Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “common wheat”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Lectin-induced actin polymerization in human lymphocytes: a possible signal for mitogenesis.

Employing the DNase I inhibition assay, a decrease in G-actin is demonstrated in human mononuclear cells following stimulation with mitogenic lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as a nonmitogenic lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The decrease in G-actin can be prevented by pretreatment of cells with cytochalasin E, indicating that the decrease is likely due to conversion to F-actin. Thus, the receptor-mediated actin polymerization is common to both the mitogenic as well as the nonmitogenic lectins. The maximal decrease in G-actin with Con A and PHA occurs at the same concentrations of the lectins that give optimal mitogenic responses. It is a distinct possibility that actin polymerization could be one of the signals necessary for the initiation of mitogenesis. The difference between a mitogenic and a nonmitogenic lectin may lie in the fact that a second signal (or signals), derived from macrophages, may not be generated by a nonmitogenic lectin such as WGA.

Actins↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of termination of cerebellar and basal ganglia efferents in the rat thalamus. Strictly segregated and partly overlapping projections.

There is a widely held view that the cerebellum and basal ganglia act via separate subcortical channels. In rodent, however, electrophysiological evidence suggests that the output of these two systems is partly sent to a common set of thalamic neurons. In this study, the pattern of thalamic innervations provided by the deep cerebellar nuclei, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata was reinvestigated in the rat using the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Although the results confirm the existence of some overlap in the cerebellar and basal ganglia projection fields, they also show that in such convergent areas the cerebellar innervation is modest and consists of sparsely distributed fibers of thin diameter that provide a few scattered terminal boutons. These observations are consistent with the view that, in rodent as in higher mammalian species, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia act mainly via distinct thalamo-cortical channels.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The classical Ubisch bodies carry a sporophytically produced structural protein (RAFTIN) that is essential for pollen development.

Pollen fecundity is crucial to crop productivity and also to biodiversity in general. Pollen development is supported by the tapetum, a metabolically active sporophytic nurse layer that devotes itself to this process. The tapetum in cereals and a vast majority of other plants is of the nonamoeboid type. Unable to reach out to microspores, it secretes nutrients into the anther locule where the microspores reside and develop. Orbicules (Ubisch bodies), studied in various plants since their discovery approximately 140 years ago, are a hallmark of the secretory tapetum. Their significance to tapetal or pollen development has not been established. We have identified in wheat and rice an anther-specific single-copy gene (per haploid genome equivalent) whose suppression in rice by RNA interference nearly eliminated the seed set. The flowers in the transgenics were normal for female functions, but the pollen collapsed and became less viable. Further characterization of the gene product, named RAFTIN, in wheat has shown that it is present in pro-orbicule bodies and it is accumulated in Ubisch bodies. Furthermore, it is targeted to microspore exine. Although the carboxyl portion of RAFTINs shares short, dispersed amino acid sequences (BURP domain) in common with a variety of proteins of disparate biological contexts, the occurrence RAFTIN per se is limited to cereals; neither the Arabidopsis genome nor the vast collection of ESTs suggests any obvious dicot homologs. Furthermore, our results show that RAFTIN is essential for the late phase of pollen development in cereals.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1984

Effect of long-term administration of dietary fiber on the exocrine pancreas in the rat.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (50--70g) were fed a standard laboratory diet containing 6% dietary fiber substances (diet I), the same diet supplemented with 5% guar (diet II), 10% wheat bran (diet III), or 5% pectin of high (76%) methylic esterification (diet IV), or a fiber-free diet (diet V). After a 6-week feeding period, the body weight of the animals had increased to 300--350g. The common bile duct was then canulated and the exocrine pancreatic function tested under urethane anesthesia (1.5 g/kg body weight). The tested fiber substances had no effect on the basal pancreatic secretion of volume, bicarbonate, lipase, amylase or protein, or on the wet weight and histological appearance of the organ. However, the fiber substances influenced the pancreatic response to maximal exogenous stimulation with secretin (3.0 CU/100 g X hour) and cholecystokinin (0.6 IDU/100 g X hour) and the enzyme content of the gland significantly. Compared with diet V, diet I increased the DNA content of the pancreas and its secretion of bicarbonate and protein, and decreased the protein concentration in the gland. Diet II reduced the pancreatic content of trypsinogen and protein. Diet III decreased the protein content, but increased the bicarbonate secretion, which was also increased by diet IV. -- We conclude that fiber substances influence stimulated secretion and the enzyme content of the pancrease to a varying degree.

Amylases↗
PubMed2001

Pattern of sensitization to common environmental allergens amongst atopic Singapore children in the first 3 years of life.

This study was aimed to investigate the sensitization pattern to a range of common allergens in young Singaporean children. A cross-sectional study involving 75 children aged below 3 years was carried out. They presented between December 1995 and April 2000 with symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, or food allergy. Their levels of allergen-specific serum IgE to a panel of foods (egg white, milk, soy protein, shrimp, wheat and peanut), pet dander, dust mites and cockroaches were measured with Pharmacia CAP System radioallergosorbent test kits. Serum IgE levels greater than 0.35 kU/l represented a positive result. Four children could not be tested with the complete panel because of insufficient serum. The prevalence of sensitization was highest for cow's milk (45.9%) followed by egg white (38.7%), dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (31.4%) and Blomia tropicalis (25.5%). Sensitization to ingested allergens was significantly more prevalent in children aged 1 year or younger than in the older children (70.4% of those below 1 year, and 50% of those aged 1-3 years; p < 0.02). Sensitization to inhaled allergens, such as dust mites, was more likely to manifest as respiratory symptoms (allergic rhinitis and asthma), while ingested allergens were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and eczema (p < 0.001). It was concluded that infants and young children are at high risk of sensitization to common environmental substances. Allergen avoidance is therefore important even in the very young. The prevalence of sensitization to food allergens is higher compared to inhalant allergens in young children.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

Seed storage proteins of spermatophytes share a common ancestor with desiccation proteins of fungi.

The legumin- and vicilin-like seed storage globulins of spermatophytes are specifically accumulated during embryogenesis and seed development. Previous studies have shown that a precursor common to both legumin and vicilin genes might have evolved by duplication from a single-domain ancestral gene. We here report that amino acid sequences of legumin and vicilin domains share statistically significant similarity to the germination-specific germins of wheat as well as to the spherulation-specific spherulins of myxomycetes. This conclusion is further supported by the derived intron-exon structure of a spherulin gene. Spherulins are thought to be involved in tissue desiccation or hydration. It is suggested that the present-day seed globulins of spermatophytes have evolved from a group of ancient proteins functional in cellular desiccation/hydration processes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

The relationship between Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus flavus and the production of aflatoxin.

The relationship between Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus flavus in common mixed culture on various substrates was investiaged. It was found that P. Ostreatus, similarly to some other higher fungi, can liquidate colonies of A. flavus. This fungus does not produce aflatoxin and chromatographically similar compounds. On straw, corn cobs, millet and wheat A. flavus produced aflatoxin after a 3-week cultivation. A subsequent cultivation of P. ostreatus led to detoxication of straw and corn cobs but millet and wheat were not detoxicated. Cultivation of P. osteatus in the presence of 40-100 micrograms of aflatoxin B1 per g substrate did not result in detoxication of the material even after 34 d but the results showed that the aflatoxin concentration decreased to about one-fourth of the added amount.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1986

Factors affecting the ultrastructural pattern of anterograde labeling in axon terminals with HRP.

Comparisons of anterograde labeling of axon terminals originating from short and long projection neurons were made in the hypoglossal nucleus. Injections of dilute and concentrated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ-agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made via a glass micropipette into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc = short projection neurons) and the Spinal V trigeminal complex (Sp. V = long projection neurons). Axon terminals in the hypoglossal nucleus, a common projection site of the two efferent systems, were evaluated ultrastructurally using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen for the cobalt-glucose oxidase (CO-GOD) method of HRP labeling. Labeled axon terminals from these two sources demonstrated different distribution patterns of the reaction product. For the short pathway, high concentrations of the tracers resulted in diffuse, agranular labeling in the majority of axon terminals. Dilute concentrations of the tracers were associated with membrane-bound, granular type of labeling. All anterograde labeling of terminals of long projection neurons (Sp. V) was membrane-bound and granular irrespective of the tracer concentration. The length of the pathway and the concentration of the enzyme tracers are factors that affect the pattern of anterograde label in axon terminals of hypoglossal afferents.

3,3'-Diaminobenzidine↗
PubMed2005

Glyphosate inhibits rust diseases in glyphosate-resistant wheat and soybean.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used for the control of weeds in glyphosate-resistant crops. Glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Studies with glyphosate-resistant wheat have shown that glyphosate provided both preventive and curative activities against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina, which cause stripe and leaf rusts, respectively, in wheat. Growth-chamber studies demonstrated wheat rust control at multiple plant growth stages with a glyphosate spray dose typically recommended for weed control. Rust control was absent in formulation controls without glyphosate, dependent on systemic glyphosate concentrations in leaf tissues, and not mediated through induction of four common systemic acquired resistance genes. A field test with endemic stripe rust inoculum confirmed the activities of glyphosate pre- and postinfestation. Preliminary greenhouse studies also demonstrated that application of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybeans suppressed Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Alexa dyes, a series of new fluorescent dyes that yield exceptionally bright, photostable conjugates.

Alexa 350, Alexa 430, Alexa 488, Alexa 532, Alexa 546, Alexa 568, and Alexa 594 dyes are a new series of fluorescent dyes with emission/excitation spectra similar to those of AMCA, Lucifer Yellow, fluorescein, rhodamine 6G, tetramethylrhodamine or Cy3, lissamine rhodamine B, and Texas Red, respectively (the numbers in the Alexa names indicate the approximate excitation wavelength maximum in nm). All Alexa dyes and their conjugates are more fluorescent and more photostable than their commonly used spectral analogues listed above. In addition, Alexa dyes are insensitive to pH in the 4-10 range. We evaluated Alexa dyes compared with conventional dyes in applications using various conjugates, including those of goat anti-mouse IgG (GAM), streptavidin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and concanavalin A (ConA). Conjugates of Alexa 546 are at least twofold more fluorescent than Cy3 conjugates. Proteins labeled with the Alexa 568 or Alexa 594 dyes are several-fold brighter than the same proteins labeled with lissamine rhodamine B or Texas Red dyes, respectively. Alexa dye derivatives of phalloidin stain F-actin with high specificity. Hydrazide forms of the Alexa dyes are very bright, formaldehyde-fixable polar tracers. Conjugates of the Alexa 430 (ex 430 nm/em 520 nm) and Alexa 532 (ex 530 nm/em 548 nm) fluorochromes are spectrally unique fluorescent probes, with relatively high quantum yields in their excitation and emission wavelength ranges.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Performance testing of Zymomonas mobilis metabolically engineered for cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose.

IOGEN Corporation of Ottawa, Canada, has recently built a 40t/d biomass-to-ethanol demonstration plant adjacent to its enzyme production facility. It has partnered with the University of Toronto to test the C6/C5 cofermenta-tion performance characteristics of the National Renewable Energy Labora-tory's metabolically engineered Zymomonas mobilis using various biomass hydrolysates. IOGEN's feedstocks are primarily agricultural wastes such as corn stover and wheat straw. Integrated recombinant Z. mobilis strain AX101 grows on D-xylose and/or L-arabinose as the sole carbon/energy sources and ferments these pentose sugars to ethanol in high yield. Strain AX101 lacks the tetracycline resistance gene that was a common feature of other recombinant Zm constructs. Genomic integration provides reliable cofermentation performance in the absence of antibiotics, another characteristic making strain AX101 attractive for industrial cellulosic ethanol production. In this work, IOGEN's biomass hydrolysate was simulated by a pure sugar medium containing 6% (w/v) glucose, 3% xylose, and 0.35% arabinose. At a level of 3 g/L (dry solids), corn steep liquor with inorganic nitrogen (0.8 g/L of ammonium chloride or 1.2 g/L of diammonium phosphate) was a cost-effective nutritional supplement. In the absence of acetic acid, the maximum volumetric ethanol productivity of a continuous fermentation at pH 5.0 was 3.54 g/L x h. During prolonged continuous fermentation, the efficiency of sugar-to-ethanol conversion (based on total sugar load) was maintained at >85%. At a level of 0.25% (w/v) acetic acid, the productivity decreased to 1.17 g/L x h at pH 5.5. Unlike integrated, xylose-utilizing rec Zm strain C25, strain AX101 produces less lactic acid as byproduct, owing to the fact that the Escherichia coli arabinose genes are inserted into a region of the host chromosome tentatively assigned to the gene for D-lactic acid dehydrogenase. In pH-controlled batch fermentations with sugar mixtures, the order of sugar exhaustion from the medium was glucose followed by xylose and arabinose. Both the total sugar load and the sugar ratio were shown to be important determinants for efficient cofermentation. Ethanol at a level of 3% (w/v) was implicated as both inhibitory to pentose fermentation and as a potentiator of acetic acid inhibition of pentose fermentation at pH 5.5. The effect of ethanol may have been underestimated in other assessments of acetic acid sensitivity. This work underscores the importance of employing similar assay conditions in making comparative assessments of biocatalyst fermentation performance.

Arabinose↗
PubMed1991

Lectin histochemistry of ovarian mucinous cystadenomas.

The lectin histochemistry of ovarian mucinous cystadenoma was studied using a panel of lectins comprising Triticum vulgaris, Lotus tetragonolobus, Arachis hypogaea, Griffonia simplicifolia I, concanavalin A, and Dolichus biflorus. All 23 cases examined in this study stained extensively with T. vulgaris. Of all the lectins, D. biflorus was the least reactive. Concanavalin A stained mainly the perinuclear zone, whereas the other lectins frequently stained the cytoplasm, glycocalyx, and extracellular luminal mucin. This pattern of lectin reactivity resembles endocervical more than intestinal epithelium and suggests that ovarian mucinous cystadenomas are of müllerian nature. The lack of difference in lectin reactivity between cystadenomas with and without goblet/Paneth cells supports a common histogenetic origin of both groups.

Concanavalin A↗
PubMed1990

Comparative study of visual inter and intrahemispheric cortico-cortical connections in five native Chilean rodents.

Previous studies of the visual cortical organization in the rat and other rodent species have raised the possibility that the visual cortical plan in the rat is common to a large number of species within the order. We have tested this idea by comparing the visual plan in the rat to cortical subdivision schemes obtained from five native Chilean rodent species, including members of the Cricetidae family within the Miomorph group, as well as from the Octodontidae family within the Caviomorph group. Cortical subdivision schemes were inferred from the analysis of the patterns of callosal connections revealed following multiple injections of HRP contralaterally, as well as from ipsilateral cortico-cortical connections observed after small injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) into striate cortex. As in the rat, callosal connections in the native rodents concentrate at the border between cytoarchitectonic areas 17 and 18a, and along the borders of discrete, sparsely callosal islands of cortex in lateral peristriate cortex. Furthermore, single injections of WGA-HRP into striate cortex produce multiple, separate fields of labeled cells and terminations in the cortex surrounding area 17. Together, our data supports the idea of a common plan of visual cortical organization among rodents by providing evidence that the visual cortex in the native species is subdivided into multiple visual areas in a manner that resembles the rat cortical plan.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Innervation of the hard palate in the rat studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates.

The innervation of the rat hard palate and the bordering part of the soft palate was studied after anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) and to choleragenoid (B-HRP) in separate experiments. WGA-HRP labeling showed leakage from several types of nerve endings, whereas B-HRP did not. Both conjugates gave rise to heavy labeling of a variety of nerve endings. Intragemmal and, especially, perigemmal fibers were labeled in chemosensory corpuscles, which were most common in the medial wall of the incisive canal and in the most anterior part of the soft palate. Ruffini endings of different sizes were labeled in the incisive papilla. Other subepithelial endings forming elongated expanded profiles with medium- to large-caliber source fibers were most common in protruding parts of the palate. Labeled intraepithelial endings included Merkel endings, which were most frequent in the incisive papilla and the rugae. Other labeled profiles were medium-caliber afferents giving rise to irregular, beaded, and sometimes branched endings often located far superficially in the epithelium. Such endings were present both within and between protruding parts of the palate. Fine-caliber intraepithelial endings were labeled almost exclusively in WGA-HRP experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Spinomesencephalic tract: projections from the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat, cat, and monkey.

Anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to determine the terminal domain of the projection from the lumbosacral spinal cord to the midbrain in the rat, cat, and monkey. Results have shown that several midbrain regions receiving afferent input from this level of the spinal cord are common to the three species examined. Structures innervated by this projection were located throughout the full rostrocaudal extent of the midbrain. The strongest projections were to the intercollicular region and caudal midbrain contralateral to injection sites in the spinal cord. Terminal labeling in the rostral midbrain, except that observed in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, was substantially less than that observed at more caudal midbrain levels. Structures receiving the strongest input from the spinal cord included the central gray, nucleus cuneiformis, the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, and the intercollicular nucleus. Other structures receiving afferent input from the lumbosacral spinal cord included the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, red nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. It is concluded that the spinal projection to the midbrain is a multicomponent projection consisting of several pathways terminating in discrete midbrain regions. Considering the diverse functions associated with midbrain regions receiving spinal input and the response and receptive field properties of cells belonging to this pathway, the results of the present study are discussed in relation to the potential role of the spinomesencephalic tract in somatic, visceral, and motor function.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2001

Esophageal cancer in Iran.

Esophageal cancer is among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. Iran is one of the known areas with a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Most of the patients in Iran have been reported from the north and northeast regions of the country. In one survey by the Iran Cancer Institute, 9% of all cancers and 27% of gastrointestinal cancers were esophageal carcinoma. The male to female ratio was 1.7/1. The distal portion of the esophagus is involved more often than other parts. Consumption of wheat flour, exposure to residues from opium pipes, drinking hot tea, and chewing nass (a mixture of tobacco, lime, ash, and other ingredients) are the suspect etiologic agents for esophageal cancer in Iran. Dysphagia, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain, and odynophagia are the common symptoms and signs of Iranian patients with esophageal cancer. For clinical staging, chest computed tomographic scanning is performed. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is not as common in Iran as in western countries. Public education, nutritional support, and eradication of opium addiction may decrease the morbidity and mortality that result from esophageal cancer. Surgery has traditionally been the mainstay of esophageal cancer treatment in Iran. Radiotherapy is mainly used postoperatively. The usual combination chemotherapy regimen is cisplatin plus flurouracil (5-Fu). Semin Oncol 28:153-157.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1976

Effect of substrate on metabolite production of Alternaria alternata.

Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether are commonly associated with weathered grain sorghum. Production of these metabolites and altenuene by isolates of Alternaria alternata was evaluated on various sterile grain substrates. At 35% moisture content and 25 C, metabolite yields were highest on rice, intermediate on sorghums, and lowest on wheat and yellow corn. Fourteen-to 21-day cultures on milled rice were best in terms of ease of metabolite recovery, even though yields were higher on 28-day cultures of rough and brown rice. Metabolite production was reduced when rice was supplemented with yeast extract or yeast extract plus Czapek-Dox broth.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2002

Dried poultry waste for cows grazing low-quality winter forage.

Two trials conducted in 1996-97 measured BW and body condition score changes of cows fed different sources of degradable intake protein, including dried poultry waste and soybean meal, while grazing low-quality winter forages. In Trial 1, 60 spring-calving cows (5 yr; 555 kg) were used in an individual supplementation trial. Cows were gathered three times a week, sorted into individual pens, and fed their respective supplement. Cows grazed dormant native Sandhills winter range (common pasture) and were assigned to one of six supplemental treatments: 1) no supplement, 2) urea, 3) 22% dried poultry waste + urea, 4) soybean meal, 5) 22% dried poultry waste + soybean meal, or 6) 44% dried poultry waste. All supplements were based on wheat middlings and soybean hulls and were formulated to contain 44% CP. Thirty-six cows were selected randomly (six per treatment) for a 5-d measurement of forage intake from December 16 through December 20, 1996. Cows receiving supplements gained more weight (P < 0.001) and maintained greater body condition (P < 0.001) than unsupplemented cows. Cows receiving urea gained less (P < 0.10) than cows receiving a source of natural protein, but body condition remained similar. No differences were found in daily forage or total organic matter intake (P > 0.10). In Trial 2, cows grazed corn residues. Forty-eight spring-calving cows were group-fed supplements in one of six 4-ha paddocks. Cows received supplements containing either soybean meal or dried poultry waste that were the same as the soybean meal and 44% dried poultry waste supplements fed in Trial 1; gains were not different (P > 0.10). Under the economic conditions that existed at the time of these experiments, the supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in a savings of $.04 per cow per day and a total savings of $3.20 per cow over an 80-d period. Feeding a supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in performance similar to that when feeding a more conventional supplement containing soybean meal.

Animal Feed↗