum leptin concentration and ocular involvement in patients with Behçet's disease. METHODS: The study included 28 male consecutive patients with Behçet's disease ( group A, aged 19-59, median 35.5 years) and 15 male healthy control subjects ( group B, aged 25-45, median 35 years). The body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each subject at the study enrollment stage. We measured serum leptin, neutrophil count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The age and BMI between the patients with ocular Behçet's disease and the control group were not different. White cell count and ESR values were found to be significantly higher among patients with Behçet's disease and ocular involvement (p<0.001). The median serum leptin concentrations were as follows: group A: 2.66 (0.57-7.02 ng/ml) and in group B: 2.55 (1.55-7.82 ng/ml). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Serum leptin level does not correlate with ocular involvement in patients with Behçet's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Functional adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and idiopathic orthostatic intolerance.

OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic orthostatic intolerance (IOI) is a common disorder that is characterized by chronic orthostatic symptoms and substantial increases in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine concentrations that are disproportionately high while standing. Several features of the syndrome, including the tachycardia, tremulousness, and exaggerated norepinephrine have been considered potentially due to hypoactive or hyperactive states of adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. The aim of this study was therefore to ascertain whether genotypes at eight polymorphic loci within five relevant adrenergic receptor genes (alpha2A, alpha2B, alpha2C, beta1 and beta2) influence the risk for IOI. METHODS: We studied 80 young men in military service (20 patients with IOI and 60 age-matched controls). All participants underwent a tilt table test including monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines, in the supine position and during 30 min of standing. Genotyping at the eight loci (alpha2ALys251, alpha2BDel301-303, alpha2CDel322-325, beta1Gly49, beta1Arg389, beta2Arg16, beta2Glu27, beta2Ile164) was performed in all participants. Chi-square tests of independence were used to test for associations between IOI and genotype. In addition, an association of the polymorphisms with haemodynamic variables (heart rate, supine and upright blood pressure) was ascertained using one-way variance analysis. RESULTS: For the beta1Gly49 polymorphism we found a decrease in the risk of IOI among persons who were homozygous (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.97). In addition, we found an association between beta1Gly49 and decreased heart rate in the upright position, regardless of IOI diagnosis. There were no associations with the other studied polymorphisms and IOI. CONCLUSIONS: Our current results suggest that the beta1Gly49 polymorphism is protective for IOI. This is likely one of several common genetic loci that may represent modifiers of IOI phenotypes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Robotic surgery and resident training.

BACKGROUND: Robotic technology promises to have an important future in surgery, but few residency programs incorporate robotics into surgical training. We sought to compare the speed and accuracy with which junior residents could perform laparoscopic tasks using both a robotic surgical device (Zeus MicroWrist) and conventional laparoscopic instruments. METHODS: Twelve residents performed exercises of progressive difficulty in an inanimate model using both the robot and conventional laparoscopy. Analysis of variance statistical analysis was used to compare task time and suturing accuracy scores. RESULTS: Grasping and suturing exercises were performed significantly faster with conventional laparoscopic instruments than with the robot. However, no difference in task time was noted for intracorporeal knot tying. Accuracy scores for suturing were higher for the robot. CONCLUSIONS: Junior residents can be instructed easily and quickly in both robotic and conventional advanced laparoscopic skills. The utility of robotic surgical devices in resident training requires further investigation.

Humans↗