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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Learning words and rules: abstract knowledge of word order in early sentence comprehension.

Children quickly acquire basic grammatical facts about their native language. Does this early syntactic knowledge involve knowledge of words or rules? According to lexical accounts of acquisition, abstract syntactic and semantic categories are not primitive to the language-acquisition system; thus, early language comprehension and production are based on verb-specific knowledge. The present experiments challenge this account: We probed the abstractness of young children's knowledge of syntax by testing whether 25- and 21-month-olds extend their knowledge of English word order to new verbs. In four experiments, children used word order appropriately to interpret transitive sentences containing novel verbs. These findings demonstrate that although toddlers have much to learn about their native languages, they represent language experience in terms of an abstract mental vocabulary. These abstract representations allow children to rapidly detect general patterns in their native language, and thus to learn rules as well as words from the start.

Child Language↗
PubMed1993

A longitudinal study of neural maturation and early mother-infant interaction: a research note.

The development of postural control of the head and of looking towards and looking away from the mother is described; the age relationship between attainment of postural head control and looking towards the mother is investigated and the relation between smiling and "pleasure" vocalizations to looking towards and away is examined. Twelve normal, full-term mother-infant pairs participated in this home-based study. En face interaction was video-taped for maximally 15 min at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 (or 21) weeks. We conclude that postural head control constitutes an important prerequisite for the emergence of socially directed behaviours during en face interaction.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

Inner speech impairments in autism.

BACKGROUND: Three experiments investigated the role of inner speech deficit in cognitive performances of children with autism. METHODS: Experiment 1 compared children with autism with ability-matched controls on a verbal recall task presenting pictures and words. Experiment 2 used pictures for which the typical names were either single syllable or multisyllable. Two encoding conditions manipulated the use of verbal encoding. Experiment 3 employed a task-switching paradigm for which performance has been shown to be contingent upon inner speech. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, children with autism demonstrated a lower picture-superiority effect compared to controls. In Experiment 2, the children with autism showed a lower word-length effect when pictures were presented alone, but a more substantial word-length effect in a condition requiring overt labelling. In Experiment 3, articulatory suppression affected the task-switching performance of the control participants only. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with autism have limitations in their use of inner speech.

Attention↗
PubMed1977

Mothers' speech to young children: variation in context.

Recent research has demonstrated the importance of particular features of mothers' speech in influencing the rate of language acquisition in very young children. In the present study of 22 mother-child pairs, the occurrence of these features was examined in samples of mothers' speech to children (aged 18 to 29 months), obtained in unstructured observations in the homes. The features facilitating language acquisition were found to be more frequent in the context of joint attention to pictures or books; speech in other contexts showed social-class differences, with a higher frequency of 'facilitating' features in the speech of middle-class mothers. There was also a tendency for the relative frequency of these features to be positively associated with the children's linguistic ability.

Attention↗
PubMed1979

The connection between different verbal difficulties in a backward reader.

The case is reported of a body of normal intelligence who is backward in reading and had associated difficulties in verbal expression, auditory sequential memory and visual association. The major problem seemed to be an inability to recall appropriate words. To aid efficient retrieval, words of personal interest were used, which were made tangible by means of plastic script letters. Progress had been made with these methods and it is suggested that remediation may be misdirected if the primary language retrieval problem is overlooked in such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Race and patient refusal of invasive cardiac procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients' decisions are an important determinant of nonuse of invasive cardiac procedures and whether decisions vary by race. DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N= 681) enrolled at the exercise treadmill or the cardiac catheterization laboratories at a large Veterans Affairs hospital. MEASURES: Doctors' recommendations and patients' decisions were determined by both direct observation of doctor and patient verbal behavior and by review of medical charts. Performance of coronary angiography, angioplasty, and bypass surgery were determined by chart review for a minimum of 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Coronary angiography was recommended after treadmill testing for 83 of 375 patients and 72 patients underwent angiography. Among 306 patients undergoing angiography, recommendations for coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery were given to 113 and 45 patients and were completed for 98 and 33 patients, respectively. Recommendations were not significantly different by race. However, 4 of 83 (4.8%) patients declined or did not return for recommended angiograms and this was somewhat more likely among black and Hispanic patients, compared with white patients (13% and 33% vs 2%; P =.05). No patients declined angioplasty and 2 of 45 (4.4%) patients declined or did not return for recommended bypass surgery. Other recommended procedures were not completed after further medical evaluation (n = 32). There was no difference (P >.05) by race/ethnicity in doctor-level reasons for nonreceipt of recommended invasive cardiac procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Patient decisions to decline recommended invasive cardiac procedures were infrequent and may explain only a small fraction of racial disparities in the use of invasive cardiac procedures.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Gangliosides in the treatment of mental deterioration. A double-blind comparison with placebo.

Thirty patients showing signs of mental deterioration were submitted to a neuropsychological battery before and after treatment with gangliosides. Their performances were compared, in a double-blind study, with those obtained on the same tests by 30 patients affected by similar degrees of dementia and treated with placebo. The improvement shown on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and on Immediate Visual Memory by the active group was significantly higher than that shown by the placebo group. Furthermore, an evaluation of the overall effect of gangliosides therapy showed a highly significant difference between the active and placebo group, still in favour of the subjects treated with gangliosides. It is concluded that gangliosides may exert a positive effect in the treatment of demential syndromes.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1988

An ethological analysis of depression: comparison between ethological recording and Hamilton rating of five endogenously depressed patients.

Five patients who had all been diagnosed as endogenously depressed at admission were rated twice a week and observed ethologically for 4 h/week during the entire hospitalization (4-11 weeks). Observations were carried out in the actual social environment of the ward. Data were analysed based on the parameters of behaviour diversity, behaviour activity, and marker elements. Depression was scored as low values of diversity and activity; improvement corresponded to higher values of these parameters. As possible markers of improvement, 8 behavioural elements have been singled out. One patient constituted a special case: at discharge she was rated as completely recovered; however, the ethological data indicated a serious aggravation. The day after discharge the patient attempted to commit suicide. It is concluded that ethological psychiatric research may be able to supplement traditional psychiatry with decisive information in the areas of diagnosis and treatment assessment.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

The value of integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.

A conceptual and empirical framework is suggested to promote the development of handicapped preschool children through involvement with nonhandicapped peers. The need for systematically designed interaction is stressed, and related to research on peers as agents of change. Two studies are offered as examples of the effectiveness of nonhandicapped children as educational and therapeutic resources. A framework for future research is discussed, and relevant variables are identified.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

Maternal sensitivity to children in problem situations.

Sixty mothers and their preschool children were placed in interactions structured to involve a problem situation for the child, the mother, or both. Maternal sensitivity and insensitivity were measured to test a number of parent effectiveness constructs. Results indicate that mothers were more insensitive than sensitive to their children, and that some major assumptions of the parent effectiveness model lack sufficient support to justify its training procedures.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1985

Children and affect: strategies for self-regulation and sex differences in sadness.

Thirty-two children, aged 6 to 11, were interviewed concerning their responses to distressing situations. Results indicate that the children possessed expectancies for coping with both sadness and anger. Coping strategies were predominantly behavioral, verbalized, and self-oriented; the most common was to engage in a distracting activity. Strategies employed with parents differed from those used with peers, and girls reported higher proportions of sadness-inducing events than did boys.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Visual interaction and speech patterning in remitted and acute schizophrenic patients.

Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients sometimes show abnormal patterns of visual interaction and speech. Several important questions remain, however, and the present study was designed for two purposes; to examine the behaviour of remitted patients; and to follow up a suggestion that acute patients show abnormalities only in personal encounters. Three groups of subjects, remitted schizophrenic patients, acute schizophrenic patients and a control group of psychiatrically normal chest patients, took part, and each subject held two conversations with a nurse, one about a 'personal' topic and one about a 'neutral' topic. Unexpectedly, the remitted and acute groups were both found to behave normally, in both conversations. Taken together with previous evidence, the findings thus confirmed that acute schizophrenic patients respond situation-specifically and sometimes behave normally, but no further interpretation of the data was possible since the manipulation of topic did not have the expected effects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Visual interaction in schizophrenic patients: the timing of looks.

Previous research has suggested that schizophrenic patients engage in very little Looking and eye-contact, at least in "personal" conversations. As yet, however, we know nothing about the precise timing of their Looks, even though this has important clinical implications. Data from three studies are presented and no evidence of abnormality is found. It is concluded that, taken together, findings from visual interaction suggest not that schizophrenic patients behave in a socially unskilled way as has sometimes been argued, but simply that they are embarassed by "personal" conversations and, like perfectly healthy people who are embarrassed, respond by averting the gaze.

Affect↗