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PubMed2002

Cranial nerve function in workers exposed to polychlorinated dioxins and furans.

OBJECTIVE: To look for possible effects of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) on cranial nerve function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and neurophysiological examinations [visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (VEP and BAEP), blink reflex] in 121 PCDD/F exposed workers of one pesticide producing plant. RESULTS: BAEP abnormalities were more frequent in workers with chloracne (6 of 33 workers, 18.2%) than in those without chloracne (7 of 84, 8.3%), but this was not statistically significant (chi2: 2.33). VEP abnormalities were seen in one worker with and two without chloracne. Clinically visual functions were normal except in one worker, who was amaurotic since birth. Blink reflex abnormalities without corresponding clinical findings were observed in two patients without chloracne. CONCLUSION: Severe exposure to PCDD/F is not followed by clinical signs of cranial nerve dysfunction but may create an increased risk for abnormal BAEP findings, which were more than twice as common in workers with chloracne. Although this difference did not reach statistical significance, it cannot exclude a toxic effect of PCDD/F, as statistical significance is difficult to achieve with such small numbers of workers. In none of the workers, BAEP abnormalities were accompanied by clinical signs of hearing dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of biological monitoring markers using genomic and proteomic analysis for automobile emission inspectors and waste incinerating workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 2,3,7,8,-tetracholrodedibenzo-p-dioxins.

In this study, we investigated the effects of PAHs and dioxin on mRNA and plasma protein expression using genomic and proteomic analysis for automobile emission inspectors and waste incineration workers. About 54 workers from automobile emission inspection offices, 31 workers from waste incinerating company and 84 unexposed healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Urine and air samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC and GC/MS. Comet assays were carried out to evaluate any DNA damage in mononuclear and polynuclear cells. A significant difference in Olive tail moments in mononuclear cells was observed between exposed and control subjects (P < 0.0001). To examine the differences of the gene expression profile in automobile emission inspectors and waste incineration workers, radioactive complementary DNA microarrays were used to evaluate changes in the expression of 1,152 total genes. The gene expression profiles showed that 11 genes were up-regulated and 4 genes were down-regulated in waste incinerating workers as compared with controls. Plasma proteins were analyzed by 2-dimentional electrophoresis with pH 3-10 NL IPG Dry strip. The protein expression profiles showed that 8 proteins were up- regulated and 1 protein, haptoglobin, was down- regulated in automobile emission inspectors and waste incineration workers. Serum paraoxonase/ arylesterase was found only in the plasma of waste incineration workers. The expression of genes and proteins involved in oxidative stress were up-regulated in both automobile emission inspectors and waste incineration workers. Several proteins, such as transthyrethin, sarcolectin and haptoglobin, that were highly up- or down-regulated, could serve as biological monitoring markers for future study.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Antibodies, directed towards Campylobacter jejuni antigens, in sera from poultry abattoir workers.

Occupational exposure of susceptible humans to Campylobacter jejuni appears to result in resistance to disease. This is believed to be due to acquired protective immunity. To support this hypothesis the levels of C. jejuni-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were determined in sera from poultry abattoir workers. Such individuals are persistently exposed to C. jejuni, but apparently rarely acquire campylobacteriosis. Sera from 43 short-term workers (employed < or = 1 month), 78 long-term workers and 40 blood donors were investigated by ELISA. In 51 individuals a second serum sample, taken at least 1 month after the first, was also investigated. Eight workers had C. jejuni-positive faecal cultures and only one, a short-term worker, had symptoms of campylobacteriosis. There were significantly higher levels of specific IgG antibodies in long-term workers than in either of the other groups. There was no significant difference detectable in specific IgM antibody levels between any of the groups. The results provide supporting evidence that long-term exposure to C. jejuni induces circulating antibodies which reflect apparent reduced susceptibility to disease. Western blotting showed flagellin and polypeptides of 45, 40, 32 and 30 kD bound antibodies significantly more frequently by sera from long-term workers than short-term workers and blood donors. The most commonly detected antigens were the 40-kD (80%) and flagellin (55%). The results indicate that specific serum IgG responses induced by endemic exposure to C. jejuni might be directed towards a small number of protein antigens with apparently conserved epitopes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Perceived functions and usefulness of health service support workers.

Support workers have been advocated as a means of overcoming a shortage of professional nursing practice, whether this shortage is derived from a decrease in budgeted positions or from a lack of persons to fill positions. The demand for nursing practice has increased because of a rise in the intensity and complexity of patient care. The purpose of this study was to examine professional nurses' views on the non-nursing duties they were currently performing and the possible use of support personnel to assist them in their role of providing patient care. Group interviews of qualified nurses were used to develop a questionnaire comprising 40 items concerning support worker duties, 26 non-nursing duties and one item requesting respondents to indicate if a support worker would be useful: 408 (60%) nurses completed the questionnaire and 71% agreed that a support worker would be useful. Twenty-three support worker activities were statistically significant (P < 0.01) in the level of agreement and variation from the undecided position. The significant groups of support worker activities determined by principal component analysis using a single factor were clerical, cleaning and stocking and direct patient care, while the indirect patient care group of activities was not significant. Forty-six per cent of the non-nursing duties were agreed to, while 50% were seen to be the role of the nurse. There were areas of support worker activity which were related to agreed non-nursing duties and other areas where there was an overlap, with the duties being seen as both nursing and suitable for the support worker.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Low risk of TT virus (TTV) infection in medical workers.

The rate of infection with TT virus (TTV), a novel single-strand DNA virus was evaluated and the clinical and laboratory features in affected Japanese medical workers were analysed. TTV DNA was measured in 356 medical workers and in 150 age-matched controls using a seminested polymerase chain reaction. TTV DNA was detected in 62 of 356 medical workers (17.4%). There were no differences in the prevalence of TTV infection between medical workers and controls (18.9%) and in the characteristics of medical workers with TTV infection and medical workers without it, except that the mean age of patients with TTV infection was higher than that of patients without TTV. The medical workers were drawn from three groups: medical doctors, nurses and clinical laboratory technicians. There was no statistically significant difference between the rate of TTV infection in the three groups. These findings suggest that the risk of TTV infection in medical workers is low and not related to liver dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Three-year follow-up study of allergy in workers in a mushroom factory.

Exposure to mushroom spores may cause many respiratory allergic diseases, however, there has been no serial study in a mushroom factory to address this problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the serial changes in respiratory allergy and the incidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in mushroom workers. A 3-year follow-up study, beginning in June 1996, was conducted in a newly operating mushroom factory in which one kind of mushroom is produced: Hypsizigus marmoreus (Bunashimeji). Allergic symptoms, chest roentgenogram, serum precipitins to the spores and soluble adhesion molecules in sera were evaluated once a year in 60 workers and 20 controls. Three out of the 60 subjects were diagnosed as having HP caused by inhalation ofthe mushroom spore and they were therefore excluded from this study, and the 57 non-HP subjects were evaluated. In this study 24 workers quit because of intolerable cough, runny nose, wheezing, sputum, fever elevation and/or shortness of breath at their place of work. During each year of this study as many as 70-80% of employees suffered some ofthe above symptoms, cough being the most frequent, and positive rate of serum precipitins to the spore revealed 30% in 1996, 93% in 1997 and 94% in 1998. From the June 1996 examination until the following May, serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels of the 15 workers who quit during that period were significantly higher than those in the 42 workers still employed in 1997 (P < 0.05). Workers in Bunashimeji mushroom factories might be at critical risk of developing respiratory allergy. In our 3-year study over 90% workers were sensitized to the spore, 40% quit because of the symptoms and 5% developed HP. It was suggested that workers should be counselled about the risk of mushroom allergy and precautionary measures should be taken to prevent its occurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Organizational and environmental factors that affect worker health and safety and patient outcomes.

This article reviews organizational factors that influence the satisfaction, health, safety, and well-being of health care workers and ultimately, the satisfaction, safety, and quality of care for patients. The impact of the work environment on working conditions and the effects on health care workers and patients are also addressed. Studies focusing on worker health and safety concerns affected by the organization and the physical work environment provide evidence of direct positive and/or adverse effects on performance and suggest indirect effects on the quality of patient care. The strongest links between worker and patient outcomes are demonstrated in literature on nosocomial transmission of infections. Transmission of infections from worker to patient and from patient to patient via health care worker has been well documented in clinical studies. Literature on outbreaks of infectious diseases in health care settings has linked the physical environment with adverse patient and worker outcomes. An increasing number of studies are looking at the relationship between improvement in organizational factors and measurable and positive change in patient outcomes. Characteristics of selected magnet hospitals are reviewed as one model for improving patient and worker outcomes.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Egg viability and worker policing in honey bees.

In many species of social Hymenoptera, unmated workers can lay eggs that will produce males by parthenogenesis. Nevertheless, in queenright honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera), worker reproduction is low. One possible mechanism for this difference is worker policing, the removal of worker-laid eggs by other workers. This behavior can evolve in species in which queens are multiply mated, where workers are more closely related to the sons of their mother than those of their sisters. Another possible mechanism of the low level of worker reproduction is worker-laid eggs being less viable than queen-laid eggs. We show that this difference in quality is the case for honey bees.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Individual recognition and learning of queen odors by worker honeybees.

A honeybee queen is usually attacked if she is placed among the workers of a colony other than her own. This rejection occurs even if environmental sources of odor, such as food, water, and genetic origin of the workers, are kept constant in laboratory conditions. The genetic similarity of queens determines how similar their recognition characteristics are; inbred sister queens were accepted in 35% of exchanges, outbred sister queens in 12%, and nonsister queens in 0%. Carbon dioxide narcosis results in worker honeybees accepting nonnestmate queens. A learning curve is presented, showing the time after narcosis required by workers to learn to recognize a new queen. In contrast, worker transfers result in only a small percentage of the workers being rejected. The reason for the difference between queens and workers may be because of worker and queen recognition cues having different sources.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Common endocrine and genetic mechanisms of behavioral development in male and worker honey bees and the evolution of division of labor.

Temporal polyethism is a highly derived form of behavioral development displayed by social insects. Hormonal and genetic mechanisms regulating temporal polyethism in worker honey bees have been identified, but the evolution of these mechanisms is not well understood. We performed three experiments with male honey bees (drones) to investigate how mechanisms regulating temporal polyethism may have evolved because, relative to workers, drones display an intriguing combination of similarities and differences in behavioral development. We report that behavioral development in drones is regulated by mechanisms common to workers. In experiment 1, drones treated with the juvenile hormone (JH) analog methoprene started flying at significantly younger ages than did control drones, as is the case for workers. In experiment 2, there was an age-related increase in JH associated with the onset of drone flight, as in workers. In experiment 3, drones derived from workers with fast rates of behavioral development themselves started flying at younger ages than drones derived from workers with slower rates of behavioral development. These results suggest that endocrine and genetic mechanisms associated with temporal polyethism did not evolve strictly within the context of worker social behavior.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk of exposure to hepatitis A virus among day-care workers in Israel: implications for preventive measures.

Hepatitis A is an important infectious disease in Israel. The high incidence of hepatitis A, the declining prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A virus throughout the past decade, and the availability of an active immunization for hepatitis A have engendered the identification of occupations in which workers are at increased risk of acquiring the disease. A prevalence study for hepatitis A antibodies was conducted during the first half of 1998 in a random sample of 37 day-care centers in different parts of Israel. A short interview was conducted, and serum samples were then collected from each worker. The control group comprised a sample of factory workers, blood donors, and women in maternity wards. Ninety percent (402 of 446) of the day-care workers had antibodies to hepatitis A. In a logistic-regression analysis, seropositivity was associated with increased age, minimal education, and lack of military service. When the authors compared a subsample of workers aged 18-40 yr with the control group, seropositivity was associated with the following: birth in Israel, duration of residence in Israel, very minimal education, military service, and employment in a day-care center. These results, together with earlier reports, indicate that day-care workers are at high risk of occupational exposure to hepatitis A. These results may imply that seronegative workers have a 2-fold chance of acquiring hepatitis A. Appropriate preventive measures should be considered, and active immunization of susceptible workers should be undertaken.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality among workers exposed to carbon disulfide.

Mortality experience was investigated at a plant in Ontario that produced viscose rayon, with carbon disulfide as a main raw material. Work-history records for 279 deceased workers at the plant (plant A) were obtained and compared with those for 511 deceased workers at a pulp and paper plant in the same city (plant B). In a proportional mortality analysis, using as a reference the general population of Ontario, at both plants there were fewer deaths from ischemic heart disease than expected (the proportional mortality ratios [PMRs] were 83 at plant A and 95 at plant B) but more deaths than expected from cerebrovascular disease (PMRs were 115 at plant A and 149 at plant B). In a subgroup of plant A workers who had been employed in high-carbon-disulfide exposure areas, deaths from ischemic heart disease were less than expected (PMR = 82), particularly among those who worked in these areas for more than 5 y. Most deaths occurred among those aged 65 y or more. Mortality from strokes, however, was greater than expected (PMR = 207, p < .05); the excess was confined to workers who died at age 65 y or older (PMR = 229, p = .01). Proportional mortality from strokes was also increased in the pulp workers among those who died at age 65 y or older (PMR = 153). In a case-control analysis, the risk of ischemic heart disease at plant A was slightly less than at plant B (odds ratio (OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-1.42), with no association between risk and years worked in high-carbon-disulfide areas (OR/y = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.94-1.03). Among those who died at age 65 y or older, the risk of stroke in the high-exposure subgroup was (a) increased significantly, compared with other plant A workers (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.66-14.65); and (b) increased slightly, compared with plant B workers (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.83-2.26). These results suggested an unusually low risk of strokes among other plant A workers. The risk of stroke was associated with years in high-carbon-disulfide areas (OR/y = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.96-1.1 0). The observed increase in proportional mortality from strokes may represent a chance finding, but a causal role for exposure cannot be excluded.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Lung cancer mortality and diesel exhaust: reanalysis of a retrospective cohort study of U.S. railroad workers.

A retrospective cohort study of 55,407 U.S. railroad workers has been called the most definitive study linking exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) with lung cancer in humans. However, reanalysis of data from this study suggests caution in interpreting this study as demonstrating such a link. Although workers who rode trains had a significantly elevated lung cancer mortality relative to clerks and signalmen (who were assumed to be unexposed), shop workers did not, despite convincing evidence that these workers had the highest exposures to DE. Mortality from heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver were also significantly elevated among train riders, which suggests that these workers had a substantially different lifestyle from other workers, and raises the possibility that their elevated lung cancer mortality may be related to lifestyle rather than to DE exposure. Smoking information was not available for this cohort. A positive, monotone dose-response trend in lung cancer mortality with increasing duration of exposure found by the original investigators was not present when age was controlled more carefully and years of exposure quantified more accurately. Instead, a negative dose-response trend for lung cancer was seen among exposed workers based on either duration of exposure or quantitative measures of cumulative exposure. Similar negative trends were seen with several broad categories of mortality, including all causes. These negative trends are possibly a result of incomplete follow-up that was most severe among workers with the longest tenures. A sizable fraction of deaths occurring during the last 4 years of follow-up evidently were not identified, and there is evidence that follow-up in earlier years was also incomplete. At the very least, problems with the follow-up should be rectified before any conclusions are drawn about the carcinogenicity of DE in this cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Selenium status in workers handling aromatic nitro-amino compounds in a chemical factory.

The selenium status of workers handling aromatic nitro-amino (ANA) compounds was evaluated by measurement of their blood and urinary selenium concentrations and blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Forty-seven healthy Japanese male workers (42.7 +/- 12.1 yr) handling ANA compounds routinely in a chemical factory were studied as exposed workers, and 107 nonindustrial healthy Japanese males (39.3 +/- 10.0 yr) in the same region served as a control group. Urinary diazoreaction-positive metabolites and methemoglobin, both of which have been used as indices of exposure to ANA compounds, were significantly elevated in the exposed workers. Both plasma and erythrocyte selenium in the exposed workers showed 20% lower values compared to the control group. GSH-Px activities in plasma and erythrocytes were also significantly decreased in the exposed workers, but urinary selenium excretions were similar between the two groups. Questionnaire information obtained from each subject regarding intake habits of selenium-rich foods (bread, eggs, meat, and fish) indicated that the average dietary selenium intake was similar for the control group and the exposed workers. These results indicate that (1) the workers handling ANA compounds were surely exposed to these chemicals; (2) their selenium status was lower than that of the nonindustrial controls; and (3) the low selenium status was not associated with any dietary factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

DNA adducts among asphalt paving workers.

OBJECTIVE: Asphalt is used extensively in the highway construction industry and contains a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are known or suspected to be human carcinogens. Though numerous epidemiologic studies have described an excess cancer risk among asphalt workers, a causal relationship has not been established. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study was to use DNA adducts as a biomarker of biologically effective dose and determine whether DNA damage resulted from occupational exposure to asphalt among paving workers. METHODS: Over a 12 month period, four peripheral blood samples (spring, summer, fall and winter) were obtained from 49 asphalt paving workers (169 samples) and 36 non-paving construction workers (103 samples). The spring, summer and fall samples were collected during the work-season, whereas the winter samples were collected during the off-season (due to the seasonality of paving work). Mononuclear white blood cells were isolated and analyzed for DNA adducts via the (32)P-postlabeling assay and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the DNA adduct data. RESULTS: Among paving workers during the work-season, DNA adducts increased during each day of the workweek such that mean adduct levels were lowest on Mondays (3 adducts per 10(10) nucleotides) and highest on Fridays (46 adducts per 10(10) nucleotides). Additionally, a 3-fold difference in adduct burden was observed by paving task such that mean adduct levels were lowest among roller operators (7 adducts per 10(10) nucleotides) and highest among screedmen (23 adducts per 10(10) nucleotides). Using adducts as a measure of biologically effective dose, these findings (weekday trend and task-based differences) were consistent with a previous evaluation of absorbed dose in the same population. Adduct levels were not, however, higher among paving workers than among non-pavers. Adducts were also highest during the winter months, suggestive of a seasonal effect that has been observed in previous studies. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that adduct burden increased throughout the workweek among paving workers, suggesting that DNA damage may be associated with occupational exposure to hot-mix asphalt. However, the lack of contrast with non-paving workers, as well as the seasonal variation warrants additional investigation.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

32P-post-labelling of 7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine in white blood cells of workers occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin.

Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a simple 3-carbon epoxide of industrial importance. It has been shown to be genotoxic in several systems and carcinogenic in experimental animals. The aim of the present investigation was to study DNA adducts of ECH as a biomarker of occupational exposure to this chemical. 7-(3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine (7-CHP-guanine) was analysed in DNA from white blood cells using an anion exchange-based adduct enrichment protocol of the (32)P-post-labelling/HPLC-based assay. Blood samples were collected from seven workers handling ECH (exposed), nine workers not handling ECH but normally present in the premises where this chemical is used (potentially exposed) and 13 office and factory workers from locations in the plant where ECH is not handled (controls). 7-CHP-guanine was detected in five of the seven workers exposed to ECH (1.6-7.1 mol/10(9) mol nucleotides) and in two of the nine workers potentially exposed to ECH (0.8-1.5 mol/10(9) mol nucleotides). This adduct was not detected in any of the 13 controls. The difference in adduct levels between exposed workers and controls was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.001), as was the difference between exposed workers and potentially exposed workers (P = 0.017). The recovery of 7-CHP-guanine in the (32)P-post-labelling assay was on average 48 +/- 7%, which is considerably higher than previously reported for other 7-alkylguanines. The method used had a limit of detection of approximately 0.4 mol adduct/10(9) mol nucleotides using 20 microg DNA. This study shows for the first time ECH-induced DNA adducts in humans and suggests that 7-CHP-guanine may be used as a biomarker of occupational exposure to ECH.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA strand breaks in white blood cells of occupationally exposed workers: comparison with ambient monitoring, urinary metabolites and enzyme polymorphisms.

The relationship between biomarkers of effect (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo, HPLC system) and tail extent moment (comet assay)), markers of external and internal exposure, and biomarkers of susceptibility was evaluated for coke-oven and graphite-electrode-producing plant workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mean 8-oxodGuo levels in white blood cells (WBC) of exposed workers were between 1.38 times (coke-oven, n = 20; P < 0.01) and 2.15 times (graphite-electrode-producing plant, n = 30; P < 0.01) higher than levels found in control samples (mean +/- SD 0.52 +/- 0.16 8-oxodGuo/10(5) dGuo, n = 47). The mean tail extent moment in lymphocytes was 1.38 times higher for coke-oven workers (n = 19; P = 0.09) and 3.13 times higher for graphite-electrode-producing plant workers (n = 29; P < 0.01) when compared with controls (mean plus minus SD 2.54 +/- 0.68, n = 32). Elevated tail extent moments (>3.73) were found in the majority (84%) of PAH-exposed workers showing increased DNA adduct levels (>0.78 8-oxodGuo/10(5) dGuo). However, no association (P > 0.05) was found between DNA damage (8-oxodGuo/10(5) dGuo or tail extent moment) in WBC of all PAH-exposed workers and either benzo[a]pyrene levels or the sum of 16 PAH levels in the air at work place. Furthermore, no relation (P > 0.05) could be established between DNA damage in WBC and biomarkers of internal exposure (1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and sum of five hydroxyphenanthrenes (OHPHs)). Higher exposure to airborne pyrene and phenanthrene led to increasing concentrations of the metabolites 1-OHP (P < 0.01) and the sum of five OHPHs (P < 0.01) in the urine of PAH-exposed workers. The polymorphisms of genes CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 (biomarkers of susceptibility) showed no association with biomarkers of effect. In conclusion, both biomarkers of effect may be appropriate for further surveillance studies of workers under PAH exposure.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed2000

Health effects of involuntary job loss among older workers: findings from the health and retirement survey.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the health consequences of involuntary job loss among older workers in the United States. METHODS: Using longitudinal data from the 1992 and 1994 waves of the Health and Retirement Survey, multivariate regression models were estimated to assess the impact of involuntary job loss on both physical functioning and mental health. Our analysis sample included 209 workers who experienced involuntary job loss between survey dates and a comparison group of 2,907 continuously employed workers. RESULTS: The effects of late-life involuntary job loss on both follow-up physical functioning and mental health were negative and statistically significant (p < .05), even after baseline health status and sociodemographic factors were controlled for. Among displaced workers, reemployment was positively associated with both follow-up physical functioning and mental health, whereas the duration of joblessness was not significantly associated with either outcome. DISCUSSION: The findings provide evidence of a causal relationship between job loss and morbidity among older workers. This relationship is reflected in both poorer physical functioning and mental health for workers who experience involuntary job loss. In addition to the economic consequences of worker displacement, there may be important health consequences of job loss, especially among older workers.

Activities of Daily Living↗