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PubMed1998

Effects of interleukin-4 on the expression and activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 in amnion-derived WISH cells.

Increased prostaglandin biosynthesis during intrauterine infection may be a possible mechanism by which preterm labour is initiated. Inflammatory cytokines and growth factors are known to stimulate prostaglandin production through an increase in prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)-2 synthesis and activity. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, can downregulate PGHS-2 expression and inhibit prostaglandin production. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to determine the effects of IL-4 on PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 expression in amion-derived WISH cells treated with inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. In WISH cells, near-maximal production of the PGHS-2 mRNA occurred using 5 ng/ml EGF, 1 ng/ml IL-1beta or 50 ng/ml TNF-alpha. Time-course experiments determined that the PGHS-2 mRNA was induced maximally by these stimuli by 1 h. Pretreatment of WISH cells with IL-4 reduced PGHS-2 mRNA levels at 1 h by 67% in cells treated with EGF, 62% in cells treated with IL-1beta and 54% in cells treated with TNF-alpha. Pretreatment with IL-4 more effectively inhibited PGHS-2 expression than simultaneous addition with EGF or IL-1beta but not TNF-alpha. Immunoblot analysis showed a correlation between inhibition of mRNA levels and levels of PGHS-2 protein, although stimulation of PGHS-2 protein production by EGF was undetectable. Levels of PGHS-1 protein and mRNA remained unchanged in all experiments. Increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to TNF-alpha and IL-1beta treatment was attenuated by IL-4 pretreatment, by 52% and 72%, respectively. No attenuation of EGF-stimulated PGE2 levels was seen. We conclude that IL-4 inhibits PGHS-2 mRNA and protein production in cytokine-stimulated WISH cells, but does not affect EGF-stimulated PGE2 production, suggesting that EGF can induce prostaglandin biosynthesis by a mechanism other than through increased PGHS-2 expression.

Amnion↗
PubMed1981

Bulging amnion in premature labor: spectrum of sonographic findings.

Premature labor or vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters may be associated with a spectrum of sonographically definable abnormalities of the endocervical canal. Of 13 patients encountered, eight demonstrated dilatation of the entire canal, which contained fluid, placenta, and small parts in various combinations; all delivered prematurely. The other five, in whom dilatation was limited to the proximal canal, carried to term. Seven fetuses were breech and six transverse; none were cephalic. Abnormalities of the cervical canal were seen in 6.9% of patients examined over a 1 year period for bleeding in the second and third trimesters.

Adolescent↗