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PubMed1999

High-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns and anthropometric measures: a case-control study.

Mammographic parenchymal patterns are related to breast cancer risk and are also affected by anthropometric measure. We carried out a case-control study comprising 200 cases with high-risk (P2 and DY) mammographic parenchymal pattern and 200 controls with low-risk (N1 and P1) patterns in order to investigate the effect of body size and shape and breast size on mammographic patterns. Women in the highest quartile of body mass index (BMI) distribution were significantly less likely to have a high-risk pattern (odds ratio (OR) = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-0.52, P-value for trend = 0.001) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Relative to women with a waist to hip ratio (WHR) of less than 0.75, the OR of having a high-risk pattern in women with a WHR greater than 0.80 was 0.30 (95% CI 0.14-0.63). Breast size as measured by cup size was significantly and negatively related to high-risk pattern. Our study indicates that both BMI and WHR are negatively associated with high-risk patterns. However, both phenomena are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This negative confounding of two positive risk factors means that the effect of parenchymal patterns on risk will tend to be underestimated when not adjusted for BMI and WHR and vice versa. Thus we may have underestimated the importance of BMI and mammographic parenchymal patterns in the past. Further studies are needed to determine a measure of parenchymal density that is independent of anthropometric measures and breast size.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Placebo-controlled continuation treatment with mirtazapine: acute pattern of response predicts relapse.

Pattern of response to antidepressants has been proposed as a method to identify patients whose improvement is more likely due to drug vs those whose improvement on drug is more likely to be a placebo effect. It is hypothesized that those with 'true-drug initial response pattern' are most likely to benefit from continuation treatment. The relationship between acute patterns of response and subsequent placebo-controlled continuation treatment with the antidepressant mirtazapine is examined. A total of 410 outpatients were treated openly with mirtazapine for 8-12 weeks. Patients who remitted in the acute phase were randomized to continue the same dose of mirtazapine or switched to placebo. Acute phase responders were classified as 'placebo initial response pattern' (early responders and nonpersistent responders) and 'true-drug initial response pattern' (delayed and persistent responders). Of those with a 'true-drug initial response pattern,' 10/40 (25.0%) relapsed with continuation mirtazapine, and 23/41 (56.1%) relapsed when switched to placebo. The difference (31.1%) is significant. Of those with a 'placebo initial response pattern,' 5/36 (13.9%) relapsed with continuation mirtazapine, and 12/39 (30.8%) relapsed with placebo substitution. This difference (16.9%) is not statistically significant. Moreover, the relapse rate for 'true-drug initial response pattern' patients switched to placebo (56.1%) was also significantly greater than for 'placebo initial response pattern' patients switched to placebo (30.8%). It has been suggested that patients with late onset and persistence are more likely to have improved because of drug. This hypothesis gains support from this study because of the different relapse rates of 'true-drug' responders on drug and placebo. The low relapse rate for patients with an acute placebo pattern switched to placebo suggests specific drug effect played a smaller role in their initial improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns for the classification of Bacillus species and related genera.

AIMS: To identify Bacillus species and related genera by fingerprinting based on ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns; to compare ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns-based phylogenetic trees with trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences; to evaluate the usefulness of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns as a taxonomic tool for the classification of Bacillus species and related genera. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-eight bacterial species which include 42 Bacillus species, 31 species from five newly created Bacillus-related genera, and five species from five phenotypically related genera were tested. A total of 77 distinct 16S rRNA gene hybridization banding patterns were obtained. The dendrogram resulting from UPGMA analysis showed three distinct main genetic clusters at the 75% banding pattern similarity. A total of 77 distinct 23S and 5S rRNA genes hybridization banding patterns were obtained, and the dendrogram showed four distinct genetic clusters at the 75% banding pattern similarity. A third dendrogram was constructed using a combination of the data from the 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting and the 23S and 5S rRNA genes fingerprinting. It revealed three distinct main phylogenetic clusters at the 75% banding pattern similarity. CONCLUSIONS: The Bacillus species along with the species from related genera were identified successfully and differentiated by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns, and most were distributed with no apparent order in various clusters on each of the three dendrograms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our data indicate that ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns can be used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Bacillus species and derived-genera that approximates, but does not duplicate, phylogenies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2002

Improving the quality of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns from nanoparticles.

In this study, we investigated the relative contributions of atomic number (Z) and density (rho) to the degradation of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) pattern quality for nanoparticles < 500 nm in diameter. This was accomplished by minimizing the diffuse scattering from the conventional thick mounting substrate through the design of a sample holder that can accommodate particles mounted on thin-film TEM substrates. With this design, the contributions of incoherently scattered electrons that result in the diffuse background are minimized. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made of the EBSD pattern quality obtained from Al(2)O(3) particles approximately 200 nm in diameter mounted on both thick- and thin-film C substrates. For the quantitative comparison we developed a 'quality' factor for EBSD patterns that is based on the ratio of two Hough transforms derived from a given EBSD pattern image. The calculated quality factor is directly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio for the EBSD pattern. In addition to the comparison of the thick and thin mounting substrates, we also estimated the effects of Z and rho by comparing the EBSD pattern quality from the Al(2)O(3) particles mounted on thin-film substrates with the quality of patterns obtained from Fe-Co nanoparticles approximately 120 nm in diameter. The results indicate that the increased background generated in EBSD patterns by the electrons escaping through the bottom of the small particles is the dominant reason for the poor EBSD pattern quality from nanoparticles < 500 nm in size. This was supported by the fact that we were able to obtain usable EBSD patterns from Al(2)O(3) particles as small as 130 nm using the thin-film mounting method.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pattern formation and rhythm generation in the ventral respiratory group.

1. There is increasing evidence that the kernel of the rhythm-generating circuitry for breathing is located within a discrete subregion of a column of respiratory neurons within the ventrolateral medulla referred to as the ventral respiratory group (VRG). It is less clear how this rhythm is transformed into the precise patterns appearing on the varied motor outflows. 2. Two different approaches were used to test whether subregions of the VRG have distinct roles in rhythm or pattern generation. In one, clusters of VRG neurons were activated or inactivated by pressure injection of small volumes of neuroactive agents to activate or inactivate groups of respiratory neurons and the resulting effects on respiratory rhythm and pattern were determined. The underlying assumption was that if rhythm and pattern are generated by neurons in different VRG subregions, then we should be able to identify regions where activation of neurons predominantly alters rhythm with little effect on pattern and other regions where pattern is altered with little effect on rhythm. 3. Based on the pattern of phrenic nerve responses to injection of an excitatory amino acid (DL-homocysteate), the VRG was divided into four subdivisions arranged along the rostrocaudal axis. Injections into the three rostral regions elicited changes in both respiratory rhythm and pattern. From rostral to caudal the regions included: (i) a rostral bradypnoea region, roughly associated with the Bötzinger complex; (ii) a dysrhythmia/tachypnoea area, roughly associated with the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC); (iii) a second caudal bradypnoea area; and, most caudally, (iv) a region from which no detectable change in respiratory motor output was elicited. 4. In a second approach, the effect of unilateral lesions of one subregion, the PBC, on the Breuer-Hering reflex changes in rhythm were determined. Activation of this reflex by lung inflation shortens inspiration and lengthens expiration (TE). 5. Unilateral lesions in the PBC attenuated the reflex lengthening of TE, but did not change baseline respiratory rhythm. 6. These findings are consistent with the concept that the VRG is not functionally homogenous, but consists of rostrocaudally arranged subregions. Neurons within the so-called PBC appear to have a dominant role in rhythm generation. Nevertheless, neurons within other subregions contribute to both rhythm and pattern generation. Thus, at least at an anatomical level resolvable by pressure injection, there appears to be a significant overlap in the circuitry generating respiratory rhythm and pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Does a nonreactive fetal heart rate pattern really mean fetal distress?

The aim of the study was to compare three different fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns, namely, a nonreactive pattern with good long-term variability (fluctuation of 5 or more beats/min), a reactive pattern, and a nonreactive pattern with poor long-term variability (less than 5 beats/min). For this purpose, nonstress tests done less than 24 hours before delivery and FHR patterns recorded during labor were separately assessed. Endpoints for comparison were 5-minute Apgar scores, intrauterine growth retardation, and umbilical blood gas values at birth. Regarding the nonstress test, the prevalence of low 5-minute Apgar scores in reactive, good variability, and in poor variability patterns were 7.2%, 5.3%, and 24%, respectively. The prevalences of small for gestational age newborns were 8%, 17.6%, and 60.6%, respectively. Blood gas values did not differ significantly. Regarding the FHR patterns during labor, using the same sequence, the prevalences of low 5-minute Apgar scores were 3.5%, 6%, and 23%, respectively. Small for gestational age babies occurred in 8.8%, 15.6%, and 80% of the different FHR patterns, respectively. Regarding umbilical artery blood gas values, the only significant difference was a lower pH in the poor variability group. No difference was found between the blood gas values of babies with a reactive pattern and a nonreactive pattern with good variability.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1997

Control of time-dependent biological processes by temporally patterned input.

Temporal patterning of biological variables, in the form of oscillations and rhythms on many time scales, is ubiquitous. Altering the temporal pattern of an input variable greatly affects the output of many biological processes. We develop here a conceptual framework for a quantitative understanding of such pattern dependence, focusing particularly on nonlinear, saturable, time-dependent processes that abound in biophysics, biochemistry, and physiology. We show theoretically that pattern dependence is governed by the nonlinearity of the input-output transformation as well as its time constant. As a result, only patterns on certain time scales permit the expression of pattern dependence, and processes with different time constants can respond preferentially to different patterns. This has implications for temporal coding and decoding, and allows differential control of processes through pattern. We show how pattern dependence can be quantitatively predicted using only information from steady, unpatterned input. To apply our ideas, we analyze, in an experimental example, how muscle contraction depends on the pattern of motorneuron firing.

Biological Clocks↗
PubMed1999

Spatiotemporal activity patterns of rat cortical neurons predict responses in a conditioned task.

Precise and repeated spike-train timings within and across neurons define spatiotemporal patterns of activity. Although the existence of these patterns in the brain is well established in several species, there has been no direct evidence of their influence on behavioral output. To address this question, up to 15 neurons were recorded simultaneously in the auditory cortex of freely moving rats while animals waited for acoustic cues in a Go/NoGo task. A total of 235 significant patterns were detected during this interval from an analysis of 13 hr of recording involving over 1 million spikes. Of particular interest were 129 (55%) patterns that were significantly associated with the type of response the animal made later, independent of whether the response was that prompted by the cue because the response occurred later and the cue was chosen randomly. Of these behavior-predicting patterns, half (59/129) were associated with an enhanced tendency to go in response to the stimulus, and for 11 patterns of this subset, trials including the pattern were followed by significantly faster reaction time than those lacking the pattern. The remaining behavior-predicting patterns were associated with an enhanced NoGo tendency. Overall mean discharge rates did not vary across trials. Hence, these data demonstrate that particular spatiotemporal patterns predict future behavioral responses. Such presignal activity could form templates for extracting specific sensory information, motor programs prespecifying preference for a particular act, and/or some intermediate, associative brain process.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Some characteristics of EMG patterns during locomotion: implications for the locomotor control process.

Myoelectric signals from several muscles of the lower limb were studied under various speed and stride length conditions. The main purpose was to determine invariant and variant features among these myoelectric patterns. A pattern recognition algorithm was used to analyze these activity patterns. Within-condition analysis revealed some common features among the EMG patterns. This suggests that the nervous system does not have to generate all the muscle activity patterns, only the common features that can, in appropriate combination, produce the necessary activity patterns. From the across condition analysis, the following rules emerged. First, both phasic component and magnitude (d.c. level) of the muscle activity patterns have to be modulated to meet the demands imposed by the various conditions. Second, the variability in the proximal muscle activity patterns across conditions are higher than the distal muscle activity patterns. Within each group, the extensor muscles and double-jointed muscles show greater variability than the flexor muscles and single-jointed muscles. And finally, the changes in the average value (d.c. level) of the muscle activity patterns across conditions are not uniform but show muscle and task specificity. For example, within the speed condition, the increase in d.c. level of the extensors with speed of locomotion show a proximal to distal trend. Based on these results, a conceptual model for the human locomotor control process is proposed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Dermatoglyphic total patterns on palms, finger-tips and soles in twins.

110 palms of MZ twins and 111 like-sexed pairs of DZ twins have been compared in respect of a concordance rate of the palmar, sole and finger-tip total pattern types. Dermatoglyphic patterns have been classified according to the topological method, and the distributions of the numbers of discordant pattern elements from homolateral, heterolateral and bilateral comparisons in MZ and DZ twins, respectively, are presented. The highest concordance occurs in homolateral comparisons in MZ twins and the lowest in heterolateral comparisons. Bilateral concordance is highest for sole and finger-patterns, while palmar patterns present a considerable degree of dermatoglyphic asymmetry. Palmar, sole and finger-tip patterns are also not alike in homolateral concordance rates within MZ and DZ twin pairs. The differences between MZ and DZ twins are much more pronounced for sole patterns than for palmar or finger-tip patterns, which is also reflected in the estimated H values. For soles, this may be in some way related to the considerable symmetry of patterns. The fact that some pattern elements are intercorrelated may also introduce a bias in estimates of heritability, based on twin material.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed2000

Reduced LDL particle size in children consuming a very-low-fat diet is related to parental LDL-subclass patterns.

BACKGROUND: A genetically influenced atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles (subclass pattern B) can be induced by low-fat diets in healthy subjects with large LDL particles (pattern A). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test whether genetic predisposition to subclass pattern B contributes to susceptibility to induction of this trait by a low-fat diet. DESIGN: The prevalence of pattern B in children is relatively low compared with that in older individuals, but genetic susceptibility to this trait in offspring can be inferred by its presence in their parents. Plasma lipoproteins were analyzed 10 d after a change from a usual diet to a very-low-fat (10% fat), high-carbohydrate diet in offspring (mean age: 14 y; range: 7-28 y) of 22 families according to parental LDL-subclass patterns when consuming a low-fat diet: AxA mating (9 families with 19 children), AxB mating (5 families with 10 children), and BxB mating (8 families with 21 children). RESULTS: The very-low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet produced significantly greater decreases in LDL particle size in offspring of BxB parents (f1.gif" BORDER="0"> +/- SE: -0.55 +/- 0.16 nm) and AxB parents (-0.48 +/- 0.19 nm) than in offspring of AxA parents (0.14 +/- 0.20 nm). The number of children expressing pattern B with the 10%-fat diet and the proportion of children converting from pattern A to pattern B was significantly greater in offspring of BxB parents than in those with 1 or 2 pattern A parents. CONCLUSION: A very-low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet can induce expression of LDL-subclass pattern B in genetically predisposed children with low expression of the trait while consuming their usual diets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns and survival in older Dutch women.

BACKGROUND: The need to gain insight into prevailing eating patterns and their health effects is evident. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and their relation to total mortality in older Dutch women. DESIGN: A principal component analysis of 22 food groups was used to identify dietary patterns in 5427 women aged 60-69 y who were included in the Dutch European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Elderly cohort (follow-up: approximately 8.2 y). Mortality ratios for 3 major principal components were assessed by using Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: The most relevant principal components were a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern (high intakes of vegetable oils, pasta and rice, sauces, fish, and wine), a Traditional Dutch dinner dietary pattern (high intakes of meat, potatoes, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages), and a Healthy Traditional Dutch dietary pattern (healthy variant of the Traditional Dutch dinner dietary pattern; high intakes of vegetables, fruit, nonalcoholic drinks, dairy products, and potatoes). Differences in mean intakes between the highest and lowest tertiles of the 3 patterns were greatest for fruit, dairy products, potatoes, and alcoholic beverages. Consumption of Mediterranean foods, such as fish and oils, was relatively low overall. Two hundred seventy-seven deaths occurred in 44,667 person-years. Independent of age, education, and other lifestyle factors, only the Healthy Traditional dietary pattern score was associated with a lower mortality rate. Women in the highest tertile of this pattern experienced a 30% reduction in mortality risk. CONCLUSION: A Healthy Traditional Dutch diet, rather than a Mediterranean diet, appears beneficial for longevity and feasible for health promotion in older Dutch women. This diet is comparable with other reported healthy or prudent diets that have been shown to be protective against morbidity or mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer.

Colon cancer has been associated with several nutrients and foods. The authors used data from a population-based study conducted in Northern California, Utah, and Minnesota to examine associations between dietary eating patterns and risk of developing colon cancer. Through factor analysis, detailed dietary intake data obtained from 1,993 cases (diagnosed in 1991-1994) and 2,410 controls were grouped into factors that were evaluated for relations with lifestyle characteristics and colon cancer risk. Several dietary patterns emerged. The dietary patterns with the most variation were labeled "Western," "prudent," "high fat/sugar dairy," "substituters," and "drinkers." The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with a higher body mass index and a greater intake of total energy and dietary cholesterol. The "prudent" pattern was associated with higher levels of vigorous leisure time physical activity, smaller body size, and higher intakes of dietary fiber and folate. Persons who had high scores on the "drinker" pattern were also more likely to smoke cigarettes. The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women. The association was strongest among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (for men, odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-3.15; for women, OR=2.02, 95% CI 1.21-3.36) and among men with distal tumors (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.47-3.46). The "prudent" diet was protective, with the strongest associations being observed among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (men: OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.92; women: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.87); associations with this dietary pattern were also strong among persons with proximal tumors (men: OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.80; women: OR=0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.92). Although "substituters" (people who substituted low fat dairy products for high fat dairy products, margarine for butter, poultry for red meat, and whole grains for refined grains) were at reduced risk of colon cancer, the reduction in risk was not statistically significant. These data support the hypothesis that overall dietary intake pattern is associated with colon cancer, and that the dietary pattern associated with the greatest increase in risk is the one which typifies a Western-style diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Perfusion patterns during temporal lobe seizures: relationship to surgical outcome.

We sought to determine whether patterns of ictal hyperfusion demonstrated using [99mTC]HMPAO (hexamethylpropylene amine oxime) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) predict outcome of temporal lobectomy; in particular, whether the more extensive patterns of ictal hyperperfusion are associated with poor outcome. We studied 63 patients who had ictal SPECT studies prior to temporal lobectomy. Hyperperfusion on ictal SPECT scans was lateralized, and classified into: (i) 'typical', (ii) 'typical with posterior extension', (iii) 'bilateral' and (iv) 'atypical' patterns. Outcome (minimum of 2 years follow-up) was classified as either seizure free, or not seizure free. Actuarial analysis was used to test the relationship of SPECT patterns with outcome. There were 35 cases with the typical ictal SPECT pattern, 13 posterior, nine bilateral and six atypical cases. The atypical pattern was associated with lack of pathology in the surgical specimen. Outcome was similar for the typical, posterior and bilateral with 60%, 69% and 67% seizure free, respectively. In contrast, the atypical group had a worse outcome with only 33% seizure free. Actuarial analysis showed a significant difference in outcome between patients with the typical pattern, and patients with the atypical pattern (P = 0.04). We conclude that extended patterns of ictal perfusion in temporal lobe epilepsy do not predict poor outcome, indicating that extended hyperperfusion probably represents seizure propagation pathways rather than intrinsically epileptogenic tissue. Atypical patterns of hyperperfusion are associated with poor outcome and may indicate diffuse or extra-temporal epileptogenicity.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2000

High-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns, hormone replacement therapy and other risk factors: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic parenchymal patterns are of particular interest because the denser patterns reduce screening sensitivity as well as increasing breast cancer risk, and because they have been shown to be affected by exogenous oestrogens. METHODS: We designed a case-control study comprising 200 cases with high-risk (P2 and DY) pattern and 200 controls with low-risk (N1 and P1) pattern. Mammograms were evaluated according to the Wolfe classification. RESULTS: Parity, body mass index (BMI) and current smoking were inversely and independently associated, whereas late age of menarche and history of benign breast disease were positively associated with high-risk mammographic patterns. Current-users of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were more than twice as likely to have a high-risk pattern than never-users (OR = 2.48, 95% CI : 1.32-4.61). Women who used HRT for more than 5 years were almost three times more likely to have a high-risk pattern than never-users (OR = 2.77, 95% CI : 1.11-6.91). Relative to never-users, women who started HRT before the menopause were more than twice as likely to have a high-risk pattern (OR = 2.53, 95% CI : 1.31-4.87). CONCLUSIONS: Careful clinical and mammographical follow-up might be appropriate in women undergoing HRT. The HRT-induced mammographic pattern might be regarded as a new baseline and changes with respect to this new pattern could then be monitored over time.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Dietary patterns using the Food Guide Pyramid groups are associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors: the multiethnic cohort study.

Dietary patterns have been used to identify typical combinations of foods that may be associated with disease risks. We defined dietary patterns among 195,298 participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-1996. Intakes of Food Guide Pyramid groups were calculated from a quantitative FFQ for subjects of 5 ethnic groups (African Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites). Three distinct dietary patterns, "Fat and Meat," "Vegetables," and "Fruit and Milk," were identified by exploratory factor analysis with a varimax rotation and validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Similar factor loadings were found for each of 10 ethnic-gender groups in stratified analyses. The odds ratios (OR) for being above the median scores for each factor were calculated. Age, gender, and ethnicity had relatively strong associations with dietary patterns whereas education showed only weak associations. BMI > or = 30 was strongly positively associated with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 2.08-2.20, vs. BMI < 25). Current smokers showed a positive association with the Fat and Meat pattern (OR = 1.67, CI: 1.62-1.72, vs. nonsmokers) and inverse associations with the Vegetables (OR = 0.66, CI: 0.64-0.68) and Fruit and Milk patterns (OR = 0.53, CI: 0.52-0.55). Physical activity was positively associated with the Vegetables and Fruit and Milk patterns but not with the Fat and Meat pattern. These findings support the hypothesis that dietary patterns are influenced by interrelated sociocultural, demographic, and other lifestyle factors and may be useful in investigations of diet-disease relations.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal changes in food patterns predict changes in weight and body mass index and the effects are greatest in obese women.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in most parts of the world. The objective of this study was to examine whether changes in food patterns were associated with changes in BMI among women over 9 y. Data were from 33,840 women participating in the Swedish Mammography Cohort in 1987 and 1997. Diet was assessed with a FFQ at both time points and 4 food patterns were derived using confirmatory factor analysis (Healthy, Western/Swedish, Alcohol, and Sweets). Our exposure variables were defined as change in factor score for each food pattern from 1987 to 1997. Our outcome variable was defined as change in BMI during the same period, and we also examined change in weight. Normal weight and overweight women had positive changes in weight and BMI during follow-up, whereas obese women had negative changes in BMI and weight; we observed a significant interaction between change in food patterns and baseline BMI. Obese subjects who increased their factor score for the Healthy pattern had larger decreases in BMI (beta = -0.18 kg/m(2) for a 1 unit increase in SD score, CI: -0.26 to -0.10; P < 0.0001), whereas normal weight and overweight women who increased their Healthy pattern score had smaller increases in BMI (-0.05 kg/m(2) and -0.11 kg/m(2), respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Obese women who increased their Healthy pattern score >3 SD had almost a 4 kg decrease in weight and a 1 unit decrease in BMI at follow-up. In conclusion, changes in eating patterns were significantly related to changes in BMI over 9 y and the effect was modified by baseline BMI. Pattern analysis is helpful in generating hypotheses regarding the role of diet in obesity, and additional research is needed to understand which elements of our patterns are protective or risk factors for weight gain.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns and glucose tolerance abnormalities in Japanese men.

The Western dietary pattern appears to confer diabetes risk, but the role of dietary patterns in Asian populations remains unclear. We investigated the association between major dietary patterns and the glucose tolerance status of Japanese men. Abnormalities included impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 2106 Japanese men who were administered a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at their preretirement health check-ups. Information about diet was obtained using a 74-item FFQ before the test. Three dietary patterns were generated by factor analysis: 1) a high-dairy, high-fruit and -vegetable, high-starch, low-alcohol pattern; 2) an animal food pattern; and 3) a Japanese pattern. We used logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (OR) with adjustment for potential confounding variables. A significant inverse association was found for the high-dairy, high-fruit and -vegetable, high-starch, low-alcohol pattern (P for trend < 0.0001); the OR of having a glucose tolerance abnormality (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes) for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles were 0.80 (95% CI = 0.62-1.04), 0.71 (95% CI = 0.54-0.92), and 0.51 (95% CI = 0.38-0.67), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. The inverse association was consistent for each glucose tolerance abnormality as well as across subgroups stratified by risk factors for diabetes. The Japanese dietary pattern was positively associated with impaired glucose tolerance (P for trend = 0.048). A dietary pattern characterized by frequent consumption of dairy products and fruits and vegetables but low alcohol intake may be associated with a decreased risk of developing a glucose tolerance abnormality.

Asian People↗