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PubMed1986

Influence of a cod liver oil diet in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic volunteers on fatty acid pattern, inhibition of prostacyclin formation by low density lipoprotein (LDL) and platelet thromboxane.

Ten healthy and twenty diabetic volunteers (type 1) received 15 capsules (à 450 mg) cod liver oil for 2 weeks daily in addition to a "normal" diet. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the plasma phospholipids of both groups were increased after the treatment. The inhibition of the prostacyclin formation by LDL was diminished when the LDL was isolated after the treatment in comparison to LDL taken in the same concentration and from the same donors before it. The thromboxane B2 (TXB2) synthesis capacity of clotting whole blood, thrombin-induced TXB2 formation by platelets as well as the 15(S)-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-epoxymethano-5Z, 13E-prostadienoic acid-induced platelet aggregation were not altered by the treatment in healthy volunteers, whereas in diabetics the TXB2 formation capacity of clotting whole blood was decreased after the treatment in comparison with before it.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Increase in stage 4 sleep after ingestion of a tryptophan-free diet in humans.

The polygraphic sleep pattern following the ingestion of an aminoacid mixture containing all essential aminoacids was compared with that following the same mixture lacking tryptophan in 12 healthy volunteers. The tryptophan-free mixture caused a decrease in stage 4 sleep latency and an increase (from 14.9% to 28.3%) in stage 4 sleep during the first 3 hours of sleep. A not significant decrease in light sleep and REM sleep was observed during the same period. During the second part of the night no significant differences were found between the two treatments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The phosphorus excretion pattern and balance during one egg cycle of the laying hen fed a phosphorus deficient diet with or without a single dose of phosphoric acid.

A balance trial was conducted to study the phosphorus excretion pattern of laying hens in relation to egg cycle. Excreta were collected quantitatively at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr after oviposition. The amount of feed consumed corresponding to the excreta collected at a specific time interval was calculated using chromic oxide as a marker. The percent recovery of chromic oxide with laying hens was 73.97 +/- .56%. The maximum apparent digestibility of the dietary phosphorus, all of plant origin, was estimated to be 28.9 +/- 3.1% during 0 to 4 hr after oviposition when the endogenous excretion of phosphorus was theoretically minimized. Laying hens fed a diet containing .30% phosphorus excreted 24.3 mg less phosphorus than intake during the day, indicating that hens had to withdraw approximately 100 mg of phosphorus from their body to produce an egg. These hens excreted 63.1 +/- 27.0 mg of endogenous phosphorus during the 24 hr period, most of which was excreted during the period between 12 to 24 hr after oviposition of the previous egg. The excretion pattern of phosphorus was closely related to the egg laying cycle of the hen. Hens dosed with 100 mg of phosphorus, as a phosphoric acid solution, excreted more phosphorus than the undosed control birds. Approximately 45 mg of 100 mg of the phosphorus dose were excreted during the 24 hr period. At least 84.8 mg of the dosed phosphorus were absorbed within 12 hr and a part of it was excreted during the later period. Data indicated that the true absorption rate of the dosed phosphorus might have been much faster.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Rationale and design of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial (DASH). A multicenter controlled-feeding study of dietary patterns to lower blood pressure.

Epidemiologic studies have found that dietary patterns characterized by high intakes of certain minerals and fiber are associated with low blood pressure. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a multicenter, randomized, controlled-feeding trial designed to test the effects on blood pressure of two such dietary patterns consumed for 8 weeks. The two experimental diets will be compared with each other and with a control dietary pattern that is relatively low in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber, and has a fat and protein profile mirroring current consumption. The first experimental diet, arguably termed "ideal," is high in fruits, vegetables, whole cereal products, low-fat dairy products, fish, chicken, and lean meats designed to be low in saturated fat and cholesterol; moderately high in protein; and high in minerals and fiber. The second experimental diet tests the effect of fruits and vegetables alone. Its potassium, magnesium, and dietary fiber content will be at the same high levels as the ideal dietary pattern, while its fat, protein, and calcium content will resemble that of the control dietary pattern. The study population will consist of 456 healthy men and women, aged 22 years or older, with systolic blood pressure less than 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 80 to 95 mm Hg. African-American and other minority groups will comprise 67% of the population. Participants will eat one of the three dietary patterns. The DASH trial has unique features. First, dietary patterns rather than single nutrients are being tested. Second, all food for the experimental diets is provided to the participants using a standardized multicenter protocol. Because the dietary patterns are constructed with commonly consumed food items, the results, if positive, may be conveniently implemented in dietary recommendations to the general public.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effect of feeding pattern on the energy metabolism of rats given low-protein diets.

1. The deposition of fat and protein and the utilization of energy by growing rats offered diets ad lib. or in controlled amounts by gastric intubation has been investigated. Diets contained 50, 75, 100 or 200 g protein/kg, mainly as casein. 2. Gain of body-weight and protein increased with increasing dietary protein concentration when animals received the same energy intake, although the reverse was true for fat deposition. However, the differences in live-weight gain were almost entirely due to changes in body water. The dry-matter content of the gain in animals given low-protein diets was 770 g/kg compared to 360 g/kg in those given the control diet. 3. Energy retention was unaffected by dietary protein level in groups given the same energy intake by gastric intubation. In Expt 1 daily heat production increased significantly (P smaller than 0-05) with increasing protein level (50, 75 and 200 g protein/kg diet) when energy intake was constant, but in Expt 2 there was no significant effect of protein level (50, 100 and 200 g protein/kg diet). Problems arose in the selection of a suitable basis for comparison of heat production between groups because of the differences in body-weight and body composition. 4. The energy requirement for zero energy balance was approximately 10 percent lower for the low-protein groups than for those given the diet containing 200 g protein/kg when food intake was just above the maintenance level. When the requirement was expressed per unit metabolic body size (W0-75 KG) dietary protein level had no significant effect. The mean values for Expts 1 and 2 were 452 and 456 kJ respectively. 5. The energy cost of weight gain increased as dietary protein level decreased in pairs of groups gaining at the same rate. The extra energy ingested by the animals given the lower protein level was converted to body tissue with an efficiency of at least 0-70. 6. Striking differences were observed in body composition and energy retention of the two pairs of groups used for the comparison of tube-feeding and ad lib. feeding. With the diet containing 50 g protein/kg, tube-fed rats gained significantly more weight (P smaller than 0-01) and more fat, dry matter and energy (P smaller than 0-001) than their ad lib, counterparts given an isoenergetic intake. 7. The results demonstrate that dietary protein level has little or no effecon the utilization of energy by growing rats when the pattern of intake is controlled by gastric intubation.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Nutrient composition of larval nectar secretions from three species of myrmecophilous butterflies.

A comparative chemical analysis of the larval nectar secretions and hemolymph from three unspecifically and facultatively ant-attended lycaenid species (Polyommatus coridon, P. icarus, and Zizeeria knysna) was performed by using high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Sucrose was the main sugar component in all three species. In half of the samples of P. coridon, it was accompanied by glucose, whereas other sugars occurred only rarely. In P. icarus and Z. knysna, melezitose was the second-most important component, followed by fructose and glucose. Total sugar contents were 43.6 +/- 14.8 g/l (mean +/- SD) for P. coridon, 74.2 g/l for P. icarus, and 68.3 +/- 22.6 g/l for Z. knysna. Up to 14 different identified amino acids were found in P. coridon nectar, with a total content of 9.7 +/- 3.4 g/l. Leucine was always the major component (contributing 50% of overall amino acid content). Other important amino acids were tyrosine, proline, arginine, and phenylalanine. P. icarus nectar contained up to six amino acids with a total content of 1.2 g/l, dominated by tyrosine and phenylalanine. Z. knysna nectar contained alanine and proline, with only 0.3 +/- 0.17 g/l total content. In the hemolymph of all species, up to 16 different amino acids occurred relatively regularly, with histidine dominating, followed by serine and proline. The amino acid pattern in hemolymph was considerably different from that of the nectar secretions. Larval diet weakly influenced P. coridon nectar sugars, and with a semisynthetic diet, a more homogeneous amino acid pattern was detected. Comparison with reports from other lycaenid species shows that secretions rich in amino acids are related to intimate, often obligate ant associations, whereas facultative, unspecific myrmecophiles rely on carbohydrates.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Do wildlife laws work? Species protection and the application of a prey choice model to poaching decisions.

Legislation for the protection of species is a global conservation tool. However, in many developing countries lack of resources means that effectiveness relies on voluntary compliance, leading to contradictory assumptions. On one hand, laws introduced without effective enforcement mechanisms carry an implicit assumption that voluntary compliance will occur. On the other hand, it is often openly assumed that, without enforcement, there will in fact be no compliance. Which assumption holds has rarely been rigorously tested. Here we show that laws for the protection of some species of large mammal have no effect on the prey choice patterns of primarily commercial hunters in the Democratic Republic of Congo, confirming the second assumption. We established this result by using an optimal diet model to predict the pattern of prey choice in the absence of regulation. Prey choice patterns predicted by the model were accurate across a range of conditions defined by time, space and type of hunting weapon. Given that hunters will not comply voluntarily, the protection of vulnerable species can only take place through effective enforcement, for example by wildlife authorities restricting access to protected areas, or by traditional authorities restricting the sale of protected species in local markets.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[A system of health education using dietary assessment].

We decided to focus attention on healthy young people, and to conduct a survey of their diet, as well as their physical activity and health condition, so that we made diagnoses and also give instructions on each subject using a computer program to promote their health. We carried out this experiment using this method with 836 young female subjects in order to find out whether it can be applied as a useful health education approach. 1. According to the survey, when the subjects made efforts in making the instructions as convenient as possible, the percentage of subjects who could carry out advice even 4 months later was seen to be higher. 2. The advice for which a significantly high percentage of subjects said "want to improve their daily action" and could actually carry out and improve them, was as follows: they should eat vegetables, have a substantial breakfast, drink milk every day, refrain from too much salt, not go without meals, increase the frequency of eating seaweed, and refrain from snacks. 3. The two kinds of scores used to evaluate diets showed that assessment after nine months gave lower values than those obtained when this survey started. Using these two evaluating scores, changes in diets were divided into five patterns, and their relation to the question "whether they used the advice or not" was examined. As a result, the percentage showing favorable diet changes in subjects who "took advice" was showed to be significantly high. 4. Subjects who received advice on physical activity exhibited improvement in carrying out routine exercises as well as making their daily life more active. 5. With subjects who took advice on both diet and physical activity, the number who complained about fatigue was significantly reduced. Although it is difficult to improve diet and exercise habits, the results of the survey suggest that our approach should be useful for improving health.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Implications of nutrition in athletes' menstrual cycle irregularities.

A study of the nutritional intake of 75 healthy females 16-43 years of age was conducted. The purpose of the study was to attempt to determine relationships between diet, body fat, exercise, menstrual patterns and specific lipoproteins. Serum multiple analyses, skinfold measurements and menstrual histories were generated on all subjects. A four day self-recorded diet diary was completed by all subjects. Nutrient intake was computer analyzed and evaluated using one-way analysis of covariance and regression coefficients. Analysis of the data revealed a statistically significant relationship between exercise and serum high density lipoprotein (P less than 0.05). Findings indicated no strong evidence that any of the specific dietary variables studied or percent body fat influences high density lipoprotein. The relationships between diet, body fat and exercise associated menstrual cycle alteration in the same subjects showed no significant relationships and requires further study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Bimodal distribution of fasting gastric acidity in a rural African population.

SETTING: The people of Transkei eat a diet high in linoleic acid, the principal fatty acid in maize. The theory has been put forward that a diet high in linoleic acid and low in fat and riboflavin, such as the traditional diet in Transkei, results in overproduction of prostaglandin E2 in the gastric mucosa, and that this overproduction in turn causes a suppression of gastric acid production. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of diet on fasting gastric pH in a rural black African population. DESIGN: Fasting gastric acid samples were obtained by fine nasogastric tube aspiration from 150 volunteers at a rural health clinic. The pH of these samples was measured and a full dietary questionnaire was used. Helicobacter pylori serology was done on a subgroup of 30 volunteers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A bimodal pH distribution was found. Approximately half the population had a gastric pH within the range 1-4. Half had a pH of over 4. A high pH was significantly associated with consumption of maize (p = 0.006), and with consumption of both pumpkin and beans (p = 0.006). A high proportion of this rural African population has a diet-associated abnormally high gastric pH. The pattern of upper gastrointestinal disease may be significantly affected by diet in this community and in others with a similar diet.

Diet↗
PubMed1979

[Possibilities for weight reduction by means of diet].

The different dietetic measures for weight reduction are described. According to the existing overweight the therapeutic measures are classified in four steps. In the first step, with low overweight, the energy-containing drinks (soft drinks and alcoholic beverages) are avoided. If the overweight is greater an additional reduction of the energy content of meal is required. A real reduction-diet (less than 1.000 Kcal/day or 4.200 KJ/day) demands extensive knowledge of food composition and greater efforts in meal composition. The availability of formula diets is considered as a relief. During starvation (or total fasting) as the step 4 of weight reduction diet, an extreme metabolic alteration takes place, which is characterized by ketosis. The same metabolic alteration is found by a fat-protein-diet (a so-called ketogenic diet), where hypercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia are common side effects. The carbohydrate-protein weight reduction diet is poor in health risks. Furthermore the normal metabolic pattern is maintained during this kind of diet if enough carbohydrates are provided per day (i.e. 80-100 g/day).

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed2001

Men gain additional psychological benefits by adding exercise to a weight-loss program.

OBJECTIVE: Adding exercise to a comprehensive weight-loss program might not only attenuate any psychological distress associated with weight-loss attempts but also may provide psychological benefits. This study examined whether a diet-plus-exercise weight-loss program improved psychological outcomes more than a diet-only weight-loss program or an assessment-only control group. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study was part of a larger 1-year randomized weight-loss trial examining the effects of diet and exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 264 overweight adults. Psychological measures specific to weight control (e.g., cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger, and body dissatisfaction) as well as traditional measures of psychological distress (e.g., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) were obtained at baseline and 1 year. RESULTS: Men and women in either weight-loss program reported greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger at 1 year than those in no program. Men in the diet-plus-exercise program experienced additional increases in restraint and decreases in hunger than did men in the diet-only program. Women in the diet-plus-exercise program did not experience additional psychological benefits specific to weight control than those in the diet-only program, despite increases in aerobic capacity. DISCUSSION: The pattern seen for overweight men in the diet-plus-exercise program at 1 year-greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger-is similar to the pattern seen in successful weight maintainers. These results underscore the need for innovative strategies that will enhance and sustain the pattern of psychological benefits specific to weight control associated with successful weight loss, especially for overweight women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Impact of breakfast consumption on nutritional adequacy of the diets of young adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: ethnic and gender contrasts.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of breakfast consumption patterns on the nutritional adequacy of diets of young adults and determine possible ethnic and gender differences. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey of young adults in Bogalusa, La. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from October 1988 through October 1991 on 504 young adults (mean age=23 years, 58% women, 70% white). STATISTICS: Analysis of variance and logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the relationship of breakfast consumption, ethnicity, and gender on dietary adequacy. The P values are from an analysis of variance model that adjusted for gender and ethnicity. RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of young adults skipped breakfast. Of those who ate breakfast, 75% ate at home, 10% ate a fast-food breakfast, and 15% reported other sources. Mean energy intake from breakfast was 485 kcal; men consumed more energy than women (P<.001), and blacks consumed more energy than whites (P<.01). The breakfast meal provided an average of 13% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate, 14% from sucrose, 34% from fat, and 12% from saturated fat. Whites consumed a breakfast higher in carbohydrate and sucrose than blacks, who consumed a breakfast higher in fat and saturated fat. Variations in breakfast foods consumed explained the racial differences in the nutrient composition of the breakfast meal. Young adults who skipped breakfast had lower total daily intakes of energy (P<.0001), protein per 1,000 kcal (P<.05), and saturated fat per 1,000 kcal (P<.01) than those who consumed breakfast. For all vitamins and minerals studied, a higher percentage of young adults who skipped breakfast did not meet two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance than those who consumed a breakfast. APPLICATIONS: Encouraging consumption of breakfast, along with selection of more healthful breakfast food choices or snacks that are culturally appropriate, may be important strategies for improving the nutritional quality of young adults' diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Diurnal variations in bacterial numbers and fluid parameters in ruminal contents of animals fed low- or high-forage diets.

Differential carbohydrate media and anaerobic replica plating techniques were used to assess the degrees of diurnal variations in the direct and viable cell counts as well as the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the mixed rumen bacterial populations in cattle fed maintenance (metabolizable energy) levels of either a high-forage or a high-concentrate diet once daily. The rumen was sampled at 1 h before feeding and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after feeding, and selected microbiological parameters of the isolated bacterial populations were assessed. Corresponding samples of ruminal fluid were assayed for fermentation acids, carbohydrate, ammonia, and pH changes. The data showed that regardless of diet, total bacterial numbers remained fairly constant throughout the day. The number of viable bacteria declined 40 to 60% after feeding and then increased to a maximum at 16 h postfeeding. Changes occurred in the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the bacterial populations, and some of the changes were consistent with a predicted scheme of ruminal feedstuff carbohydrate fermentation. Regardless of diet, however, soluble-carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria predominated at all times. Xylan-xylose and pectin subgroups respectively comprised about one-half and one-third of the population when the high-forage diet was given. These subgroups, along with the cellulolytics, constituted lesser proportions of the population when the high-concentrate diet was given. The cellulolytic subgroup was the least numerous of all subgroups regardless of diet but followed a diurnal pattern similar to that predicted for cellulose fermentation. There were few diurnal variations or differences in bacterial cell compositions and ruminal fluid parameters between diets. The observed similarities and dissimilarities of the rumen bacterial populations obtained when the two diets were given are discussed. The data are consistent with the versatility and constancy of the rumen as a stable, mature microbial system under the specific low-level feeding regimens used.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1992

Dental microwear and diet in Venezuelan primates.

Recent microwear analyses have demonstrated that wear patterns can be correlated with dietary differences. However, much of this work has been based on analyses of museum material where dates and locations of collection are not well known. In view of these difficulties, it would be desirable to compare microwear patterns for different genera collected from the same area at the same time. The opportunity to do this was provided by the collections of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project (Handley, 1976), in which multiple primate genera were collected from the same humid tropical forest sites within the same month. The monkeys represent a wide range of dietary preferences, and include Saimiri, Cebus, Chiropotes, Ateles, Aotus, Pithecia, and Alouatta. As in previous microwear analyses, epoxy replicas were prepared from dental impressions, as described by Rose (1983) and Teaford and Oyen (1989). Two micrographs were taken of facet 9 on an upper second molar of each specimen. Computations and analyses were the same as described by Teaford and Robinson (1989). Results reaffirm previously documented differences in dental microwear between primates that feed on hard objects versus those that do not--with Pithecia and Alouatta at the extremes of a range of microwear patterns including more subtle differences between species with intermediate diets. The subtle microwear differences are by no means easy to document in museum samples. However, additional results suggest that 1) the width of microscopic scratches may be a poor indicator of dietary differences, 2) large and small pits may be formed differently, and 3) there are very few seasonal differences in dental microwear in the primates at these humid tropical forest sites.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

A review of dental microwear and diet in modern mammals.

Recent work has shown that microscopic wear patterns on teeth may yield insights into variations in diet and tooth use in modern and prehistoric mammals. This paper presents a review of dental microwear and diet in modern mammals, plus a discussion of topics for further research. To date, incisor and molar microwear have been examined, although there are far fewer studies of the former. Facilitated by the use of high-resolution casts and scanning electron microscopy, analyses have ranged from: qualitative to quantitative, low magnification to high magnification, and experimental studies to comparative studies of museum collections. Results are encouraging and may lead to further insights into a variety of topics including food processing and dental microstructure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Adherence to the traditional mediterranean diet is inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in a spanish population.

The Mediterranean diet is a healthy eating pattern with protective effects on chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between BMI and obesity and the level of adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet. The subjects were Spanish men (n = 1547) and women (n = 1615) aged 25-74 y who were examined in 1999-2000, in a population-based, cross-sectional survey in the northeast of Spain (Girona). Dietary intake was assessed using a FFQ. A Mediterranean diet score, including foods considered to be characteristic components of the traditional Mediterranean diet (vegetables, fruits, pulses, nuts, fish, meat, cereals, olive oil, and wine) was created. An increase of 5 U in the dietary score was associated with a change in the BMI of 0.43 (P = 0.030) and 0.68 (P = 0.007), after controlling for potential confounders, in men and women, respectively. The obesity risk decreased in men (P = 0.010) and women (P = 0.013) with increasing adherence to the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern. The population in the top tertile of this score were less likely to be obese in both genders [odds ratio (OR) and (95% CI): 0.61 (0.40-0.92) in men; 0.61 (0.40-0.93) in women] after adjusting for potential confounders. These data suggest that the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern is inversely associated with BMI and obesity. This finding may be useful in the development of dietary approaches for dietary counseling and the prevention of obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Characteristics of the introduction of foods into the diets of infants in Cuba].

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevailing pattern of introduction of nonmilk foods into the diets of children in Cuba and to assess the degree to which this pattern deviates from internationally accepted recommendations. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a simple random sample of 6,688 children under 1 year of age from all over Cuba. The data were analyzed through logistic regression. The study was carried out in 1990 using the pyramidal structure of the national public health system for the collection of data. Through the status quo method, information was obtained on consumption of four representative foods--juice, vegetables, meat, and fish--and some data were gathered on the child. Consumption prevalence rates were estimated at the beginning and the end of the age ranges (in days) that WHO considers optimum for the introduction of these foods. A marked divergence was found between recommended and actual practice. The recommendations were followed in 3% of the cases for juice, 9% for vegetables, 4% for meat, and 25% for fish. It is noteworthy that noncompliance with the recommendations basically takes the form of early introduction of these foods. The exception is vegetables, which are introduced considerably later than recommended, a fact that seems to reflect a cultural distaste for this food.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗