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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Temporal versus superior approach phacoemulsification: short-term postoperative astigmatism.

PURPOSE: To compare short-term clinical, postoperative astigmatism, and uncorrected visual acuity results 2 months after no-stitch phacoemulsification using a temporal clear corneal approach and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) implantation through a 5.2 mm incision with those after no-stitch superior corneoscleral phacoemulsification. SETTING: University Eye Clinic of Palermo, Italy. METHODS: This prospective clinical trial comprised 80 patients with senile cataract who were randomly assigned to have phacoemulsification using a temporal approach or a superior approach. Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was calculated using Naeser's polar value method for determining with-the-rule (WTR) or against-the-rule (ATR) change. RESULTS: There was a highly significant between-group difference in SIA at each examination (P < .001; t-test) because of positive (WTR) SIA in the temporal approach group and negative (ATR) SIA in the superior approach group. No other significant differences between groups were found (P < .05, t-test). More patients in the temporal group had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better 2 weeks postoperatively, although the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P = .562; chi-square). CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification using a no-stitch, temporal, 5.2 mm clear corneal incision produced results comparable to those using a corneoscleral superior approach. A longer study of a larger series should be done to confirm the findings.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of an unused 1952 Ridley intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To evaluate an unused 1952 historic Ridley intraocular lens (IOL) brought to Bombay, India, in 1952 from an Oxford Ophthalmologic Conference in England and given to 1 of the authors during his residency. SETTING: Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. METHODS: The Ridley IOL was evaluated at Alcon Laboratories, Inc., using the established procedures of its Intraocular R&D Laboratories. Various optical and physical aspects of the Ridley lens were evaluated including (1) dimensions, (2) weight, (3) power, (4) resolution efficiency and modulation transfer function (MTF), (5) surface sphericity by interferometry, (6) ultraviolet (UV)-visible transmission characteristic, (7) attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectrum, and (8) cosmetics by visual inspection using light microscopy. RESULTS: This 8.5 mm diameter, 2.4 mm thick, 23 diopter biconvex IOL weighed 108 mg. The ATR spectrum, UV-visible transmission, and refractive index confirmed its poly-(methyl methacrylate) material. The 0.56 MTF value at 100 line pairs/mm, per the International Standards Organization--IOL Optics Standard, and 93% resolution efficiency in water, per the American National Standard Institute IOL Optics Standard, revealed the IOL's excellent optics. This was confirmed by 0.278 wave root mean square surface figure as measured by Zygo interferometer using a 633 nm wavelength. Visual inspection revealed rough edges with sharp corners and some surface scratches. Early clinical experience with Ridley IOLs in Bombay, India, is briefly given. CONCLUSION: The Ridley IOL had excellent optical quality, meeting the requirements of current IOL optics standards. The selection of its dimensions was guided by the human crystalline lens, and the Ridley IOL was half as bulky. Although its clinical results were mixed, successful cases inspired subsequent improvements, leading to modern, highly satisfactory IOLs. This IOL represented a revolutionary innovation in ophthalmology.

England↗
PubMed1999

Induced astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively analyze a group of patients to determine whether their induced astigmatism was caused by asymmetry in the laser beam, asymmetry in ablation rates, or wound healing in different corneal meridians. SETTING: Single-center physician office. METHODS: In this study, 146 eyes of 116 patients who had photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia with the Apex laser (Summit Technology) were retrospectively identified. In 28 eyes, the patient's chair had been rotated 90 degrees from its usual position under the laser. The vector-summated mean change in astigmatism in eyes with the chair rotated 90 degrees was compared with that in a group of control eyes in which the chair was in the usual position. RESULTS: The vector-summated mean change in the control eyes was 0.30 diopter (D) at 83 degrees. Forty-eight of 113 eyes (42.5%) had induced with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, and 14 of 113 eyes (12.4%) had induced against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism. In the eyes in which the chair was rotated 90 degrees, vector-summated mean change was 0.10 D at 13 degrees (P < .0005). One of 27 eyes (3.7%) had induced WTR astigmatism, and 13 of 27 eyes (48.1%) had induced ATR astigmatism (P < .001, chi-square). CONCLUSION: Astigmatism induced by myopic PRK with the Apex laser was small. The axis of induced astigmatism rotated 90 degrees when the patient's chair was rotated, implying that it is inhomogeneities in the beam rather than meridional asymmetry in ablation rates or wound healing that are responsible for induced astigmatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Selegiline in ADHD adults: plasma monoamines and monoamine metabolites.

Plasma monoamines and monoamine metabolites were assessed before and during selegiline treatment in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Selegiline, at low dose, is a selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor type B (MAOI-B). After 2-week placebo baseline, 36 ADHD adults were randomized to 6-week placebo or 20 mg/day or 60 mg/day selegiline, followed by 2-week posttreatment placebo. Twenty-seven subjects continued into a 6-week 20-mg/day or 60-mg/day selegiline period. Behavioral variables included self-rated scores on the Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale (Conners-ATRS) and performance on a Continuous Performance Task (CPT). Plasma samples were assayed for amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), precursor (DOPA), and metabolites (HVA, DOPAC, DHPG, normetanephrine, metanephrine, 5-HIAA). Selegiline produced dose-dependent changes in monoamine metabolites and DOPA plasma levels. Dopaminergic indices were associated with ADHD symptom severity (Conners-ATRS) and noradrenergic indices with CPT performance. Serotonergic metabolism, challenged by selegiline, correlated with clinical changes. These findings support a multisystem dysfunction underlying ADHD pathophysiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Response of Brucella suis 1330 and B. canis RM6/66 to growth at acid pH and induction of an adaptive acid tolerance response.

Acid pH is an environmental stress often encountered by Brucella during both the "environmental" and the "pathogenic" stages of its life. We have investigated the behaviour of B. suis biovar 1 and B. canis in acid conditions. Growth at suboptimal pH was characterized by a dramatic reduction in growth yield due to an early onset of stationary phase. B. suis was more resistant to low pH than B. canis, which lysed at pH 4.6. Viable counts measured after a 4-h acid shock at pH 3.2 showed that the relative survival of B. suis was 1,000-fold greater than that of B. canis. An adaptive acid tolerance response (ATR) was induced in both species by culture at pH 5.8; however, while the acid-sensitive B. canis had more than a 2,000-fold increase in survival following acid shock at pH 3.2, the increase in survival of B. suis was only around 50-fold. The kinetics of the induction of ATR were followed: for B. suis, 1-2 h (1 generation) at pH 5.8 were required to induce acid tolerance (50-fold protection), and these levels remained constant over 24 h. B. canis became relatively acid-resistant after only 30-min exposure to pH 5.8. Levels of acid tolerance continued to increase and were maximal at 24 h. Stationary phase pH 7.2 cultures of either species did not exhibit acid resistance, suggesting that, like Salmonella, Brucella does not have an rpoS-controlled stationary phase acid resistance.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Alpha-thalassaemia.

alpha-Thalassaemias are genetic defects extremely frequent in some populations and are characterized by the decrease or complete suppression of alpha-globin polypeptide chains. The gene cluster, which codes for and controls the production of these polypeptides, maps near the telomere of the short arm of chromosome 16, within a G + C rich and early-replicating DNA region. The genes expressed during the embryonic (zeta) or fetal and adult stage (alpha 2 and alpha 1) can be modified by point mutations which affect either the processing-translation of mRNA or make the polypeptide chains extremely unstable. Much more frequent are the deletions of variable size (from approximately 3 to more than 100 kb) which remove one or both alpha genes in cis or even the whole gene cluster. Deletions of a single gene are the result of unequal pairing during meiosis, followed by reciprocal recombination. These unequal cross-overs, which produce also alpha gene triplications and quadruplications, are made possible by the high degree of homology of the two alpha genes and of their flanking sequences. Other deletions involving one or more genes are due to recombinations which have taken place within non-homologous regions (illegitimate recombinations) or in DNA segments whose homology is limited to very short sequences. Particularly interesting are the deletions which eliminate large DNA areas 5' of zeta or of both alpha genes. These deletions do not include the structural genes but, nevertheless, suppress completely their expression. Larger deletions involving the tip of the short arm of chromosome 16 by truncation, interstitial deletions or translocations result in the contiguous gene syndrome ATR-16. In this complex syndrome alpha-thalassaemia is accompanied by mental retardation and variable dismorphic features. The study of mutations of the 5' upstream flanking region has led to the discovery of a DNA sequence, localized 40 kb upstream of the zeta-globin gene, which controls the expression of the alpha genes (alpha major regulatory element or HS-40). In the acquired variant of haemoglobin H (HbH) disease found in rare individuals with myelodysplastic disorders and in the X-linked mental retardation associated with alpha-thalassaemia, a profound reduction or absence of alpha gene expression has been observed, which is not accompanied by structural alterations of the coding or controlling regions of the alpha gene complex. Most probably the acquired alpha-thalassaemia is due to the lack of soluble activators (or presence of repressors) which act in trans and affect the expression of the homologous clusters and are coded by genes not (closely) linked to the alpha genes. The ATR-X syndrome results from mutations of the XH2 gene, located on the X chromosome (Xq13.3) and coding for a transacting factor which regulates gene expression. The interaction of the different alpha-thalassaemia determinants results in three phenotypes: the alpha-thalassaemic trait, clinically silent and presenting only limited alterations of haematological parameters, HbH disease, characterized by the development of a haemolytic anaemia of variable degree, and the (lethal) Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome. The diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia due to deletions is implemented by the electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA digested with restriction enzymes and hybridized with specific molecular probes. Recently polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based strategies have replaced the Southern blotting methodology. The straightforward identification of point mutations is carried out by the specific amplification of the alpha 2 or alpha 1 gene by PCR followed by the localization and identification of the mutation with a variety of screening systems (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP)) and direct sequencing.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the central control of respiration in the cane toad, Bufo marinus.

Chemical substrates, central sites and central mechanisms underlying the regulation of breathing in lower vertebrates have not been well characterized. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of pH changes and cholinergic agents on the central control of respiration in the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Adult toads were anesthetized, catheterized and unidirectionally ventilated before exposing the brainstem. An airtight buccal cannula was also inserted through the tympanum to record buccal pressure. The animal was decerebrated, anesthetic removed and the responses to pH changes of solutions bathing the ventral surface of the medulla (VSM) were tested by superfusing the VSM with mock cerebrospinal fluid (mCSF) of pH 7.8-normal, 7.2-acidic and 8.4-basic. The acidic solution increased respiratory activity, the basic solution decreased activity and the normal solution had no effect. In addition, cholinergeric agents (acetylcholine-ACh, physostigmine-Phy, nicotine-Nic, and atropine-Atr) dissolved in mCSF were applied bilaterally onto the VSM using filter paper pledgets. ACh, Phy and Nic increased episodic breathing frequency by 14.3+/-9.7, 9.4+/-5.4 and 29.1+/-11.8 %, respectively, whereas, Atr caused a decrease (-26.6+/-16.6%). These agents had no effect on blood pressure. It is therefore, concluded that the VSM is pH sensitive and a cholinergic mechanism is involved in the central modulation of respiration in Bufo.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1998

Effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs on splenic arteries and veins from hooded seals (Cystophora cristata).

Isolated ring preparations of arteries and veins from hooded seal spleens were subjected in vitro to adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), isoprenaline (Iso), and acetylcholine (ACh), alone or in combination with the blockers phentolamine (Phe), propranolol (Pro), and atropine (Atr). Both arteries and veins constricted in response to A (the estimated effective dose required for half-maximal response (ED50) was 3.3 and 0.2 microM, for arteries and veins, respectively) and NA (estimated ED50 was 1.5 and 0.6 microM, for arteries and veins, respectively), but these effects were abolished when the drugs were given in combination with the alpha-adrenoceptor blocker Phe. The responses of arteries and veins to ACh and the beta-adrenoceptor agonist Iso were minor and inconsistent, and were completely abolished when combined with their respective blockers (Atr and Pro, respectively). The ED50 for both A and NA are quite high in relation to normal plasma levels of A and NA in seals. This implies that these vessels (and, hence, the supply of blood to the spleen) primarily are subjected to neurogenic, rather than humoral physiological control.

Adrenergic Agents↗
PubMed2001

Spectroscopic studies on molecular recognition capabilities of a nucleolipid bearing thymine headgroup to adenosine.

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of octadecanoyl ester of 1-(2-carboxyethyl) thymine deposited from pure water and aqueous adenosine subphases were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and Fourier transform surface-enhanced Raman scattering (FT-SERS) spectroscopy. The obtained spectral results indicate that the adenosine molecules in the subphase can be transferred onto solid substrates by LB techniques as a result of the formation of base pairs at the air/water interface. UV-vis spectra alternations indicated that, with increasing adenosine concentration in subphase, more adenosine molecules were recognized by nucleolipid monolayer and were transferred onto the quartz substrates. The closed-packing of the constituent molecules facilitates the photodimerization of the thymine moieties in the headgroup under ultraviolet irradiation. FTIR-ATR results suggest that the hydrocarbon chains of nucleolipid in the LB films deposited from pure water and aqueous adenosine take on a close-packed all trans conformation. By analyzing the FT-SERS spectra results, it can be deduced that the orientation of nucleobase in the headgroup is different before and after the recognition effect occurred. For LB film deposited from pure water, the nucleobases are lying flat on the silver substrates; whereas for LB film deposited from aqueous adenosine, the base pairs take an end-on adsorption on silver substrate.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1999

Natural history specimen analysis using micro FT-IR attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

A combination of micro Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided a complete analysis of the interaction between nematode cuticle structure and preservation fluids. Spectroscopic results were successfully correlated with TEM results. While fresh nematode cuticle yielded uniform spectra, damaged cuticles were characterised by large spectrum to spectrum variations in the 1000-1100 cm-1 region. An important outcome of this investigation was the demonstrated potential of micro FT-IR ATR as a technique for the analysis of challenging natural history samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

DNA-damage response pathways triggered by viral replication.

Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-telengiectasia mutated (ATM) and 'ataxia-telengiectasia and Rad3-related' (ATR) have all been implicated. This review focuses on the effects of HIV and EBV replication on DNA repair pathways. It has been suggested that activation of cellular DNA repair and recombination enzymes is beneficial for viral replication, as illustrated by the ability of suppressors of the ATM and ATR family to inhibit HIV replication. However, activation of DNA-damage response pathways can also promote apoptosis. Viruses can tailor the cellular response by suppressing downstream signalling from DNA-damage sensors, as exemplified by EBV. New small-molecule inhibitors of the DNA-damage response pathways could therefore be of value to treat viral infections.

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Attenuated partial internal reflection infrared spectroscopy.

A new method for the spectroscopic study of absorbing films is proposed. In contrast to the well-established methods that take advantage of the attenuation of total internal reflection (ATR) to obtain spectra, we intentionally arrange the optics to permit partial internal reflection from the sampling prism face. Attenuated partial internal reflection (APR) spectroscopy is introduced through theoretical calculations and experimental demonstrations. The calculated APR spectra in the infrared region were generated from the Fresnel and Airy equations. Experimentally, APR spectra of water films on a NaCl prism were obtained. APR is more sensitive than ATR, and can easily distinguish water films at the monolayer level (310 pm). The determination of film thickness from interference fringes in APR spectra is also illustrated. It is shown that APR can be used for film thickness measurements that can span 6 orders of magnitude. The limitations of APR are also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Development of a method for the determination of Fusarium fungi on corn using mid-infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometrics.

A novel method, which enables the determination of fungal infection with Fusarium graminearum on corn within minutes, is presented. The ground sample was sieved and the particle size fraction between >250 and 100 microm was used for mid-infrared/attenuated total reflection (ATR) measurements. The sample was pressed onto the ATR crystal, and reproducible pressure was applied. After the spectra were recorded, they were subjected to principle component analysis (PCA) and classified using cluster analysis. Observed changes in the spectra reflected changes in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents. Ergosterol (for the total fungal biomass) and the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON; a secondary metabolite) of Fusarium fungi served as reference parameters, because of their relevance for the examination of corn based food and feed. The repeatability was highly improved by sieving prior to recording the spectra, resulting in a better clustering in PCA score/score plots. The developed method enabled the separation of samples with a toxin content of as low as 310 microg/kg from noncontaminated (blank) samples. Investigated concentration ranges were 880-3600 microg/kg for ergosterol and 310-2596 microg/kg for DON. The percentage of correctly classified samples was up to 100% for individual samples compared with a number of blank samples.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

A strategy for constructing a hybrid bilayer membrane based on a carbon substrate.

We construct a hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) on a new substrate-carbon electrode. It is an extension of HBM based on other substrates. Primary alkylamine was chemically modified onto the surface of a carbon electrode by electrochemical scans; thus, a monolayer was formed on the electrode. Because the alkane chains section is toward the outside, a hydrophobic surface was constructed. Then a lipid monolayer was spread on the hydrophobic surface of the carbon electrode. The formed HBM was characterized by electrochemical and ATR-FT-IR methods. From ATR-FT-IR results, the lipid order parameter (S) of 0.73 was obtained. This kind of hybrid membrane has the advantages of a lipid/alkanethiol HBM. A potential application of this HBM as a biosensor (detecting K+) was given.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Attenuated total internal reflectance infrared microspectroscopy as a detection technique for capillary electrophoresis.

A novel detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) using single-bounce attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy is presented. The terminus of the CE capillary is placed approximately 1 microm from the internal reflectance crystal at the focus of an ATR infrared microscope. Using pressure driven flow injection, concentration and volume detection limits have been determined for 25- and 10-microm-i.d. silica capillaries. Upon injection of 820 pL of succinylcholine chloride in a 10-microm capillary, a concentration detection limit of approximately 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt), or 410 pg, is found. The injection volume detection limit using a 108 ppt solution is 2.0 pL (216 pg). Sample separations using a programmed series of pressure, voltage, and again pressure on 25-, 50-, and 75-microm-i.d. capillaries are shown. CE separations of citrate and nitrate, as well as succinylcholine chloride with sodium salicylate using acetone as a neutral marker, are demonstrated. Several advantages of this CE-FT-IR technique include: (1) minimization of postcolumn broadening as a result of a small detector volume; (2) the ability to signal average spectra of the same aliquot, thereby improving the signal-to-noise in a stopped-flow environment; and (3) simplicity of design.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2004

On-line determination of the intracellular poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid) content in transformed Escherichia coli and glucose during PHB production using stopped-flow attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectrometry.

An automated approach for rapid on-line monitoring of the solid and liquid phases present in bioprocesses based on mid-IR Fourier transform spectrometry is introduced. The principles of this new approach are presented using the example of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) accumulated in living bacterial cells as well as dissolved glucose during two 27-h fermentation processes. FT-IR spectra were recorded on-line using a diamond-attenuated total reflection (ATR) cell connected to the fermentation broth by means of a computer-controlled flow system. For calibration of the FT-IR method, standard reference analysis procedures for PHB (gas chromatography) and glucose (HPLC) were used. While pumping the fermentation broth through the flow cell, the recorded spectra corresponded to the fermentation solution, which allowed the determination of glucose in a range from 3.8 to -10.3 g/L. Upon stopping the flow, the cells settled on the ATR surface, and the thus recorded spectra enabled the determination of the intracellular PHB content of Escherichia coli in a range from 0.005 to 0.766 g/L. Errors of cross-validation of 0.264 g/L for glucose and 0.037 g/L for PHB were obtained. Application of one PLS calibration model to another fermentation was possible with prediction errors of 0.493 g/L for glucose and 0.105 g/L for PHB. Furthermore, from the position and shape of the PHB carbonyl band, it could be concluded that the PHB granules inside the E. coli are predominantly amorphous.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2005

Use of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for analysis of partitioning of solutes between thin films and solution.

The paper examines attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy as a tool for quantifying the partitioning of small molecular species between a solution and a thin film, while the film is directly exposed to the solution for equilibration. For the case of a thin film having a thickness substantially smaller than the decay length of the evanescent wave, we developed suitable linear relationships that relate the measured absorption of the characteristic band to the concentration of the species under study in the film and in solution. In the application of ATR-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the method is particularly suitable for films a few tens to hundreds of nanometers thick and for solutes that preferentially partition into the film. As an example, the partitioning isotherm of 1-pentanol between water and a thin polyamide film separated from a reverse osmosis membrane was determined experimentally, and the limitations of the method are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Infrared spectroscopy of fluid lipid bilayers.

Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful technique for examining lipid bilayers; however, it says little about the fluidity of the bilayer-a key physical aspect. It is shown here that it is possible to both acquire spectroscopic data of supported lipid bilayer samples and make measurements of the membrane fluidity. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) is used to obtain the spectroscopic information and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is used to determine the fluidity of the samples. In the infrared spectra of lipid bilayers composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the following major peaks were observed; nu(as)(CH3) 2954 cm(-1), nu(s)(CH3) 2870 cm(-1), nu(as)(CH2) 2924 cm(-1), nu(s)(CH2) 2852 cm(-1), nu(C=O) 1734 cm(-1), delta(CH2) 1463-1473 cm(-1), nu(as)(PO2-) 1226 cm(-1), nu(s)(PO2-) 1084 cm(-1), and nu(as)(N+(CH3)3) 973 cm(-1). The diffusion coefficient of the same lipid bilayer was measured to be 3.5 +/- 0.5 micom(2)/s with visual recovery also noted through use of epifluorescence microscopy. FRAP and visual data confirm the formation of a uniform, mobile supported lipid bilayer. The combination of ATR-FT-IR and FRAP provides complementary data giving a more complete picture of fully hydrated model membrane systems.

Lipid Bilayers↗