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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Refinements in acute dietary exposure assessments for chlorpyrifos.

Food pesticide residue data are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine potential dietary risk from chronic and acute exposures. An acute dietary risk assessment determines the pesticide exposure resulting from a single-day consumption of food, and uses stepwise refinement of residue estimates to better judge actual exposures. All exposure refinements use estimates of the fraction of crops treated and food residues measured increasingly closer to the point of actual food consumption, without changes in the pesticide uses. Exposure distributions at all levels of data refinement were extremely right skewed. At the highest level evaluated, estimated exposures at the 99.9th percentile were 0.00087 mg/kgBW/day compared to 0.2648 mg/kgBW/day at the tolerance level for children 1-6 years, theoretically the highest-exposed population sub-group. The estimated exposure at the 99.9th percentile of the U.S. population was approximately twice the exposure at the 99th percentile and 33 times the exposure at the 90th percentile. This evaluation showed the calculated exposure at the highest tier of assessment was 300 times lower than the tolerance level assessment for children 1-6 years at the 99.9th percentile. Reduction in exposure estimates between these tiers was due to a combination of the following factors: food residue measurements in a specially designed market-basket study, government-sponsored monitoring data, probabilistic methodologies, market share information, and food processing data. This case study demonstrates that an improved understanding of the uncertainties of acute dietary exposure from pesticides is possible by using well-established statistical tools and applying them to comprehensive exposure information, including residue monitoring data, consumption data, and pesticide use information.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Modelling data across labs, genomes, space and time.

Logical models and physical specifications provide the foundation for storage, management and analysis of complex sets of data, and describe the relationships between measured data elements and metadata - the contextual descriptors that define the primary data. Here, we use imaging applications to illustrate the purpose of the various implementations of data specifications and the requirement for open, standardized, data formats to facilitate the sharing of critical digital data and metadata.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and sharing injection equipment, sexual behavior among injecting drug users].

OBJECTIVE: To study hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission through different modes of sharing injection equipment and sexual behavior among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Liangshan of Sichuan province. METHODS: A community-based survey was conducted to investigate past and current demographic data, injection equipment sharing patterns and sexual behavior of IDUs. Blood samples were also taken to test for HCV. The survey was conducted between Nov 8 and Nov 29, 2002. 379 subjects were screened through outreach recruitment and peer informing. SPSS (11.5) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: HCV prevalence was 71.0% (269/379). Needles or syringes sharing in the past three months and past syphilis infection were strongly associated with HCV transmission after univariate analysis using chi-square test. Trend analysis indicated that HCV infection rate increased along with the increase of needles or syringes sharing, sharing of rinse water and the number of peers sharing the equipments. Data from multivariate logistic regression showed that sharing of needles or syringes and history of syphilis infection were significantly associated with HCV transmission. No significant difference was found between HCV infection and sexual behavior after univariate analysis using chi-square test. CONCLUSION: Further sero-epidemiological prospective cohort studies should be conducted to clarify the relationship between different modes of sharing injection equipment, sexual behavior and HCV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Simulation-based homozygosity mapping with the GAW14 COGA dataset on alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: We have developed a simulation-based approach to the analysis of shared homozygous chromosomal segments and have applied it to data on allele sharing among alcoholics in a single Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism pedigree. Our assessment of sharing involved the use of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker map provided by Affymetrix. RESULTS: All 11 affected individuals in the selected pedigree shared 2 copies of an allele at 4 adjacent SNPs in a region on chromosome 5. Via simulation, we determined that the probability that such sharing is caused by mere chance is less than 0.0000001. After correcting for undocumented inbreeding, this probability rose to 0.0016. The probability that the shared segment emanates from a single ancestor and is unrelated to the affection status is less than 0.0000001 in the corrected pedigree. Haplotype association analysis and a search for a protective locus using unaffected individuals yielded no significant results. CONCLUSION: Homozygosity mapping results on chromosome 5 provide suggestive evidence of the region's role as one that may harbor a genetic determinant of alcoholism. Furthermore, the probabilities of chance homozygous allele sharing for the original and for the inbreeding-corrected pedigree provide insight into the impact that inbreeding can have on such calculations.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

[Contributions of university hospitals to local health integration networks].

The use of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has supported the widespread sharing of healthcare data. Collaboration among medical or health facilities in the community using a telemedicine infrastructure has been promoted by the Strategy of IT-related Structural Reform (the Acceleration and Advancement of e-Japan Priority Policy Program) of the Japanese government. Many university hospitals have been playing leading roles of facilitating collaboration with community healthcare. Through advances in broadband networking and security technology, we have made great progress from the trial stage to the practical stage in the electronic sharing of clinical data. Although many efforts are being made spread the cooperation areas or widen the scope of information sharing for utilization in disease prevention or clinical trials of newly developed drugs as well as medical information, university hospitals have to continue working on these areas to support patients and staff as core hospitals in the community.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data.

Cryptorchidism and hypospadias share possible risk factors, such as intrauterine growth retardation. According to the data collected by the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS), apparently increasing trends in the incidence of hypospadias were found in Sweden during the 1960s, and in Norway, Denmark, England and Hungary during the 1970s. In Norway and Denmark, the increase continued in the 1980s, while in the USA it has continued from the 1970s to the 1990s. Finland has shown a lower reported rate of hypospadias than other Nordic countries. However, it is difficult to make comparisons between countries because of variable inclusion criteria. Furthermore, the reliability of the data depends on correct ascertainment and reporting of the cases. The ICBDMS has also collected data on cryptorchidism, but these appear to be unreliable because of a discrepancy with the data from cohort studies. According to two comparable English studies, the incidence of cryptorchidism in full-term boys approximately doubled between the 1950s and the 1980s. Regionally there are large differences: e.g. in Finland the incidence of cryptorchidism is clearly lower than in Denmark. Regional and temporal trends may help to identify environmental factors that might be associated with these disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detecting genome wide haplotype sharing using SNP or microsatellite haplotype data.

Genome wide association studies using high throughput technology are already being conducted despite the significant hurdles that need to be overcome (Nat Rev Genet 6:95-108, 2005; Nat Rev Genet 6:109-118, 2005). Methods for detecting haplotype association signals in genome wide haplotype datasets are as yet very limited. Much methodological research has already been devoted to linkage disequilibrium (LD) fine mapping where the focus is the identification of the disease locus rather than the detection of a disease signal. Applications of these approaches to genome wide scanning are limited by the strong model assumptions of the sharing process, which lead to computational complexity. We describe a new algorithm for the initial identification of disease susceptibility loci in genome wide haplotype association studies. Excess sharing of ancestral haplotypes, which indicates the presence of a disease locus, is detected with a simple, easy to interpret, chi2 based statistic. The method allows genome wide scanning for qualitative traits within reasonable computational timeframes and can serve as a first pass analysis prior to the usage of likelihood based methods, providing candidate regions and inferred susceptibility haplotypes. Our method makes no assumptions regarding the population history or the pattern of background LD. Statistical significance is evaluated with permutation tests. The method is illustrated on simulated and real data where it is applied to simple (cystic fibrosis) and complex disease (multiple sclerosis) examples. The statistic has low type I error and greater power to map disease loci over conventional single marker tests for low to moderate levels of LD.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Federated two-dimensional electrophoresis database: a simple means of publishing two-dimensional electrophoresis data.

While a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) database is a relatively old concept, in recent years it generated renewed interest within the 2-DE community due to two main factors: (i) The high reproducibility of the current 2-DE method allows 2-DE images to be exchanged and compared between laboratories. (ii) The recent development of faster and more powerful techniques for protein identification such as microsequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and amino acid composition makes the production of reference protein maps and 2-DE databases cost- and time-effective. Additionally, the Internet network's current increase in popularity, combined with the rapid growth of Internet-connected laboratories, provides a straightforward means of publishing and sharing 2-DE data. While a small number of laboratories have already successfully published their data over the net, the increasing number of 2-DE database servers that are currently being set up will sooner or later require some kind of standardization. Unfortunately, standardization can be a long and cumbersome process inevitably leading to undesirable compromises. A federated database offers a simple and efficient way to publish and share 2-DE data without the need for standardization. Taking advantage of Internet protocols such as World Wide Web, they allow each laboratory to maintain their own database and to interconnect it with other similar databases through the use of active cross-references. This paper first presents guidelines for building a federated 2-DE database that may easily be followed by most laboratories. It then briefly reviews the state-of-the-art in networked 2-DE databases, and finally describes the SWISS-2DPAGE database which fully implements the concept of a federated 2-DE database.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A concept analysis of effective breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a concept analysis of effective breastfeeding. DATA SOURCES: Medline and CINAHL electronic databases, reference lists from selected articles, and 7 breastfeeding assessment tools. Search terms included the following: breastfeeding and effective, adequate, successful. STUDY SELECTION: Literature was selected according to whether the concept of effective breastfeeding was defined or described. DATA EXTRACTION: Literature was reviewed and data organized as definitions or descriptions, with descriptions grouped into categories sharing similar characteristics. DATA SYNTHESIS: Four characteristics were chosen as essential attributes of effective breastfeeding: positioning, latch, sucking, and milk transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of effective breastfeeding requires further concept development to define and describe effective positioning, latch, sucking, and milk transfer. Future research is needed to determine the relationships between the antecedents, attributes, and consequences of effective breastfeeding.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2004

Audit of a shared-care program for persons with diabetes: baseline and 3 annual follow-ups.

In Italy, data on shared-care programs for diabetes are lacking. We described the characteristics of type 2 diabetic population assisted in general practice and evaluated 3 years of follow-up outcomes and performance indicators in a shared-care program in Modena, Italy (1998-2001); only well-controlled diabetic patients were considered. Forty-nine percent of territorial GPs adhered to the project (257 out of 521) and 77% of them sent 6409 paired baseline and follow-up datasheets. Altogether, 97.8% patients had type 2 diabetes, mean age 68.6+/-11.7 years, disease duration 9.6+/-7.5 years, BMI 28.6+/-4.8 kg/m2, HbA(1c) 7.6%+/-1.6%, 16.1% of them were disabled. Among the non-disabled patients, 23.6% had optimal glycemic control (HbA(1c) < or =6.5%); at baseline the prevalence of micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications was: 8.2% microalbuminuria and 2.4% macroalbuminuria plus nephropathy, 11.0% nonproliferative and 3.0% preproliferative retinopathy, 7.0% neuropathy, 1.8% diabetic foot; 8.5% angina, 6.9% TIA or stroke, 6.3% infarction, 5.2% intermittent claudication, 4.1% heart failure. Among the disabled patients 27.9% had optimal glycemic control, but they had more diabetic complications. The performance indicators significantly improved over the 3-year study period: glycemic control indicators increased from 66%-75% to 83%-90% and micro- and macrovascular indicators from 59%-65% to 75%-81%. The outcome indicators also improved: mean HbA(1c) value changed from 7.6%+/-1.6% to 7.3%+/-1.3% and the percentage of people with HbA(1c)< or =6.5% significantly improved over time. Similar trends were observed in both disabled and non-disabled diabetic patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Community wide electronic distribution of summary health care utilization data.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the use of digital technology has supported widespread sharing of electronic health care data. Although this approach holds considerable promise, it promises to be a complicated and expensive undertaking. This study described the development and implementation of a community wide system for electronic sharing of summary health care utilization data. METHODS: The development of the community wide data system focused on the following objectives: ongoing monitoring of the health care system, evaluation of community wide individual provider initiatives, identification and development of new initiatives. The system focused on the sharing of data related to hospital acute care, emergency medical services, long term care, and mental health. It was based on the daily distribution of reports among all health care providers related to these services. RESULTS: The development of the summary reports concerning health care utilization produced a system wide view of health care in Syracuse, New York on a daily basis. It was not possible to isolate the results of these reports because of the impact of specific projects and other factors. At the same time, the reports were associated with reduction of hospital inpatient stays, improvement of access to hospital emergency departments, reductions in stays for patients discharged to nursing homes, and increased access of mental health patients to hospital inpatient units. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the system demonstrated that summary electronic utilization data could provide daily information that would support the improvement of health care outcomes and efficiency. This approach could be implemented in a simple, direct manner with minimal expenses.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2002

Hierarchical data security in a Query-By-Example interface for a shared database.

Whenever a shared database resource, containing critical patient data, is created, protecting the contents of the database is a high priority goal. This goal can be achieved by developing a Query-By-Example (QBE) interface, designed to access a shared database, and embedding within the QBE a hierarchical security module that limits access to the data. The security module ensures that researchers working in one clinic do not get access to data from another clinic. The security can be based on a flexible taxonomy structure that allows ordinary users to access data from individual clinics and super users to access data from all clinics. All researchers submit queries through the same interface and the security module processes the taxonomy and user identifiers to limit access. Using this system, two different users with different access rights can submit the same query and get different results thus reducing the need to create different interfaces for different clinics and access rights.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1997

Approaches for certification of electronic prescription software.

The proper management of drug treatment is essential, since adverse drug reactions are common reasons of hospitalisations. Expenditure on drug therapy has also been growing faster than any other aspect of health care in many countries. Savings and quality improvements in drug treatment could be achieved with computerised prescribing. In this paper, the architecture of an electronic prescription system is described in the light of software certification and registration. An electronic prescription system is an example of a system supporting shared care and therefore it should be person based, integrated, secure and confidential and data should be shared among health care institutions. The system architecture shares the idea of a virtual patient record and a smart card will be used as a key to prescription data located on the network. The certification and registration of medical software is a difficult and costly procedure. Ensuring the quality of software can be based on; certification of development process, voluntary evaluation, and post-market surveillance. Voluntary evaluation practice would be a precious tool for both the customers and software developers, and it would also be an invaluable source of information in terms of developing new software.

Certification↗
PubMed2005

ADA initiates development of orthodontic informatics standards.

Standards are the key to interoperability across systems. The American Dental Association (ADA) has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a standards-developing organization. The ADA sponsors standards programs for all areas of dentistry, including dental materials and products and dental informatics. ANSI/ADA Specification No. 1000, Standard Clinical Data Architecture for the Structure and Content of an Electronic Health Record, is the first ANSI standard that defines the fundamental data structures used to make patient health records. The standard promotes the sharing of like data between dentists, physicians, and hospitals.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1997

Olfactory receptor database (ORDB): a resource for sharing and analyzing published and unpublished data.

An olfactory receptor database (ORDB) is being developed to facilitate analysis of this large gene family. ORDB currently contains over 400 olfactory receptor sequences and related information, and is available via the World Wide Web. We plan to incorporate functional data, structural models, spatial localization and other categories of information, toward an integrated model of olfactory receptor function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Hospital restructuring and the epidemiology of hospital utilization: recent experience in Ontario.

OBJECTIVES: The author highlights changes in hospital utilization that have occurred in association with restructuring of Ontario hospitals. The basic features of the epidemiology of hospital utilization described link the analysis of the organizational and structural components of hospitals with a more comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of their restructuring and have implications for international comparative studies. METHODS: Data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and the Canadian census were analyzed to provide a population-based description of hospital utilization and care. These hospital data provided information on changes in the patterns of care that occurred during restructuring, based on hospital separations for the fiscal years 1991-1992 through 1995-1996. RESULTS: Analysis of hospital utilization patterns revealed a 30% decrease in the days of care provided per 1,000 population during the period, the result of declines in both the age-adjusted inpatient separation rates and average length of hospital stay. The shift of surgical treatment to outpatient settings contributed to the reduction in inpatient days of care. The decline in utilization was experienced unevenly across age groups, with the elderly experiencing less of the decline than did younger age groups. Individuals living in the poorest areas used more inpatient care than did those living in the richest areas, although the gap in utilization narrowed over the period. CONCLUSIONS: International comparisons of the epidemiology of hospital utilization and the impact of hospital restructuring will require the use of multiple data sources and the development of shared evaluative frameworks. Health data systems in Canada support the assessment of the broader impacts of hospital restructuring and offer a framework for developing research projects that can provide useful information on these important changes in health-care policy.

Adolescent↗