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PubMedDate not supplied

Chimpanzees as an outgroup for the examination of human dental evolution.

In the assessment of human origins, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes, henceforth called Pan) represent the best hominoid outgroup for comparisons. Such an outgroup roots the "anatomically modern" human population cluster, or continuum. This study incorporates chimpanzees into a worldwide modern human database of quantified complete tooth variables (approximately 30 per tooth; e.g., root, pulp, enamel) in an attempt to develop a more accurate phylogeny of the hominoid continuum, with only intervening extinct hominids missing. Canonical discriminate analysis was performed mainly among Liberian common chimpanzees and global samples of humans. The first canonical variable explained 70% of the total variance and showed a tight cluster of humans, with chimpanzees as a distant outgroup. Within the human community, first non-San Bushman, sub-Saharan Africans and Andamanese, and then, close in, Australian aborigines were positioned towards Pan. Their relative orientation suggested an African human origin with the first branch within sub-Saharan Africa: sub-Saharan Africans and San Bushmen. Next, Andamanese Negritos, and then Australian aborigines, formed the early first surviving modern human lineage to leave Africa. Thin enamel and big teeth with relatively large roots characterized Pan nonmolar teeth. Humans showed a generalized sexual dimorphism for all teeth, with males having bigger teeth, bigger relative roots, and thinner enamel than females, while only Pan canines had significant and impressive sexual dimorphism. Interestingly, Pan molars were not larger than human molars. The data suggest that although hominids underwent two dental macroevolutionary events, the lineage leading to modern humans only experienced anterior tooth-size reduction. The suggested evolutionary significance of the observed total tooth variation is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

[Aspects to birth control (author's transl)].

From 1964, the year with the highest new born rate since 1945, until 1972, the number of births in the BRD was reduced for 34%. Simultaneously, the birth rate of women between 20 and 30 years was decreased for a third. Presently, the average age of half of the women who deliver their first or second child is over 30 years. While on the one hand there are investigations on the practical experiences which are hidden behind the obvious "one child effect", it would be, on the other hand, dangerous, to lay out a demographic "production policy" which shows no interest in economy. In birth-control, biotic-private individual foundations are variable elements; social values, however, are non individual objectives [corrected] with temporal relatively great constancy. The splitting of these elements is, in the 20th century, tracing back with violent actuality to the original big line of Malthus and Darwin, which is to maintain sufficient scope for nourishment and reproduction to the human world with its vegetable and animal life. This concerns industrial and development countries as well. The challenge is to line out acceptable ideas for the solution of the Circulus vitiosus, based on statistical data, on socio-philosophic understandings which have to be worked out yet and on common sense.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of three dose volumes of topically applied 65% permethrin against Ctenocephalides felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs weighing 30 kg or more.

Twenty-five dogs were evenly and randomly allocated by weight to five treatment groups: untreated control, 2 ml 65% permethrin (dogs weighing 15 to 29 kg, "average dogs"), and 2, 3, or 4 ml 65% permethrin (dogs weighing > or = 30 kg, "big dogs"). Each dog was infested with 125 unfed, adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, and 50 unfed, adult brown dog ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, on Days -3 (ticks only), -2 (fleas only), 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Fleas and ticks were counted 1 and 3 or 4 days after each infestation. The duration of efficacy (defined as >90%) against C. felis was 28 to 31 days. The efficacy against fleas 31 days after application of 2, 3, or 4 ml on big dogs ranged from 79.1% (2 ml) to 100% (4 ml). Big dogs that received either 3 or 4 ml of 65% permethrin had significantly (P < or = .05) fewer fleas at several evaluations between 15 and 31 days after treatment. The duration of efficacy against R. sanguineus was 15 (2 ml for big dogs) to 28 (2 ml for average dogs) days. The efficacy against R. sanguineus 28 days after treatment ranged from 79.1% (2 ml on big dogs) to 94.1% (2 ml on average dogs). Significantly (P < or = .05) fewer ticks were present at several evaluations after treatment on big dogs that received 3 or 4 ml than were present on big dogs treated with 2 ml. No significant differences were detected between the 3- and 4-ml groups from Days 10 to 31; however, the geometric mean number of ticks in the group treated with 4 ml was numerically lower than that for dogs treated with 3 ml on several occasions. These data indicate that a dose volume of 3 or 4 ml of 65% permethrin is needed to obtain an adequate level and duration of efficacy against both C. felis and R. sanguineus on dogs weighing 30 kg or more.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1986

[Tonic inhibitory effect of the cat brain on spinal interneurons].

Cord dorsum potentials were recorded in the acute experiments on cats. The relationship between the N-component of the cord dorsum potentials and the strength of stimulation of the big femoral nerve was studied. After the transsection of the half of midbrain tegmentum the increased curve slope indicating the rise in cord interneuron excitability was mainly observed on the contralateral side. The same results were observed after the removal of the contralateral somatosensory cortex or contralateral section of midbrain basis. The data indicate the tonic inhibitory influence of cortical structures on cord interneurons, which participate in the transmission of somatosensory signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Personality traits and vulnerability markers--problems of assessment].

Personality traits play an increasing role in research on the vulnerability to mental disorders. Problems of their assessment are dealt with here with special reference to work of our own in this area. Personality inventories for self-rating or informants' rating are appropriate instruments for retrospective as well as prospective investigations. They should be short and, at the same time, suites for the assessment of the main dimensions of personality, the "Big Five". The Munich Personality Test (MPT) and the Six Factor Test (SFT) serve as examples in this context. They were already successfully applied in clinical and outpatient settings and in "high-risk" studies. In retrospective investigations, a newly developed method for the operationalized diagnosis of personality types from case history data can be used as well. On the basis of this approach, we have recently developed a Biographical Personality Interview (BPI) which, in combination with personality inventories, can be regarded an optimal device for the assessment of premorbid personality in psychiatric patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

High-yield production of recombinant endothelin-1.

A fusion protein (pETB-42P), which encodes the 42-amino acid leader peptide and the 38-amino acid peptide of human big endothelin (ET)-1, was synthesized in Escherichia coli, isolated as inclusion bodies, and purified by DEAE-chromatography. Trypsin digestion of the purified pETB-42P gave big ET-1(1-37) in a yield of 70%; then pepsin digestion of the purified big ET-1(1-37) gave ET-1(1-21) in a yield of 74% (overall yield: 52%). Sequential trypsin and pepsin digestions of the purified fusion protein in the same reaction vessel also allowed recovery of ET-1 in a yield of 60%. One milligram of ET-1 or 2.0 mg of big ET-1(1-37) was obtained from 1.8 liters of culture broth. Recombinant ET-1 thus obtained was identical to authentic ET-1 in terms of amino acid sequence and vasoconstrictor potency, and recombinant big ET-1(1-37) had almost the same in vitro and in vivo biological activities as big ET-1(1-38).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Mode of cleavage of porcine big endothelin-1 by aspartic proteinases.

Cleavage sites of porcine big endothelin-1 (big ET-1, 1-39) by cathepsin D were examined and compared with those by other aspartic proteinases including pepsin. Cathepsin D cleaved not only the Trp21-Val22 bond, but also the Asp18-Ile19 bond of big ET-1[1-39]. The mature ET-1[1-21], generated by the cleavage between Trp21 and Val22, was subsequently degraded by removal of the C-terminal tripeptide (Ile19-Ile20-Trp21). On the other hand, pepsin cleaved the Trp21-Val22 bond of big ET-1[1-39] to produce ET-1[1-21], but did not degrade the generated ET-1[1-21]. These results indicate that aspartic proteinases such as cathepsin D and pepsin are capable of converting big ET-1[1-39] to ET-1[1-21], whereas the former proteinase is by no means specific for the Trp21-Val22 bond of big ET-1[1-39].

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Presence of furin mRNA in cultured bovine endothelial cells and possible involvement of furin in the processing of the endothelin precursor.

Recently it was documented that furin, a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease, cleaves many protein precursors at pairs of basic amino acids, thus liberating the biologically active peptides. The endothelin precursors follow a biosynthetic pathway similar to these proteins, where the precursor is initially processed to the intermediate, big endothelin (big ET) before its conversion to the endothelin (ET) peptide. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the endothelin pro-proteins shows that they are susceptible to processing by endoproteases that cleave at pairs of basic amino acids. For example, human endothelin-1 (ET-1) precursor possesses a typical furin cleavage site motif (Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg) at the following residues: Arg32-Ser33-Lys34-Arg35 and Arg72-Ser73-Lys74-Arg75. We have isolated mRNA from cultured bovine endothelial cells and, using a human furin cRNA probe, shown that a furin mRNA of 4.5 kb is present in these cells. We propose that furin, a novel endoprotease belonging to the mammalian subtilisin family of serine proteases, may be implicated in the processing of pro-endothelin precursors, liberating big ET.

Actins↗
PubMed1993

1994 construction outlook: Dodge/Sweet's finds bright spots for 1994.

Constrained by the excesses of the previous decade and tepid performance in the general economy, the rebound by construction from its 1990-91 downturn could best be described as subdued and selective. Single-family housing led the way before faltering this year, and only scattered help has come from the industry's other sectors. The big question facing construction at the end of 1993 is whether the current recovery is in danger of stalling or, put differently, does it have the stamina to become more broad-based?

Data Collection↗
PubMed1976

The 18 p-syndrome. Report of four cases.

Four children, two girls and two boys, were found to have a short arm deletion of chromosome No. 18. Three of them exhibit a typical dysmorphy of the face showing retraction of the midface, broad-based, flat nose, hypertelorism, epicanthus, "carp mouth", big, protruding, and low set ears, as well as a variable number of Turner-like features, failure of growth, mental retardation, and muscular hypotonia. A newly born child, who died at 2 days of age exhibited severe brain defects of holoprosencephalic series. The clinical and cytogenetic findings are compared with the reviewed data of the 18 p deletion. The hypothesis of "gene-dosis compensation" is discussed in order to explain the variable phenotypical expression of 18 p-syndrome as there is obviously to correlation between the extent of the deficiency and the expression of malformations.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Plasma endothelin levels and outcome in patients undergoing repair of ruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the most potent known vasoconstrictor. Elevated plasma levels have been demonstrated in patients with myocardial infarction, cardiogenic and septic shock, and respiratory, heart, and kidney failure, as well as in those undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. However, endothelin levels have not previously been examined in patients undergoing repair of ruptured AAA. We hypothesized that hemorrhagic shock, lower torso ischemia, and reperfusion associated with ruptured AAA repair lead to increased synthesis and secretion of ET-1, which, in turn, predispose to organ failure, one of the principal causes of death in this condition. METHODS: Fourteen patients were studied. Plasma levels of big ET-1 and ET-1 were measured immediately before operation and immediately before, 5 minutes, and 6 hours after aortic clamp release. RESULTS: All patients survived for at least 24 hours after operation. Big ET-1 levels were above the normal range at one or more sample points in all patients, and the ET-1 levels were above the normal range in all survivors and four of five nonsurvivors. Five patients who died of organ failure had significantly lower big ET-1 levels at all sample points and significantly lower ET-1 levels after 5 minutes of reperfusion when compared with survivors. Preoperative ET-1 levels were significantly lower in eight patients who subsequently developed kidney failure than in six patients who did not. CONCLUSION: Contrary to our original hypothesis, these novel data demonstrate that patients with ruptured AAA in whom fatal postoperative organ failure develops have significantly lower perioperative endothelin levels than survivors.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Role of extracellular signal regulated kinase 5 in neuronal survival.

The newest member of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family of proteins, extracellular signal regulated kinase 5 (ERK5; also known as big-mitogen activated kinase 1 or BMK1) is widely expressed in many tissues including the brain. Although growth factor activation of ERK5 in non-neuronal cells has been shown to contribute to cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation, until recently no information was available on the role of ERK5 in neuronal survival. Recent data suggests that ERK5 is activated by neurotrophic factors in primary neuronal cells and plays an important role in neurotrophin mediated neuronal survival. These data also suggest that the mechanism of ERK5-mediated survival involves transcriptional regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA).

INTRODUCTION: From 1996 through 2000, we collected data on 86 patients with similar symptoms following a tick bite. The inclusion criteria were: enlarged regional lymph nodes and/or vesicular-ulcerative local reaction at the site of the tick bite. METHODS: Epidemiological and clinical data on these 86 patients were statistically analysed. All patients were tested for borrelia and 73 cases for Rickettsia slovaca antibodies by immunoblot. Fine-needle lymph node and/or skin biopsy was done in 13 patients. Gehomic PCR amplification was performed on these biopsy samples. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients described an "extremely big" tick, and/or recognised a Dermacentor spp. tick from a collection of several species indigenous to Hungary. The tick bite was usually (96%) located on the scalp region. The time from the recognition of the tick bite to the first symptom varied between 0 and 55 (mean nine) days. A characteristic local reaction (eschar) was seen in 70 (82%) patients. The eschar can be surrounded by a circular erythema (18 cases, 21%). The other main symptoms are the enlarged and sometimes painful lymph nodes in the region of the tick bite, characteristically in the occipital region and/or behind the sternocleidomastoideal muscle. The most frequent general symptoms were low-grade fever, fatigue, dizziness, headache, sweat, myalgia, arthralgia, and loss of appetite. Without treatment, the symptoms were seen to persist for as long as 18 months. One of the patients reported symptoms suggestive of encephalitis. The infection occurs most commonly in young children (age range: 2-57 years, mean: 12.6 years, 63% less than 10 years of age). A female predominance was registered (50/36). Doxycycline treatment can shorten the usually benign illness. R. slovaca PCR gave positive results from skin or lymph node biopsy samples in 10/13 (77%) patients. CONCLUSION: We have described a new and frequent tick-borne infection, most probably caused by R. slovaca.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Abdominal pain in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen-- common imitators of acute abdomen].

The authors analysed abdominal pains in diagnosis of acute abdomen, and the importance of that problem for the beginning of therapy in time. Here were elaborated the anamnestic, symptomatologic, diagnostic and differential diagnostic details, which make sure the recognition of acute abdomen and an early diagnosis of this state. The numerous data, rightly interpreted, enable an early diagnosis of acute abdomen, also by the general practitioner who is the first to meet those patients. We reported especially cases who imitate acute abdomen. These diseases are very important in differential diagnosis of acute abdomen. Both doctors, the general practitioner and the clinical one, have a big responsibility for an early recognition of the disease, in order to be able to do the in time and prognostically good surgical therapy.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1993

[Epidemiology of winter sport injuries].

The region Davos/Klosters is a big wintersport area in Switzerland, where more than 5 million kilometers of vertical drop are skied per year. Over the last 20 years 28,777 patients with wintersport accidents have been treated in the 100-bed hospital of Davos, 85% of these patients have sustained their accident while skiing. An analysis of these datas show an increase of ski accidents as well as an increase of the distance skied. Especially an increase in snowboard accidents is noted over the last few years with a preponderance of lesions of the upper extremity. Injuries of the head, the trunk and simple skin lacerations remain stable over that period. Injuries of the upper extremity are increasing, whereas lower extremity lesions are slightly decreasing. There is a significant decrease of fractures of the leg, while at the same time an important increase of knee injuries is noted. Young patients below 20 years and those between 31 and 40 years of age sustained less accidents over the last 20 years, while the rest of the alpine skiers remain more or less stable in their accident incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of maximal possible potential selection in the world population. New data on selection structure in the CIS nations].

New information on maximal possible potential selection and its component values in some ethno-territorial groups in CIS was presented. The heterogeneity observed in the Crow's index and its components can be explained as a result of the differences in the social economic status of the groups studied and the influence of climate geographical factors. The data gathered during the biodemographical study of 67 populations allowed to detect regularities of the effects of selective factors in world population: non-random and discrete nature of considered populations distribution in the coordinate space of selection components associated with differential mortality (I) and differential fertility (I) was shown. Differentiation of three big aggregations of populations was shown: urbanized contemporary communities with low I values; small endogamous populations, mostly of hunters and gatherers; small towns' populations and rural populations with balanced reproductive indices. Microevolutionary changes take place in the latter conglomerate even now, statistically subdividing it into two clusters. A proposition was made about the existence of "ecological optimum" for populations intermediate between advanced industrial communities and communities of hunters and gatherers, corresponding to the population size and the nature and rate of population reproduction.

Commonwealth of Independent States↗
PubMed1990

Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) "little" and "big" gastrins.

1. "Little" gastrins from most mammalian species are 17 amino acid peptides and the precursor "big" gastrins are 34 amino acid peptides. 2. "Little" gastrins of the New World hystricomorphs, guinea-pig and chinchilla, are 16 amino acid peptides due to deletion of a glutamic acid in the region 6-9 from their NH2-terminus and the corresponding "big" gastrins are 33 amino acid peptides. 3. Antral gastrins from the opossum, a New World marsupial, have a glutamic acid deletion in the same region as the hystricomorph gastrins. 4. Opossum "big" gastrin is a 33 amino acid peptide with the following sequence: less than ELGPQDLPYLTADLSKKQGPWLEEEEAYGWMDF#.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Corticofugal inhibition compresses all types of rate-intensity functions of inferior collicular neurons in the big brown bat.

Recent studies have shown that the auditory corticofugal system modulates and improves signal processing in the frequency, time and spatial domains. In this study, we examine corticofugal modulation of rate-intensity functions of inferior collicular (IC) neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, by electrical stimulation in the primary auditory cortex (AC). Cortical electrical stimulation compressed all types of rate-intensity functions so as to increase the slope but decrease the dynamic range of IC neurons. Cortical electrical stimulation also shifts the responsive intensity of IC neurons to higher levels. These data indicate that corticofugal modulation also improves subcortical signal processing in intensity domain. The implication of these findings to bat echolocation is discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗