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Results for “Adolescent Development”

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PubMed2006

Serum lipids, body mass index and waist circumference during pubertal development in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA Study.

AIM: To describe the effects of chronological age and biological age (pubertal development) on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in Spanish adolescents. METHODS: A representative Spanish sample of 526 adolescents (254 males and 272 females), were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 and B, and lipoprotein(a) were measured, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) was calculated. Additional measurements included BMI and waist circumference. Adolescents were classified according to chronological age, and pubertal development (also age of menarche in females). RESULTS: In males, serum TC levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with early puberty, and serum LDLc levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with mid and early puberty. Serum HDLc levels were lower at mid puberty in comparison with early and late puberty. Serum TC and LDLc levels were not different when analyzed according to chronological age. In females, HDLc levels were lower at late puberty in comparison with early and mid puberty, but no differences were found when HDLc and the other studied lipid and lipoprotein variables were analyzed according to chronological age, or age of menarche. All the observed differences persisted after adjusting for BMI and waist circumference. In female adolescents, both BMI and waist circumference were higher at late puberty in comparison with early and mid puberty, while in males, BMI and waist circumference were different when analyzed according to chronological age. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the assessment of pubertal development may provide additional valuable information when interpreting lipid profile and body fat in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Diffusion tensor imaging-based tissue segmentation: validation and application to the developing child and adolescent brain.

We present and validate a novel diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) approach for segmenting the human whole-brain into partitions representing grey matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The approach utilizes the contrast among tissue types in the DTI anisotropy vs. diffusivity rotational invariant space. The DTI-based whole-brain GM and WM fractions (GMf and WMf) are contrasted with the fractions obtained from conventional magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) tissue segmentation (or clustering) methods that utilized dual echo (proton density-weighted (PDw)), and spin-spin relaxation-weighted (T2w) contrast, in addition to spin-lattice relaxation weighted (T1w) contrasts acquired in the same imaging session and covering the same volume. In addition to good correspondence with cMRI estimates of brain volume, the DTI-based segmentation approach accurately depicts expected age vs. WM and GM volume-to-total intracranial brain volume percentage trends on the rapidly developing brains of a cohort of 29 children (6-18 years). This approach promises to extend DTI utility to both micro and macrostructural aspects of tissue organization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The measure of Adolescent Heterosocial Competence: development and initial validation.

We developed and began construct validation of the Measure of Adolescent Heterosocial Competence (MAHC), a self-report instrument assessing the ability to negotiate effectively a range of challenging other-sex social interactions. Development followed the Goldfried and D'Zurilla (1969) behavioral-analytic model for assessing competence. Approximately 700 adolescents participated in 5 systematic studies. Studies 1 through 4 generated the MAHC item and response content, as well as the basis for response scoring. In the first 3 studies, extensive data were collected from the target population regarding problematic heterosocial situations and potential responses to those situations. In Study 4, expert jdudges rated the relative effectiveness of the adolescent-identified behavioral responses. In the final study, scale reliability and construct validity of the resulting 40-item multiple-choice self-report instrument were examined. Factor analysis yielded no interpretable factors, and the internal consistency of the total scale was acceptable (alpha =.73). Investigation of convergent and discriminant validity revealed that the MAHC was significantly related to measures of general social competence and anxiety in heterosexual situations and was not associated with a measure of socioeconomic status. Contrary to expectations, the MAHC was not correlated with peer ratings of social acceptance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Spatial and age distribution of spermarche and its influence on development of male adolescents in China].

Spatial and age distribution of spermarche, and difference of growth and development in pre- and post-spermarcheal boys were analyzed based on the data of national physique and health surveillance for school children collected in 1991 to study the relationship between spermarche and development. Generally, there existed a trend that onset of spermarche was earlier in boys living in south China than in the north, and earlier in urban than in rural areas. Physique, physiological quality and sports performance were significantly better in post-spermarcheal boys aged 11 to 14 than in pre-spermarcheal ones. Discriminant analysis showed there were significant differences in development between pre- and post-spermercheal boys, especially in body height, weight, biacromial diameter, biiliocristal diameter and vital capacity, but there was no difference in type of body build.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence.

Brain development during childhood and adolescence is characterized by both progressive myelination and regressive pruning processes. However, sex differences in brain maturation remain poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the relationships between age and sex with cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas in 118 healthy children and adolescents (61 males and 57 females), aged 6-17 years. Gender groups were similar on measures of age, handedness, socioeconomic status and Full Scale IQ. Significant age-related reductions in cerebral gray and increases in white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas were evident, while intracranial and cerebral volumes did not change significantly. Significant sex by age interactions were seen for cerebral gray and white matter volumes and corpus callosal areas. Specifically, males had more prominent age-related gray matter decreases and white matter volume and corpus callosal area increases compared with females. While these data are from a cross-sectional sample and need to be replicated in a longitudinal study, the findings suggest that there are age-related sex differences in brain maturational processes. The study of age-related sex differences in cerebral pruning and myelination may aid in understanding the mechanism of several developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A prospective, randomized study of testosterone treatment of constitutional delay of growth and development in male adolescents.

The physiologic and psychological responses to androgen treatment of constitutional delay of growth and development were prospectively evaluated in 16 male adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to a course of testosterone enanthate, 200 mg administered intramuscularly four times at three-week intervals or to observation. At one-year follow-up all subjects in the testosterone group exhibited excellent growth: 7.2 to 11.6 cm/yr (mean 9.2 cm/yr). Growth in control subjects was highly variable: 2.6 to 10.6 cm/yr (mean 6.0 cm/yr), significantly lower than that of the testosterone group (P less than .02). The mean annual increment in bone age was 1.1 years for both groups. The delta height age/delta bone age ratio was slightly higher in the testosterone group (1.3 vs 1.1) and the treated subjects had a 1.7-cm increase in predicted adult height. Both groups showed improved self-image, and treated subjects also exhibited dramatic increases in both school-related and extraschool social activity. A brief course of testosterone enanthate appears to be an effective, safe means of promoting growth in select male adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The status model of racial identity development in African American adolescents: evidence of structure, trajectories, and well-being.

Although the identity formation model is widely used to assess adolescent ethnic identity development, the model propositions have rarely been tested. The existence of the identity statuses (diffuse, foreclosed, moratorium, achieved), the proposed developmental trajectories, and whether youth in the achieved status report higher levels of psychological well-being were examined among a longitudinal sample of 224 African American adolescents, aged 11-17. Cluster analyses were used to create 4 identity statuses consistent with the theoretical model at both time points. The findings indicate that some adolescents progressed, while others regressed or remained constant across time periods. Lastly, the results generally support the assumption that individuals in the achieved status had the highest levels of psychological well-being at both time periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blood cholesterol and triglycerides in adolescents during sexual development].

Cholesterol and triglyceride Serum concentrations were studied in 152 normal adolescents (53 males and 99 females) at an adolescent's health center at Valparaíso, Chile. Total cholesterol serum levels ranged from 120 mg/dl (10th percentile) throughout 220 mg.dl (90th percentile) and 20.4% of values for blood cholesterol were above 200 mg/dl. Triglyceride serum concentrations ranged from 57 mg/dl (10th percentile) throughout 161 mg/dl (90th percentile) and 11.9% of samples triglyceride levels above 150 mg/dl. There was only a slight tendency of association between breast stages 4 and 5 according to Tanner and high cholesterol serum levels. There were positive relationships between cholesterol serum levels and body mass index (p < 0.001) and also with family history of coronary heart disease (p < 0.02).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Links between sex-typed time use in middle childhood and gender development in early adolescence.

The authors studied sex-typing in the kinds (e.g., sports, handicrafts) and social contexts (same- vs. other-sex companions) of children's free time activities, and the links between sex-typed activities and gender development over 2 years. Participants were 200 White, working- and middle-class children (103 girls, 97 boys; mean age = 10.86 years). In annual home interviews, children rated their self-esteem, gender role attitudes and sex-typed personality qualities, academic interests, and school grades. During 7 nightly phone interviews each year, children reported on their activities. Boys were more sex-typed than girls in their peer activities, and children were least sex-typed in their activities with siblings. Sex-typed activities in middle childhood predicted individual differences in gender development in early adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Social development from infancy to adolescence: longitudinal and concurrent factors in an adoption sample.

In the present longitudinal study, early adopted children (N = 160) were followed from infancy to adolescence to assess the influence of previous and concurrent factors on the children's social development. This study allowed for more conclusive evidence of the influence of early and concurrent rearing experiences and temperament on adolescents' social development, independent of shared genetic factors between children and parents. Results showed that social development and temperament were stable over time and that both previous and current parental sensitivity were important in predicting social development in adolescence. Quality of the early parent-child relationship was indirectly associated with social development in adolescence through the influence on social development in middle childhood. Maternal sensitivity in middle childhood and in adolescence partly buffered the negative effects of difficult temperament on social development in adolescence. Adaptation emerged as the product of both developmental history and current circumstances.

Adaptation, Psychological↗