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PubMed2004

Growth, nodulation and dry matter yield of blackgram cultivars under nickel stress.

Four cultivars of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) were grown in soil amended with nickel (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) and analysed on the 45th day. Nickel at all levels tested reduced the length of root and shoot, number of nodules, area of leaves and dry matter yield of root and shoot of blackgram cultivars. The reduction was lower in AB-1903 and ADT-3 than in ADT-4 and ADT-5. Cultivars AB-1903 and ADT-3 were less sensitive than ADT-4 and ADT-5. The accumulation of nickel was higher in roots than in shoots. The increase of nickel content in roots of blackgram did not differ with cultivars. However, the accumulation of nickel in shoots of blackgram differed with cultivars. The sensitive cultivar ADT-4 and ADT-5 accumulate more nickel in their shoots than the other cultivars, AB- 1903 and ADT-3.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2006

Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 in relation to Rubisco gene expression in three C3 species.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. DL 1266-5), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. var. MSFH 17) and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. P 9072] were grown in field under atmospheric (360 +/- 10 cm3 m(-3), AC) and elevated (650 +/- 50 cm3 m(-3), EC) CO2 concentrations in open top chambers for entire period of growth and development. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 was examined by comparing photosynthesis rate (Pn), Pn/Ci curves, leaf contents of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), change in the transcripts of Rubisco small subunit (SSU) gene and leaf carbohydrate constituents in AC and EC grown plants. The study indicated that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 concentration in wheat occurred because of down regulation of Rubisco, through limitation imposed on Rubisco SSU gene expression, as a consequence of sugar accumulation in the leaves. Leaf starch accumulators, sunflower and mungbean, showed no down regulation of Pn under EC. The Rubisco contents (%) in leaf soluble protein and rbcS transcript levels were not significantly affected in EC plants compared to AC plants of sunflower and mungbean. The study indicated that accumulation of excess assimilates in the leaves as starch was less inhibitory to Pn and would, therefore, be an important trait for sustenance of Pn not only under EC, but also under AC, where Pn inhibited by end products.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1991

Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in food and feed in Senegal.

A retrospective study covering 1984-88 showed that urogenital diseases were the third most frequent cause of death in Senegal. The purpose of our study was to see whether ochratoxin A is involved in the etiology of these nephropathies. A total of 166 samples of eight principal types of food and feed consumed in this country were obtained randomly at markets in Dakar and Kaolack and analysed for ochratoxin A using the method of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Only cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), from a legume widely distributed in Senegal, was contaminated (16% of samples), at an average level of 34 micrograms/kg. All other samples were free of ochratoxin A, indicating that it is not directly correlated with the renal diseases observed. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in almost all of the samples, and a competition between moulds producing the two toxins is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

beta-Furfuryl-beta-glucoside. An endogenous activator of higher plant UDP-glucose: (1----3)-beta-glucan synthase.

We have recently established the existence of endogenous activators of higher plant UDP-glucose: (1----3)-beta-glucan synthase (Callaghan, T., Ross, P., Weinberger-Ohana, P., and Benziman, M. (1988) Plant Physiol. 86, 1099-1103). Here we report the purification and chemical analysis of the most abundant and specific compound, termed Activator I, isolated from Vigna radiata. This compound was extensively purified by a multistep procedure which yielded 0.1 mg of purified activator/g of fresh tissue. Enzyme digestion, neutral sugar analysis, GC/MS of permethylated derivatives, and NMR analysis of native Activator I indicated that the compound contains a single beta-linked glucosyl residue. High resolution FAB-MS indicated an elemental composition of C11H16O7 (Mr = 260), with a calculated Mr of 98 for the aglycone. 13C, DEPT, and COSY NMR spectra showed that the aglycone molecule is an oxygen heterocycle of 5 carbons, consistent with a structure of beta-furfuryl alcohol. Comparison of IR and GC/EI-MS spectra of authentic beta-furfuryl alcohol with native aglycone confirmed the conclusion that Activator I is beta-furfuryl-beta-glucoside. Chemically synthesized beta-furfuryl-beta-glucoside has identical chemical properties and biological activity when compared with the purified endogenous activator (Ka = 50 microM).

Enzyme Activation↗
PubMed1985

Alkaline cleavage of disulfide bonds in the black-eyed pea trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor.

The rate of production of thiol groups by alkaline cleavage of disulfide bonds in the black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata) trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (BTCI) was determined from thiol quantitation with 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and increase in absorption at 240 nm. Rate constants were estimated at pH's 12.8, 13.0, 13.5, and 25 degrees C. At pH 13.0, the second-order rate constant was obtained as a function of temperature. The energy of activation was Ea = 10.7 kcal/mole, while the change in activation free energy was delta G not equal to = 21.6 kcal/mole. The results obtained fit the hydrolysis mechanism, in which S-S split occurs through a nucleophilic attack of a hydroxide ion on the disulfide bond. Urea (8M), unexpectedly, showed an effect of attenuation on the hydrolysis rate of disulfide bonds in BTCI.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1979

[Bean and rice mixtures of high protein value (author's transl)].

The optimum content of different rice (Oryza sativa) and bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) combinations was studied in Albino rats. The mixture containing 3 g of rice proteins, corresponding to 41g of rice "in natura", and 7 g of bean protein, corresponding to 59 g of bean "in natura", presented the highest protein efficiency ratio and the feed efficiency ratio. Since the limiting amino acid of this mixture was methionine, new assays using varying levels of this amino acid as a supplement were carried out. The PER of normal rats as well as the "plateau" value of previously protein depleted rats were highest when 0.2% methionine was added to the mixture. The net protein utilization (NPU) confirmed these findings. The values attained after the addition of other amino acids were not higher than those attained by the mixture containing 7 g of bean protein and 3 g of rice protein supplemented with 0.2% methionine. The PER and the NPU values came close to those of milk.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1983

Proteinases involved in the degradation of trypsin inhibitor in germinating mung beans.

The mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) trypsin inhibitor (MBTI) is rapidly modified by limited proteolysis during the early stages of seedling growth. Using an electrophoretic assay that separates the unmodified inhibitor (MBTI-F) and the first two modified species (MBTI-E and -C), a pH optimum of approximately 4 was found for the modification reaction. The inhibitor modifying activity is initially low in ungerminated seeds, with the reaction F leads to E being the primary reaction catalyzed. Activity catalyzing the production of MBTI-C appears on the first day of germination. This activity (F leads to E leads to C) increases up to 6 days after inhibition, at which time the cotyledons begin to abscise. The activity converting MBTI-F and -E to MBTI-C was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (3.3 mM) but only weakly by iodoacetate (9 mM) and not at all by pepstatin A (9 microM), leupeptin (18 microM), or EDTA (5 mM). These results suggest the involvement of proteinases other than the major endopeptidase of the germinating seed, vicilin peptidohydrolase. This conclusion is further supported by gel filtration of the extracts of cotyledons on Sephacryl S-200. At least three proteinases are present in germinated cotyledons capable of modifying MBTI-F to MBTI-C and/or -E. All are distinguishable from vicilin peptidohydrolase on the basis of their molecular weight and inhibition by low molecular weight organic reagents.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition of lignin formation by L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid, an inhibitor of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings grown for 9 days on filter paper soaked with 0.3 to 1 mM L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP), a potent inhibitor of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, had a greatly reduced anthocyanin content, and the cell walls of the xylem vessels did not stain with the phloroglucinol/HCl or safranine/astrablue reagents indicating the absence of lignin-like material. Furthermore, vanillin was detectable in nitro-benzene-oxidized lignin preparations only from control seedlings, but not from AOPP-treated seedlings. Scanning electron microscopy of hypocotyl cross sections revealed collapsed xylem vessels in seedlings grown in the presence of AOPP indicating that lignin is required for resistance against the tensile forces in the conducting cells of the xylem. AOPP enhanced the growth of cultured cells of Lonicera prolifera Rehd. while it inhibited the production of extracellular material that gave a positive reaction with phloroglucinol/HCl.

Ammonia-Lyases↗
PubMed1982

[Antibiotic resistance of nodular bacteria].

The effect of several antibiotics on 4 rapid-growing Rhizobia, i. e. R. phaseoli, R. leguminosarum, R. trifolii and R. meliloti and 3 slow growing Rhizobia, i. e. R. vigna, R. japonicum and R. lupini was studied. It was shown that 4 of the species, i. e. R. meliloti, R. japonicum, R. vagna and R. lupini had multiple drug resistance. A tetracycline resistant mutant MC of R. japonicum was isolated.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Uptake and apparent digestion of cytoplasmic organelles by protein bodies (protein storage vacuoles) in mung bean cotyledons.

The large protein bodies of the storage parenchyma cells of mung bean (Vigna radiata) cotyledons contain vesicles measuring 0.2 to 2.0 mum in diameter. The vesicles contain ribosomes, ribosomes, membranous elements which may be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and occasionally Golgi bodies and mitochondria. The vesicles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy in thin sections of plastic embedded specimens and in replicas of freeze-fractured preparations. Serial sections show that the vesicles are completely separated from the protein body membrane and are not invaginations of that membrane. Vesicles with cytoplasmic structures are seen most frequently in 2 to 4 day old seedlings. The vesicles may be formed when undulations of the protein body membrane are so deep as to permit the pinching-off of a portion of the cytoplasm, resulting in its subsequent isolation from the cytoplasm within the protein body. The digestion of the storage protein in the protein body is accompanied by the disappearance of the ribosomes and the membranous elements in the vesicles. We interpret this disappearance of the cytoplasmic structures in the vesicles as being due to their digestion by the protein body hydrolases (ribonuclease, proteinase and lipolytic enzymes). The uptake of cytoplasmic structures by the protein bodies continues after the reverse proteins have been digested. Cytochemical staining shows that the protein bodies and especially the vesicles are rich in acid phosphatase, a known marker of lytic activity in cells. The evidence presented here indicates that the protein bodies are the intracellular sites at which the digestion of cytoplasmic structure occurs. Protein bodies should therefore be considered not only as compartments for the hydrolysis of the stored protein, but also as autophagic organelles involved in the degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules. The term protein bodies is well established, but the term protein storage vacuoles may describe these organelles more precisely.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1993

Cloning of a complementary DNA that encodes an acidic chitinase which is induced by ethylene and expression of the corresponding gene.

A complementary DNA encoding an ethylene-inducible acidic chitinase of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) was isolated, and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequence were very similar to those of an acidic chitinase from cucumber leaves that had been infected with tobacco necrosis virus. The mRNA for the acidic chitinase was not detected in leaves of azuki bean that had not been treated with ethylene, but it appeared 3 h after initiation of treatment with ethylene and its level gradually increased over a period of 19 h. The mRNA also accumulated in response to salicylate or wounding. The expression of the gene in response to wounding was suppressed by 2,5-norbornadiene, but that in response to salicylate was not affected by this inhibitor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Structural transformation and modulation of succinic dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria of germinating seeds.

Ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria in the cotyledons of dry and germinating seeds of Vigna sinensis from the 'orthodox' to 'condensed' forms is coupled with an increasing rise in the specific activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). Apparently, the transformation of mitochondria to the 'condensed' form associated with the utilization of substrate which is reflected in the rise in enzyme activity. During the process of germination, the mitochondria of the cotyledonary cells undergo three different phases namely, (1) activation phase, (2) preparatory phase, and (3) multiplication phase.

Mitochondria↗
PubMed1994

Structure and expression of cDNAs encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homologs isolated from excised mung bean hypocotyls.

By screening a mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) hypocotyl cDNA library using a combination of apple (pAE12) and tomato (pTOM13) 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC)-oxidase cDNAs as probes, putative ACC-oxidase clones were isolated. Based on restriction-enzyme map and DNA-sequencing analyses, they can be divided into two homology classes, represented by pVR-ACO1 and pVR-ACO2. While pVR-ACO1 and pVR-ACO2 exhibit close homology in their coding regions, their 3'-noncoding regions are divergent. pVR-ACO1 is a 1312-bp full-length clone and contains a single open reading frame encoding 317 amino acids (MW = 35.8 kDa), while pVR-ACO2 is 1172 bp long and is a partial cDNA clone encoding 308 amino acids. These two deduced amino-acid sequences share 83% identity, and display considerable sequence conservation (73-86%) to other ACC oxidases from various plant species. Northern blot analyses of RNAs isolated from hypocotyl, leaf, and stem tissues using gene-specific probes indicate that the pVR-ACO1 transcript is present in all parts of the seedling and that the expression in hypocotyls is further increased following excision. The maximum induction of ACC-oxidase transcripts occurred at about 6 h after excision, while the maximum enzyme activity was observed at 24 h. When excised hypocotyls were treated with ethylene a further enhanced level of transcripts was observed. Aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of ACC-synthase activity, and 2,5-norbornadiene, an inhibitor of ethylene action, suppressed the wound-induced accumulation of ACC-oxidase mRNA, while an addition of ethylene in these tissues restored the accumulation of ACC-oxidase mRNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1993

Insoluble dietary fiber of grain food legumes and protein digestibility.

The present work aimed to verify the digestibility of cooked whole food grain legumes. Samples of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna sinensis), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and lentils (Lens culinaris) were used in the experiment. The interrelationship between the insoluble dietary fiber presented in the food grain legumes and the low protein digestibility was studied. The insoluble dietary fiber and the proteic nitrogen presented in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined. "In vivo" digestibility was performed in rats fed with diets containing cooked grain legumes, casein and protein free diet. The experiments were performed on rats over a period of 21 days. High excretion of nitrogen was observed by rats fed with cooked food grain legumes compared to casein diet. "In vitro" digestibility was performed by enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin and trypsin. No significant differences was found between "in vivo" and "in vitro" digestibility. The heat treatment caused increased in the values of insoluble dietary fiber by the complexation of its components with protein and aminoacids. The results obtained showed the increased of the insoluble dietary fiber, in the cooked samples compared with raw samples. Significant values of protein nitrogen were found in the NDF, suggested that it was originated by complexation with proteins and aminoacids. This fact contributed to become proteic nitrogen nonavailability decreasing consequently the digestibility of the proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Localization of cytosolically oriented maleimide-reactive domain of vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase.

The vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) of plant cells is subject to substrate (Mg2PPi)-protectable, free PPi-potentiated irreversible inhibition by the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Inhibition by NEM approximates pseudo-first order kinetics and double-log plots of the first order rate constant for inactivation versus NEM concentration yield a straight line relationship with a slope of approximately unity. Since NEM and the membrane-impermeant cysteine reagent 3-(N-maleimidylpropionyl)biocytin (MPB) inhibit the V-PPase with similar kinetics and compete for a common binding site on the M(r) = 66,000 substrate-binding subunit, a single residue located in a cytosolically disposed extramembranous domain is inferred to undergo covalent modification in both cases. Selective labeling of the V-PPase of vacuolar membrane vesicles with [14C]NEM, purification of the M(r) = 66,000 subunit, and its digestion with V8 protease generates multiple peptide fragments. Of the bands identified after electrophoresis of the digests on Tris-Tricine gels, only one, migrating at M(r) = 14,000 (V814K), contains 14C label. Gas-phase sequence analysis of this band after electrotransfer to Immobilon PSQ yields two overlapping sequences (V814K2 and V814K2) which unambiguously align with the carboxyl-terminal segment of the M(r) = 66,000 subunit. Both V814K1 and V814K2 encompass only 1 cysteine residue at position 634 which is conserved between the V-PPases from Arabidopsis thaliana, Beta vulgaris (isoforms 1 and 2), and Hordeum vulgare. On the basis of these findings, the strict conservation of the sequence of the V-PPase from multiple plant sources, and the identical kinetics of interaction of the enzymes from Vigna and Beta with NEM and MPB, Cys634 of putative hydrophilic loop X is concluded to be the cytosolically oriented residue whose alkylation by maleimides is responsible for inactivation of the V-PPase. The significance of these results with respect to earlier speculations concerning the identity of the catalytic site and topology of the V-PPase is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Molecular cloning and cDNA sequencing of endoxyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that mediates molecular grafting between matrix polysaccharides in plant cell walls.

Endoxyloglucan transferase is a novel class of glycosyltransferase recently purified from Vigna angularis (Nishitani, K,, and Tominaga, R. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 21058-21064). This enzyme is the first transferase identified that catalyzes molecular grafting between polysaccharide cross-links in the cell wall matrix and participates in reconstruction of the network structure in the cell wall. Based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence information of the purified transferase, we have here cloned and sequenced cDNAs derived from five different plant species, V. angularis, Triticum aestivum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Glycine max. In the five plant species, the amino acid sequence of the mature proteins is conserved in the range of 71-90% throughout their length. The consensus sequence for N-linked glycosylation, and four cysteine residues are all conserved in the five species. Thus, the endoxyloglucan transferase protein is ubiquitous among higher plants. The highly conserved DNA sequence will serve as a promising tool for exploring the molecular process by which cell wall construction, and hence cell growth, is regulated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Antifertility effects of cowpeas on male rats.

Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) were fed to rats from weaning to 250 days. At the end of feeding trial and mating trials, histological studies were done on testicular and epididymal tissues. Out of the 10 rats from the cowpea fed group, only six had fertile matings. The average litter size for control rats was 13.7 +/- 1.0, while for the cowpea fed group it was 8.2 +/- 7.0. Histological studies showed severe degenerative changes in the testis and the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in the epididymis of the cowpea fed group, that did not have fertile matings. It is proposed that cowpeas may contain some factors that could have antifertility effects, although the nature of such factors was not the object of this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular cloning and analysis of the cDNA for an auxin-regulated calmodulin gene.

An auxin-regulated calmodulin cDNA (arCaM) were isolated by differential screening from a mung bean (Vigna radiata) cDNA library. The expression of the arCaM transcript in the etiolated mung bean hypocotyl was examined by RNA gel blot analysis. The arCaM transcript was induced depending on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations. An increase in level of the arCaM transcript upon treatment of hypocotyl segments with 10 microM IAA was detected after 1 h and a maximum level was detected at 2 h. Induction of the arCaM transcript occurred upon treatment with 10 microM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) as well as with IAA, while treatment with 10 microM p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) as an anti-auxin, prevented the induction. Ethylene did not have any effect. Other stress conditions, such as exposure to salt stress, heavy metal ions and heat shock, also had no effect on the induction. The levels of the arCaM transcript in leaves of light-grown mung bean plants treated with IAA showed steady but small increases with time.

Amino Acid Sequence↗