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PubMed1994

Screening for problem drinking among college freshmen.

PURPOSE: This study identified predictors of older adolescents at risk for problem drinking. METHODS: College freshmen (n = 492) completed a questionnaire that addressed drinking patterns, risk factors for problem drinking, the CAGE questions, the Perceived-Benefit-of-Drinking Scale (PBDS), and the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST). They also responded to questions regarding alcohol-related problems including blackouts; alcohol-related injury, illness, violence, or legal problems; driving under the influence; and missing class. 50% of students were male with a mean age of 17.9 years (SD = 0.5). RESULTS: Higher scores on the CAGE and PBDS, use of tobacco, best friend's drinking pattern, and younger age at first drinking were associated with higher scores on a quantity/frequency drinking index and with reports of significantly more alcohol-related problems. Regression models using these variables explained 40% to 51% of the variance in drinking habits and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSION: A composite screening measure had significantly better sensitivity and specificity than either the CAGE or PBDS alone in identifying older adolescents at high risk for problem drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Primary health care physicians' definitions on when to advise a patient about weekly and binge drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the level of alcohol consumption at which physicians think that they should advise their patients to reduce drinking. This is especially true concerning the amounts consumed per one drinking occasion. The aim of the present study was to examine these issues and also characteristics of physicians possibly associated with their different opinions. METHOD: Cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey to all 3193 primary health care physicians in Finland. Response rate was 61.0%. RESULTS: The physicians reported that on average 14.8 drinks (one drink=12 g of absolute alcohol)/week for males and 10.6 drinks/week for females to be the threshold that would cause them to advise their patients. Corresponding figures for one drinking occasion were 6.6 and 4.9 drinks/week. In linear regression analyses physicians' AUDIT scores, use of brief intervention, experience as a physician and age explained the variance of all or some reported thresholds, but all the variables explained only about 10% of the phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the official Finnish recommendations regarding the definition of heavy drinking, the physicians reported similar levels of drinking per occasion for deciding to advise their patients, but rather low levels concerning weekly drinking. This may lead to extra workload for physicians and thus hamper implementation of brief intervention. Physicians' characteristics seem to be a decidedly minor issue in implementing drinking limits in health care.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Parental attitudes towards soft drink vending machines in high schools.

Soft drink vending machines are available in 98% of US high schools. However, few data are available about parents' opinions regarding the availability of soft drink vending machines in schools. Six focus groups with 33 parents at three suburban high schools were conducted to describe the perspectives of parents regarding soft drink vending machines in their children's high school. Parents viewed the issue of soft drink vending machines as a matter of their children's personal choice more than as an issue of a healthful school environment. However, parents were unaware of many important details about the soft drink vending machines in their children's school, such as the number and location of machines, hours of operation, types of beverages available, or whether the school had contracts with soft drink companies. Parents need more information about the number of soft drink vending machines at their children's school, the beverages available, the revenue generated by soft drink vending machine sales, and the terms of any contracts between the school and soft drink companies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of enamel erosion by a new sports drink compared to two proprietary products: a controlled, crossover study in situ.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to measure the erosive potential of a prototype sports drink on enamel in a model in situ. METHODS: The study was a single centre, single blind, randomised crossover design balanced for residual effects involving 18 subjects. The drinks were the prototype formulation containing calcium and maltodextrin (test), two sports drink products containing sugars (drink with calcium and positive control) and water (negative control). During each 15-day study period, subjects wore a palatal removable appliance carrying two flat human enamel specimens. Drinks were imbibed as 250 ml volumes over 10 min 4 times per day. Loss of enamel was measured on days 5, 10 and 15 using a contacting profilometer. RESULTS: Very little erosion occurred with the test, drink with calcium and negative control drinks and differences between the test and negative control only reached significance at day 15. The positive control produced progressive erosion over time and significantly more than the test or negative control at all time points. CONCLUSION: The technology of adding calcium with appropriate pH adjustment, which has been applied previously to soft and carbonated drinks to markedly reduce erosive potential, can be applied to sports drinks to the same end. Significant variation in the carbohydrate composition does not influence this outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between enamel softening and erosion caused by soft drinks at a range of temperatures.

OBJECTIVES: Investigations of the erosive potential of soft drinks are usually performed at room or body temperature, but drinks are more frequently served chilled, with ice, or hot. Since the rate of chemical reactions usually increases with temperature, it is predicted that erosion is more severe at high temperatures and reduced at low temperatures. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between enamel softening, enamel erosion, and temperature. METHODS: Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation and non-contact optical profilometry were used to assess changes in enamel nanomechanical properties after 5 min and erosive material loss after 30 min exposure to two different non-carbonated soft drinks at 4, 25, 50 and 75 degrees C. RESULTS: For one drink (Robinson's Original Juice Drink), there was a statistically significant difference between nanomechanical properties and erosion depth at all temperatures, with softening and erosion increasing with temperature. For another drink (Ribena ToothKind Juice Drink), there was a slight softening and virtually no material loss, and temperature had no statistically significant impact on erosion. There was a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.94) between nanomechanical properties and material loss. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the drinks can be explained by their composition. For the erosive drink, material loss increased, and nanohardness decreased, approximately linearly with temperature. The correlation between softening and erosion demonstrated that nanomechanical properties after very short erosion times can be considered a good predictor of bulk material loss after considerably longer erosion times.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Effect of acidic food and drinks on surface hardness of enamel, dentine, and tooth-coloured filling materials.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acidic food and drinks (Cola soft drink, drinking yogurt, orange juice, sports drink, Tom-yum soup) on surface hardness of various substrates (enamel, dentine, universal composite, microfilled composite, conventional glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, polyacid-modified resin composite). METHODS: Specimens (n = 10) were alternately immersed, 5 s each, in food or drinks and in artificial saliva for 10 cycles. Baseline and post-immersion Vickers hardness were compared using paired t-test. The difference in hardness between the groups was analysed with one-way ANOVA followed by a least significant different (LSD) test. RESULTS: Cola soft drink significantly reduced surface hardness of enamel, dentine, microfilled composite, and resin modified glass ionomer (p < 0.05). Orange juice and sports drink significantly reduced surface hardness of enamel (p < 0.05). Drinking yogurt and Tom-yum soup did not reduce surface hardness of any substrate. CONCLUSION: This in vitro study confirms the erosive potential of certain acidic food and drinks that public should be aware of.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2000

Drink driving and traffic accidents in young people.

The relationship between drink driving behaviours and rates of traffic accidents was analysed in a birth cohort of 907 New Zealand young people studied to the age of 21. Drink driving was significantly (P < 0.0001) related to active traffic accidents in which the driver's behaviour contributed to the accident but was not related to passive accidents in which driver behaviours did not contribute to the accident (P > 0.15). Those engaging in high rates of drink driving had rates of active traffic accidents that were 2.6 times higher than those who did not drink and drive. Further analysis suggested that much of this association was explained by confounding factors (and notably driver behaviour) that were associated with both drink driving and accident rates. After adjustment for confounding factors, those engaging in high rates of drink driving had rates of active accidents that were 1.5 (P < 0.01) times higher than those who did not drink and drive. It is concluded that although the study findings support the view that the regulation of drink driving behaviour amongst young people is likely to contribute to a reduction in traffic accidents, to be fully effective attempts at regulation of drink driving also need to be accompanied by a similar level of investment in regulating other aspects of risky or illegal driving behaviour amongst young people.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Development and evaluation of a low erosive blackcurrant juice drink in vitro and in situ. 1. Comparison with orange juice.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether an experimental blackcurrant juice drink with added calcium was less erosive to enamel both in vitro and in situ compared with a proprietary orange juice product. METHODS: The study was a single centre, blind, randomised, placebo controlled three cell crossover design. An intra oral appliance capable of retaining one enamel sample in situ was constructed and worn by 12 volunteers. The drinks under test were orange juice, the experimental blackcurrant juice drink with calcium and water. Drinks were consumed as 250 ml volumes four times during the working day under supervision for 15 days. The same methodology was modelled in vitro. Measurements of enamel loss were made by profilometry. RESULTS: Water, the experimental blackcurrant juice drink and orange juice produced 0.19, 0.41 and 2.54 microns loss of enamel respectively in situ and 0.0, 5.2 and 22.18 microns loss of enamel respectively in vitro. All differences between pairs of drinks in situ and in vitro were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Data using this model in situ were only available for orange juice and this was therefore considered as a positive control with water a placebo control. The results have demonstrated that the experimental blackcurrant juice drink with calcium is markedly less erosive than orange juice, particularly and importantly in situ. The experimental blackcurrant juice drink has limited erosive potential to teeth and deserves further comparative investigation and development as a low pH fruit drink for public consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: family conflict and parental depression as mediators and moderators of risk.

We examined marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal and paternal depression symptoms as mediators and moderators in the associations between fathers' and mothers' problem drinking and children's adjustment. A community sample of 6-12-year-old boys and girls and their mothers, fathers, and teachers participated. Marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptomatology each functioned as a mediator of the association between father's problem drinking and children's externalizing and internalizing problems, and maternal depression symptoms accounted partially for the link between father's problem drinking and children's social problems. For mother's problem drinking, marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptoms each mediated the association with children's externalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict explained partially the link between mother's problem drinking and internalizing problems, and marital conflict accounted for the association between mother's problem drinking and social problems. When the mediators were simultaneously examined, parent-child conflict was the most robust mediator of the association between parental problem drinking and externalizing problems, and maternal depression symptomatology was the most consistent mediator of the relation between parental problem drinking and internalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict and paternal and maternal depression symptoms each interacted with parental problem drinking to moderate some domains of children's adjustment. The significant moderation effects indicate that parent-child conflict is a robust vulnerability factor for internalizing problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Targeted naltrexone treatment moderates the relations between mood and drinking behavior among problem drinkers.

One hundred fifty-three problem drinkers were randomly assigned to receive naltrexone 50 mg or placebo on a daily or targeted (to high-risk drinking situations) basis. Using structured nightly diaries, participants recorded negative and positive mood, desire to drink, and alcohol consumption over 8 weeks. Results indicated that individuals engaged in any drinking and heavy drinking more on days characterized by relatively higher levels of positive or negative mood states. Naltrexone attenuated the positive association between heavy drinking and both positive and negative mood, and targeted administration attenuated the positive association between heavy drinking and positive mood. There was also evidence that desire to drink mediated the effect of targeted administration on the relation between positive mood and any drinking that day. These findings underscore the utility of daily measurement for understanding the processes that underlie pharmacological interventions for problem drinking.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

The effect of sucrose- and aspartame-sweetened drinks on energy intake, hunger and food choice of female, moderately restrained eaters.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of aspartame-sweetened and sucrose-sweetened soft drinks on food intake and appetite ratings of female restrained eaters. SUBJECTS: Fourteen female students, shown to have eating restraint. METHODS: Subjects were given four drinks (330 ml) of aspartame-sweetened lemonade, sucrose-sweetened lemonade and carbonated mineral water on three separate days. Seven of the subjects were informed of the drink type they were consuming on each occasion. MEASUREMENTS: Appetite ratings were recorded and energy and macronutrient intakes were measured during the study day and day after leaving the department. RESULTS: During the first study day energy intake was lower whilst drinking the sucrose-sweetened lemonade compared with the aspartame-sweetened lemonade, although neither differed significantly from energy intakes during the day the drank water. When the calories from the sucrose-sweetened lemonade were included (1381 kJ, 330 Kcal) energy intake did not differ between treatments. The following day energy intake was significantly higher after the aspartame-sweetened lemonade compared with both sucrose-sweetened lemonade and the water due to an increase in the amount of carbohydrate consumed and resulted in a higher total energy intake over the two days studied. Knowledge of the drink types had no effect on energy intake or macronutrient intake. Appetite ratings did not differ between drinks and were not affected by knowledge of the drink types. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in females with eating restraint, substituting sucrose-sweetened drinks for diet drinks does not reduce total energy intake and may even result in a higher intake during the subsequent day.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long-term matching effects.

AIMS: (1) To examine the matching hypothesis that Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy (TSF) is more effective than Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) for alcohol-dependent clients with networks highly supportive of drinking 3 years following treatment; (2) to test a causal chain providing the rationale for this effect. DESIGN: Outpatients were re-interviewed 3 years following treatment. ANCOVAs tested the matching hypothesis. SETTING: Outpatients from five clinical research units distributed across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred and six alcohol-dependent clients. INTERVENTION: Clients were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week, manually-guided, individual treatments: TSF, MET or Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy (CBT). MEASUREMENTS: Network support for drinking prior to treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) involvement during and following treatment, percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day during months 37-39. FINDINGS: (1) The a priori matching hypothesis that TSF is more effective than MET for clients with networks supportive of drinking was supported at the 3 year follow-up; (2) AA involvement was a partial mediator of this effect; clients with networks supportive of drinking assigned to TSF were more likely to be involved in AA; AA involvement was associated with better 3-year drinking outcomes for such clients. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In the long-term TSF may be the treatment of choice for alcohol-dependent clients with networks supportive of drinking; (2) involvement in AA should be given special consideration for clients with networks supportive of drinking, irrespective of the therapy they will receive.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dental erosion and soft drinks: a qualitative assessment of knowledge, attitude and behaviour using focus groups of schoolchildren. A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study was designed to record the perception by Newcastle children of the influences on their choice of drinks and their knowledge of the dental health problems caused by acidic drinks. METHODS: Four focus groups, each involving 8 Newcastle schoolchildren (4 boys and 4 girls) formed the basis of the study. Two age groups, 13-14-year-olds and 8-9-year-olds, and two socio-economic groups were investigated, using state schools in Newcastle upon Tyne. A moderator guided the children to discuss their choice of drink and its dental effects amongst themselves. RESULTS: In total, 32 children participated in the focus groups and the results suggested that 8-9-year-olds preferred still, fruit-flavoured drinks whilst 13-14-year-olds preferred carbonated drinks. Taste was the most important influence on drink choice in all age groups. Parents and friends were more influential in younger children, whilst cost, availability and thirst were more important to older children. Younger children did not believe advertisements whilst older children thought they might work if seen enough times. Dental knowledge was confused in all age groups and only the 13-14-year-old-high socio-economic groups knew that acidic drinks were bad for the teeth. Different methods for addressing the problem of erosion were suggested by different age groups. There was very little difference between the socio-economic groups in the areas discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The children's knowledge of dental diseases and the effect of drinks on the teeth were confused. The factors that influence drink choice appear to change with age, rather than socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Laboratory studies of the dental properties of soft drinks.

The composition and dental properties of eight different soft drinks, representing some of the most popular types used in the UK, were examined. Demineralization experiments were conducted on hydroxylapatite, the basic component of dental enamel, determining calcium dissolving by atomic absorption spectroscopy and phosphorus by u.v. visual spectrophotometry. The titratable acid content of the drinks was found to give a better guide than their pH to their potential dental erosiveness. The sugar content, in their ready-to-drink form, varied from zero in a low-calorie product up to almost 14% in a blackcurrant drink, but using a technique with a relatively long contact time, and in the absence of intact dental plaque, the demineralizing action on hydroxylapatite of the acids already in the drinks eclipsed the effects of the acid generated by oral micro-organisms from the sugars in the drinks. The pure citrus juices showed potentially the worst dental properties, followed by the orange and blackcurrant concentrates after dilution to their ready-to-drink form, with least demineralization from the carbonated drinks, and a cola drink giving especially low values.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

Associations of social-environmental and individual-level factors with adolescent soft drink consumption: results from the SMILE study.

Adolescent obesity is positively associated with soft drink consumption. We investigated the association of social-environmental and individual-level factors with soft drink consumption in a Dutch adolescent sample. Data were gathered in a longitudinal Dutch adolescent sample (n = 208, 62% girls). Soft drink consumption, social cognitions from the Theory of Planned Behaviour and parenting practices towards limited soft drink intake, and Big Five personality dimensions were assessed. Data were analyzed using three-step linear regression analyses. Effect sizes were used as the informational source for the explanatory value of the model. Interaction terms were computed to test the individual-environment interaction. Attitude and subjective norm were significantly associated with soft drink consumption. When controlling for social cognitions, the distal variables parenting practices and the personality dimension Agreeableness remained significantly associated with soft drink consumption. Agreeableness moderated the association of parenting practices with adolescent soft drink consumption. Standardized regression coefficients ranged from 0.16 to 0.24 and explained 14% of the variance in soft drink consumption, indicating a medium effect size. Stricter parenting practices were associated with less soft drink consumption and these effects were moderated by adolescent personality. The direct effects of practices and personality are noteworthy from a theoretical perspective. Implications for obesity prevention interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication.

BACKGROUND: Well-known reports suggest that the use of energy drinks might reduce the intensity of the depressant effects of alcohol. However, there is little scientific evidence to support this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of the simultaneous ingestion of an alcohol (vodka(37.5%v/v)) and an energy drink (Red Bull-3.57 mL/kg), compared with those presented after the ingestion of an alcohol or an energy drink alone. Twenty-six young healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to 2 groups that received 0.6 or 1.0 g/kg alcohol, respectively. They all completed 3 experimental sessions in random order, 7 days apart: alcohol alone, energy drink alone, or alcohol plus energy drink. We evaluated the volunteers' breath alcohol concentration, subjective sensations of intoxication, objective effects on their motor coordination, and visual reaction time. RESULTS: When compared with the ingestion of alcohol alone, the ingestion of alcohol plus energy drink significantly reduced subjects' perception of headache, weakness, dry mouth, and impairment of motor coordination. However, the ingestion of the energy drink did not significantly reduce the deficits caused by alcohol on objective motor coordination and visual reaction time. The ingestion of the energy drink did not alter the breath alcohol concentration in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the subjective perceptions of some symptoms of alcohol intoxication were less intense after the combined ingestion of the alcohol plus energy drink, these effects were not detected in objective measures of motor coordination and visual reaction time, as well as on the breath alcohol concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the rain of the rat.

1. When applied directly to the brain, angiotensin II amide, as either the valine(5) octapeptide, causes rats in normal fluid balance to drink water.2. The drinking response to angiotensin injections is copious, rapid, repeatable within the same test session, and stable over months of testing in the same animal.3. The response is motivationally potent and specific. After injection the animals move directly to the source of water and drink. There is typically no preliminary hyperactivity or subsequent depression. The animals do not eat, gnaw or exhibit other behaviours that are not normally seen during spontaneous drinking. The injections rouse sleeping animals to drink and interrupt eating in animals deprived of food for two days.4. The region of the brain that is most sensitive to angiotensin includes the anterior hypothalamus, the preoptic region, and the septum including the nucleus accumbens.5. Intracranial renin elicited drinking. Bradykinin and vasopressin did not, nor did adrenaline, noradrenaline or aldosterone. In the most sensitive region, sites positive for angiotensin also yielded drinking to carbachol.6. Responses were obtained with 5 ng (ca. 5 p-mole) and occurred reliably with 50 ng angiotensin or more. The dose-response curve for amount drunk rose from 5 to 100 ng and levelled off thereafter. Angiotensin is therefore the most potent dipsogen known and is effective at doses that are reasonably within the concentration range for circulating endogenous angiotensin.7. Injections into the sensitive region of doses of angiotensin that were effective for drinking did not produce peripheral haemodynamic changes in lightly anaesthetized rats.8. This work strengthens the suggestion that angiotensin is a natural hormone of drinking behaviour that participates in extracellular thirst by its release from the kidney and subsequent direct action on a specific chemoreceptive region in the anterior diencephalon and limbic lobe.

Aldosterone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between sports drinks and dental erosion in 304 university athletes in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Acidic soft drinks, including sports drinks, have been implicated in dental erosion with limited supporting data in scarce erosion studies worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental erosion in a sample of athletes at a large Midwestern state university in the USA, and to evaluate whether regular consumption of sports drinks was associated with dental erosion. A cross-sectional, observational study was done using a convenience sample of 304 athletes, selected irrespective of sports drinks usage. The Lussi Index was used in a blinded clinical examination to grade the frequency and severity of erosion of all tooth surfaces excluding third molars and incisal surfaces of anterior teeth. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather details on sports drink usage, lifestyle, health problems, dietary and oral health habits. Intraoral color slides were taken of all teeth with erosion. Sports drinks usage was found in 91.8% athletes and the total prevalence of erosion was 36.5%. Nonparametric tests and stepwise regression analysis using history variables showed no association between dental erosion and the use of sports drinks, quantity and frequency of consumption, years of usage and nonsport usage of sports drinks. The most significant predictor of erosion was found to be not belonging to the African race (p < 0.0001). The results of this study reveal no relationship between consumption of sports drinks and dental erosion.

Adolescent↗