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PubMed1998

Divalproex sodium for impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Divalproex sodium, an anticonvulsant and antimanic agent, has recently been studied for its antiaggressive effects in patients with brain injuries, dementia, and borderline personality disorder. Since patients with other personality disorders also exhibit impulsive aggressive behavior, we conducted a preliminary open-label trial of divalproex sodium as a treatment for irritability and aggression in patients with a variety of personality disorders. METHOD: Ten patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for at least one personality disorder were treated with divalproex sodium in an 8-week open clinical trial. All patients had failed a trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Divalproex sodium was increased as tolerated using a flexible dosing schedule. Clinician ratings for impulsive aggressive behavior and irritability were made every 2 weeks using the modified Overt Aggression Scale (OAS-M). RESULTS: Six of 8 completers reported significant decreases in irritability (p = .003) and impulsive aggressive behavior (p = .019). For the entire sample, improvement on OAS-M irritability and overt aggression scores was noted by the end of 4 weeks and continued to occur through week 8. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that divalproex sodium is an effective treatment for impulsive aggressive behavior in some patients with personality disorder who fail to respond to other antiaggressive agents (i.e., SSRIs). Controlled studies are needed to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from divalproex sodium and to evaluate the differential effectiveness of various agents in reducing impulsive aggressive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of novel stimuli as indicators of aggressive behavior in dogs.

To test the predictive value of a doll and an artificial hand, reactions of dogs (n=100) were compared to histories of behavior toward children. Each dog's reaction to the doll and the hand was categorized as normal, fearful, fearfully aggressive, or offensively aggressive. Sixty-five percent (n=37) of the dogs that had a normal or no reaction to the stimuli had a history of being good with children. Eighty-eight percent (n=34) of the dogs that had an aggressive reaction to the doll had a history of aggressive behavior toward a child. Dogs that were fearfully aggressive were significantly more likely to show fearful responses to the doll, and dogs that were either dominant or fearfully aggressive were more likely to exhibit aggression of the same type to the hand. The results of this study indicate that the doll and, to a lesser extent, the hand may be useful components in determining the aggressive tendencies of dogs. The results also point out the major limitations, because the false positives and false negatives are too frequent.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Effects of clomipramine hydrochloride on dominance-related aggression in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare effects of the serotonergic drug clomipramine hydrochloride with those of placebo for treatment of dominance-related aggression in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. ANIMALS: 28 neutered dogs > 1 year old with dominance-related aggression. PROCEDURE: Dogs displaying > or = 3 aggressive episodes/wk toward > or = 1 human family member in response to identifiable behavioral triggers were included in the study. Owners were instructed not to change patterns of interaction with their dogs during the study. After 2 weeks of baseline observations, dogs were treated for 6 weeks with clomipramine (1.5 mg/kg [0.7 mg/lb] of body weight, q 12 h; n = 15) or placebo (13). Responses to triggers were assigned the following aggression scores: no response, 0; growl or lip curl, 1; snap or bite, 2. Mean scores for responses to triggers were obtained during the 2-week pretreatment period (baseline) and during the first and second weeks, third and fourth weeks, and fifth and sixth weeks of treatment. At the end of the study, owners assigned a score designed to evaluate their overall perceived change in aggressiveness; this was referred to as the global score. RESULTS: Mean aggression scores decreased at the fifth and sixth week of treatment in both groups, compared with baseline scores. However, mean scores between groups were not different. Global scores, assigned by the owner, generally reflected changes in mean aggression scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with placebo, clomipramine administered to dogs at the dosage recommended for treatment of separation anxiety did not reduce aggressiveness toward human family members.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Executive functions and physical aggression after controlling for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, general memory, and IQ.

This study examined the role of ADHD in the association between physical aggression and two types of executive functions. Boys received a cognitive-neuropsychological test battery over the ages of 13, 14, and 15 years. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC 2.25) data were collected from the boys and one parent between ages 14 and 16, and an IQ estimate was obtained at age 15. Three groups, differing in stability and level of physical aggression since kindergarten, were formed: Stable Aggressive, Unstable Aggressive, and Non-aggressive. Composite scores of validated executive function tests of working memory representing subjective ordering and conditional association learning were formed. A MANCOVA (N = 149) using ADHD status, teacher-rated negative emotionality, general memory abilities, and IQ as covariates was performed on the two composite scores. ADHD and teacher-rated emotionality did not provide significant adjustment to the dependent variables. Number of ADHD symptoms was negatively associated only with general memory and IQ. General memory contributed significantly to adjusting for conditional association test scores. Group differences indicated lower conditional association scores for Unstable Aggressive boys relative to the other groups. Both IQ and general memory abilities interacted with subjective ordering within the groups. Specifically, Stable Aggressive boys performed poorly on this measure and did not benefit from increases in IQ whereas Nonaggressive boys performed best and were not disadvantaged by lower general memory abilities. This suggests a relationship exists between aspects of working memory and a history of physical aggression regardless of ADHD and IQ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The sex-->aggression link: a perception-behavior dissociation.

Four studies suggest that priming may yield directionally different effects on social perception and behavior if perceptual and behavioral experiences with the stimulus diverge. This seems true for sex and aggression: Men are more likely to behave aggressively than women, whereas women are more likely to perceive aggressive behavior than men. Using a sequential priming paradigm, Study 1 demonstrates that a basic semantic link between sex and aggression exists for both genders. This link, however, has opposing behavioral and perceptual consequences for men and women. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate that sex priming facilitates aggressive behavior only for men. Study 4 shows that only women perceive the ambiguously aggressive behavior of a male target person as more aggressive after sex priming. Thus, the perceptual and behavioral responses to sex priming are consistent with the experiences men and women typically have with sex and aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Identification of quantitative trait Loci that affect aggressive behavior in mice.

Despite the previous development of single-gene knock-out mice that exhibit alterations in aggressive behavior, very little progress has been made toward identifying the natural gene variants (alleles) that contribute to individual or strain differences in aggression. Whereas most inbred mouse strains show an intermediate level of inter-male aggression in the resident-intruder or dangler behavioral tests, NZB/B1NJ mice are extremely aggressive and A/J mice are extremely unaggressive. We took advantage of the large phenotypic difference between these strains and used an outcross-backcross breeding protocol and a genome-wide scan to identify aggression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on distal chromosome 10 (Aggr1; p = 6 x 10(-7)) and proximal chromosome X (Aggr2; p = 2.14 x 10(-5)). Candidate genes for Aggr1 and Aggr2, respectively, include the diacylglycerol kinase alpha subunit gene (Dagk1) and the glutamate receptor subunit AMPA3 gene (Gria3). This is the first report of significant aggression QTLs established through a genome-wide scan in any mammal. The mapping of these QTLs is a step toward the definitive identification of mouse alleles that affect aggression and may lead, ultimately, to the discovery of homologous alleles that affect individual differences in aggression within other mammalian species.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Nadolol to treat aggression and psychiatric symptomatology in chronic psychiatric inpatients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Considerable evidence indicates that the lipophilic beta-blocker propranolol is useful in treating organically based aggression. This study looked at the efficacy of a more hydrophilic beta-blocker, nadolol, to treat aggression in chronic psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: Forty-one chronic psychiatric inpatients with an average of one aggressive outburst per week (defined by the Overt Aggression Scale [OAS]) were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled study lasting 17 weeks. The OAS was used to track aggression on a per-incident basis, while the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI) were used to track clinical status. RESULTS: Nadolol subjects showed a significant decline in frequency of aggression compared with controls (p = .026) and a significant decline in the BPRS total score (p = .007) and in the subfactors "hostility and suspicion," "negative symptoms," and "signs of hyperarousal/tension." There was no significant change in CGI "severity of illness" ratings between groups, although the nadolol group was significantly improved from baseline at every subsequent time period while the placebo group was unchanged throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Nadolol is of significant benefit in the treatment of aggression in chronic psychiatric inpatients. This drug does penetrate the brain over time, but the success of a drug whose primary locus of action is peripheral may implicate a bimodal mechanism of action, i.e., a role for the CNS and the soma in the maintenance of aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Self-directed and other-directed aggressive behavior in a forensic sample.

Fifty habitually aggressive men were assessed for self-directed aggressive behavior (SDAB) and other-directed aggressive behavior (QDAB). Subjects displaying SDAB were compared with subjects exhibiting exclusively ODAB. The former were found to engage in more frequent acts of verbal aggression, physical aggression against objects, and physical aggression against others, as well as in more severe acts of verbal aggression and physical aggression against others. They were also more likely to receive diagnoses of mental retardation, organic personality disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or autism. Findings are consistent with the presence of a neurologically based behavioral dyscontrol in the SDAB subjects.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Witnessing violence--aggression and anxiety in young children.

OBJECTIVES: This article provides estimates of the percentage of children aged 4 to 7 who witnessed violence at home. Concurrent, short-term (2 years later) and longer-term (4 years later) associations between witnessing violence and overt aggression, indirect aggression, and anxiety are examined. DATA SOURCE: The data are from the cross-sectional and longitudinal components of the first three cycles of Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: The proportion of children who witnessed violence at home was estimated using weighted cross-sectional data from 1998/99. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine concurrent, short-term and longer-term associations between witnessing violence and overt aggression, indirect aggression, and anxiety. MAIN RESULTS: In 1998/99, an estimated 8% of children aged 4 to 7 were reported to have seen violent behaviour at home. Witnessing violence was concurrently associated with overt aggression for both sexes, indirect aggression among boys, and anxiety among girls. Witnessing violence was predictive of overt aggression two and four years later for both sexes. Girls also had high odds of exhibiting indirect aggression in 1996/97 and anxiety in 1998/99; for boys, elevated anxiety was observed in 1996/97.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

[Association between the functional monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism and aggressively driving behavior].

OBJECTIVE: This study is purposed to explore the relationship between aggressively driving behavior and functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA) gene. METHODS: A total of 348 automobile drivers were investigated with Deffenbacher's driver anger scale, driving vengeance questionnaire (DVQ) and driver aggression behavior questionnaire. Eighty-eight drivers were selected as more, medium and less aggressive group, each. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 2.5% agarose gel electrophoresisi were adopted to detect the polymorphism of functional 30 bp-uVNTR in the promoter region of the X-chromosomal MAOA gene and their frequencies of varied genotypes were estimated. RESULTS: Two alleles with 3 and 4 repeats of 30 bp-uVNTR were detected in the drivers. Among the more aggressive group, number of the allele with 3 repeats of 30 bp-uVNTR (63/88) was significantly more than that with 4 repeats (25/88) (chi(2) = 10.21, P < 0.01), and number of the allele with 4 repeats of 30 bp-uVNTR was more in the less aggressive group, indicating that persons with allele of 3 repeats of 30 bp VNTR were more aggressive in their driving than those with 4 repeats. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressively driving behavior in drivers possibly related to their functional MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism. Effect of the gene on aggressively driving behavior should be further studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anger and aggression among Filipino students.

This paper describes the extent of anger and aggression in a sample of secondary school students in the southern Philippines. A total of 650 students in both public and private schools completed a self-report survey of levels of anger and aggression, and homeroom teachers rated them on aggression. Results indicated that their overall levels of aggression and anger were average. Students in private schools had higher overall aggression and anger compared to students in public schools. Teachers rated males as having a higher level of aggression compared to females. Self-reported anger and aggression were significantly higher among older students, but teachers rated them as being less aggressive. The implications of these findings for intervention and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impaired social recognition in male mice with repeated experience of aggression].

Social recognition is crucial for many aspects of animal behavior in stabilized population. Preliminary data proposed impairment of social recognition in male mice with long experience of aggression. To check this hypothesis, experiments with male mice with different aggressive experience (during 2 and 20 days) were performed. Two types of losers were used as partners: losers with active defense reactions and losers displaying submissive postures. The enhanced aggressive motivation was found in both groups of aggressors. Mice with short aggressive experience demonstrated intensive attacks toward the active losers and decreased aggression directed to submissive losers. Mice with long aggressive experience did not change their behavior depending on a type of the partner and displayed a high level of aggression as a result of dominant aggressive motivation and impaired social recognition.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Sleep and aggression in substance-abusing adolescents: results from an integrative behavioral sleep-treatment pilot program.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine whether change in total sleep time during an integrative, behavioral sleep intervention is associated with aggression. Specifically, we tested whether adolescents who reported experiencing aggressive thoughts or actions after treatment had worse treatment trajectories (e.g., less total sleep time across treatment) than adolescents with no aggressive thoughts or actions after treatment. DESIGN: Nonpharmacologic open trial with 9 weeks of weekly assessment. SETTING: University of Arizona Sleep Research Laboratory PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three adolescents recently treated for substance abuse in outpatient community centers. INTERVENTIONS: Six-week integrative, behavioral sleep intervention. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Weekly sleep-summary indexes were calculated from daily sleep diaries and entered as dependent variables in a series of growth-curve analyses. Statistically significant Session x Post-treatment Aggressive Ideation interactions emerged when predicting changes in total sleep time, gamma13 = 9.76 (SE = 4.12), p < .05, and time spent in bed, gamma13 = 10.08, (SE = 4.33), p < .05, even after controlling for aggressive ideation and the frequency of substance use, as assessed at baseline. A similar pattern of results was seen for self-reported aggressive actions occurring during conflicts. CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that inadequate sleep in substance-abusing adolescents may contribute to the experiencing of aggressive thoughts and actions. Limitations include a small sample size and a restricted assessment of aggression. Nonetheless, these findings lend preliminary support to the breadth of therapeutic effectiveness of an integrative, behavioral sleep-therapy program for adolescents with a history of substance abuse and related behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Aggression in African-American boys: a discriminant analysis.

The main purposes of this study were to determine whether familial variables found to be related to the development of aggressive behavior in Caucasian boys may also be related to similar aggressive patterns in inner-city African-American boys and to assess the relative importance of these variables for classifying the subject population into aggressive and nonaggressive groups. Discriminant analyses were performed using 83 African-American boys, with a mean age of 13.9 years, who were classified as institutionalized aggressive, noninstitutionalized aggressive, and noninstitutionalized nonaggressive subjects. Although the same father and mother variables were used in the analyses, the father variables were not related to group membership. Furthermore, the results showed that both groups of aggressive boys reported more aggression within as well as outside their family home settings than their nonaggressive counterparts. Socioeconomic-related factors such as employment status of parent(s), size of family, and number of parents in the household were not useful predictors of aggressive and nonaggressive group membership.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Nicardipine protects against chronic ethanol- or haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to apomorphine-induced aggression.

Affective apomorphine-induced aggression was induced in originally nonaggressive rats after withdrawal from prolonged ethanol or haloperidol treatment. If the animals were co-administered Ca(2+)-channel blockers like diltiazem or verapamil the aggressive response to apomorphine was markedly decreased. Nicardipine (2 and 5 mg/kg b.i.d.) significantly attenuated the aggression-enhancing effect of chronic ethanol or haloperidol withdrawal in nonaggressive rats. Chronic nicardipine, alone, did not enhance aggressive behavior in the nonaggressive rats. Acutely, it suppressed apomorphine-induced aggression but did not alter open field activity when injected into aggressive rats. These results demonstrate that a Ca(2+)-channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type can prevent the development of an ethanol or haloperidol-withdrawal supersensitivity to apomorphine-induced aggression. It attenuates the aggression-inducing effect of apomorphine without impairing general activity.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Psychobiology of ictal aggression.

1. Aggression in animals has been classified into a number of stereotyped behavioral responses on the basis of the psychosocial environment in which it occurs. Many such responses can be either replicated or blocked by stimulation or ablation of selected sites in the brain, especially in the hypothalamus or amygdala. Stimulation of the amygdala or the hypothalamus in a limited number of humans has produced agitation, anger, or rage. Ablation of the amygdala has reduced aggression in violent patients. However, the ictal nature of episodic aggression in these patients has not been proven. 2. The diagnosis and classification of epileptic seizures is based on their characteristic clinical manifestations and electrical patterns. Independent objective markers of ictal events need to be identified. Epileptic seizures are characterized by stereotyped nondirected behavior, especially at onset. The more organized, directed, and modifiable by the environment the behavior is, the less likely it is epilepsy. 3. Ictal aggression can be classified into primary and secondary ictal aggression, resistive violence, and postictal psychosis. Few alleged cases of ictal violence or aggression fulfill criteria for ictal events; most which do are examples of resistive violence. 4. If animal models can be developed which exhibit spontaneous paroxysmal stereotypical aggression, they may be used to improve our understanding of the classification and pathophysiology of ictal aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

[Psychopathologic differentiation of aggressive criminals as an aid in expert assessment].

Psychiatric assessment and treatment of aggressive mentally ill offenders is one of the most difficult tasks in forensic psychiatry. Whereas psychiatric literature mostly refers to a uniform definition of aggression, different forms of aggression have been shown in animal experiments. In this study it was tested, whether a psychopathological differentiation of aggression was possible in men. In 124 individuals accused of homicide a preliminary dichotomic differentiation into undercontrolled and overcontrolled types of violent offenders (Megargee 1984) was examined. 60% of the population could be assigned to one of the two types. Undercontrolled individuals reacted violently when overburdened by situational conflicts. This form of aggression was called asthenic aggression. It was significantly more frequent in the mentally ill and led more often to the conclusion of diminished responsibility. In the undercontrolled offender aggression served mostly to achieve immediate goals. This form of violence was called sthenic aggression.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Intervention-oriented diagnosis of aggressiveness in children].

In the last eight years we adapted an especially new developed psychodiagnostic and training- and intervention-oriented approach for assessment of social aggressive behaviour of children in concrete situations by Petermann and Petermann (1980), directed to aggressive behaviour techniques of middle-age school-children. Our several theoretical, empirical (experimental) efforts we realized with reference to the following three aims: 1) Psychometrical and education-oriented judgment of relevant aspects of readiness of aggressive behaviour in different social situations and evaluation of aspects of necessity for training- and therapy-interventions (formation of competent social behaviour). 2) Psychometrical and intervention-related evaluation of different styles and types of aggressive social interactions (based on so called "Tyler-matrix") of the child in social situations and 3) Different education-related training-techniques aimed at the reduction of inadequate aggressive behaviour-strategies and the acquisition of competent social behaviour techniques and self-efficacy in the practice of interaction, related to the different styles and types of aggressive interaction of the child. In our assessment and research procedures we examined about 700 children (9-11 years aged) in relation to the different aspects of clinical practice (see the three main points of our aims). The new diagnostic and intervention-oriented approach in our GDR-adaptation and -standardization can be considered as suitable for the psychometric areas as well as for the several types and forms of training and/or psychotherapy for overcoming aggressive behaviour strategies in childhood. We could realize a very good differentiation between several Tyler-matrix-related types of aggressive social interaction pattern in relation to behaviour disturbed and normal pupils as well as for several results in training-related (therapy-orientated) procedures.

Aggression↗