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PubMed1989

Effect of lasalocid sodium and molasses on performance of fattening lambs and on rumen liquor and blood parameters.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sugar beet molasses (0, 8 and 16%) with or without lasalocid sodium (33 ppm) on rumen liquor and blood parameters of sheep, and on fattening reared Karagouniko breed lambs. In Expt. 1 six adult Karagouniko fistulated wethers were fed six different pelleted diets. The results showed that lasalocid decreased (P less than 0.01) total VFAs concentration in the rumen (7.1%) by reducing (P less than 0.001) acetic, n-butyric and iso-valeric acids while increased (P less than 0.001) propionic acid concentrations. The same trends were observed in molar proportions of the individual VFAs. The total VFAs production was also depressed by 13.75% when molasses were used at the level of 16%. No interaction among the main treatments was observed with the exception of L X M with 16% molasses where the propionic acid concentration decreased, and those of butyric and iso-valeric acids increased. Lasalocid did not alter the mean values of rumen liquor pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration while molasses increased the later parameter. No significant differences on dietary protein degradability were observed among treatments. Lasalocid reduced the beta-HBA concentration by 13% in the blood while molasses increased it (P less than 0.001). Free fatty acids' concentration was decreased by the molasses inclusion to the diets, while lasalocid didn't alter blood glucose concentration. Finally, the number of protozoa in the rumen liquor was reduced by 49 and 70% at 0 and 5 hours post feeding respectively with the addition of lasalocid to the diets, regardless of the use of molasses. In Expt. 2 utilized 86 weaned male Karagouniko fattening lambs, with initial mean LW 13 kg, for 60 days. They were assigned to six groups and fed ad libitum with diets of the same composition as in Exp 1. Lasalocid increased the growth rate by 8.6%, reduced feed consumption by 4.8% (P less than 0.005) and improved feed conversion by 11.8%. Molasses also improved growth rate by 16-34% and increased feed consumption by 15-22%. The interaction of L X M to feed consumption was significant (P less than 0.001). None of the treatments had an effect on carcass characteristics. Finally lasalocid showed its positive action when it was used in combination with molasses in ruminants' diets.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1995

Electrocortical and autonomic alteration by administration of a pleasant and an unpleasant odor.

The present study was designed to investigate whether there is a consistent response in ongoing EEG due to repetitive olfactory stimulation. Two odors of different hedonic quality were presented bilaterally to five male subjects at suprathreshold levels. A room-air blank served as the control stimulus. Each odor was presented six times to each subject in each of three sessions. Electrocortical activity, heart rate, skin conductance and breathing cycle were recorded continuously. EEG variables assessed were difference scores of absolute power in the frequency bands theta, alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 1 at eight locations. Phenylethyl alcohol was rated pleasant, while valeric acid was judged unpleasant. Within 8 s after stimulus release, valeric acid increased alpha 2 power, whereas phenylethyl alcohol did not. No further frequency bands were affected by olfactory stimulation. These findings suggest that smelling an unpleasant odor leads to a cortical deactivation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Olfactory performance of rats after selective deafferentation of the olfactory bulb by 3-methyl indole.

Rats trained to detect propyl acetate and valeric acid and to discriminate between propyl acetate and amyl acetate and between valeric acid and butyric acid were injected with a low dose of 3-methyl indole, a treatment that produces well-defined and selective deafferentation of the olfactory bulbs. Treatment completely deafferented most but not all bulbar loci for aliphatic acids and at least disrupted those for propyl and amyl acetate. In posttreatment tests, experimental rats performed somewhat but not significantly more poorly than controls and about as well on the acid detection and discrimination tasks as on the corresponding acetate tests.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Pituitary suppression in ultrasound-monitored frozen embryo replacement cycles. A randomised study.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the value of using a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist prior to exogenous steroid supplementation for endometrial preparation in frozen-thawed embryo replacement (FER) cycles. METHODS: A prospective randomized trial of 234 patients undergoing FER cycles was conducted. The study population was randomly divided into two groups according to a computer-generated list. In group A (n = 117), a daily dose of 6 mg of oral estradiol valerate was initiated on menstrual day 1 following pituitary suppression using 400 mcg buserelin acetate daily. In group B (n = 117), the same dose of estradiol valerate was initiated on day 1 of bleeding without prior GnRH agonist therapy. In both groups, ovulation monitoring was not undertaken and progesterone pessaries (800 mg daily) were administrated when the endometrial thickness had reached 8 mm or more with embryo transfer taking place 2 days later. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with respect to cause of infertility, age at stimulation (32.8 +/- 4 vs 33.2 +/- 3.9 years, P = 0.4), basal FSH level (6.3 +/- 1.7 vs 6.4 +/- 2 IU/l, P = 0.5), number of oocytes collected (16.9 +/- 7.3 vs 16.5 +/- 7.4, P = 0.7) and fertilized normally in the retrieval cycle (11.5 +/- 4.9 vs 11 +/- 4.9, P = 0.4) and number of embryos cryopreserved (6.6 +/- 3.6 vs 6.2 +/- 3.6, P = 0.3). There was no significant difference between the two groups in age at frozen replacement (33.6 +/- 4.2 vs 34 +/- 3.9 years, P = 0.4), duration of the proliferative phase (20.7 +/- 8.6 vs 21 +/- 9.2 days, P = 0.7) and number of thawed embryos replaced (2.3 +/- 0.6 vs 2.2 +/- 0.6, P = 0.2). However, compared with group B, group A achieved significantly higher pregnancy (37.6% vs 24%, OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-3.4), clinical pregnancy (24% vs 11.3%, OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.2-5.5) and live birth rates (20% vs 8.5%, OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-8). CONCLUSION: Medicated frozen embryo replacement cycles timed by endometrial thickness measurement alone without monitoring or suppression of ovarian activity are associated with reduced outcome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Uterine peristalsis during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effects of oestrogen, antioestrogen and oxytocin.

Uterine peristalsis, directing sustained and rapid sperm transport from the external cervical os or the cervical crypts to the isthmic part of the tube ipsilateral to the dominant follicle, changes in direction and frequency during the menstrual cycle, with lowest activity during menstruation and highest activity at mid cycle. It was therefore suggested that uterine peristalsis is under the control of the dominant follicle with the additional involvement of oxytocin. To test this hypothesis, vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis was performed in the early, mid and late proliferative phases, respectively, of cycles of women treated with oestradiol valerate and with human menopausal gonadotrophin following pituitary downregulation, with clomiphene citrate and with intravenous oxytocin, respectively. Administration of oestradiol valerate resulted in oestradiol serum concentrations comparable with the normal cycle with a simulation of the normal frequency of peristaltic contractions. Elevated oestradiol concentrations and bolus injections of oxytocin resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of peristaltic contractions in the early and mid follicular phases, respectively. Chlomiphene tended, though insignificantly so, to suppress the frequency of peristaltic waves in the presence of elevated oestradiol concentrations. In the late follicular phase of the cycle extremely elevated oestradiol concentrations as well as the injection of oxytocin resulted only in an insignificant further increase of peristaltic frequency. In the normal cycles, as well as during extremely elevated oestradiol concentrations and following oxytocin administration, the peristaltic contractions were always confined to the subendometrial layer of the muscular wall. The results and the review of literature indicate that uterine peristalsis during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is controlled by oestradiol released from the dominant follicle with the probable involvement of oxytocin, which is presumably stimulated together with its receptor within the endometrial-subendometrial unit and therefore acting in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Since unphysiological stimulation with oestradiol and oxytocin did not significantly increase the frequency of uterine peristalsis in the late follicular phase of the cycle it is assumed that normal preovulatory frequency of uterine peristalsis is at a level which cannot be significantly surpassed due to phenomena of refractoriness of the system.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Utilization of nitrogen from soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea by mature sheep.

The utilization of nitrogen contained in soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea was studied in 12 mature wethers. Net microbial synthesis rates during the 6-hour period after feeding corresponded to ruminal ammonia concentrations, suggesting that the ruminal ammonia level in these experiments was a limiting factor in microbiol protein synthesis. Maximum conversion of dietary nitrogen to microbial nitrogen in the rumen during a 24-hour period was estimated to be 62.5, 85.3, 40.9, and 90.1%, respectively, for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea. Estimated production rates of acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids during the first 6 hours after feeding suggested that zein supported the lowest microbial activity in the rumen, and that urea supplementation resulted in isovaleric and valeric acids production rates equivalent to or greater than rates when the other nitrogen supplements were present in the diet. Daily endogenous urinary and metabolic fecal nitrogen determined by regression analysis utilizing soybean meal as the only nitrogen supplement were 72 mg/kg body weight0.75 and 340 mg/100 g of dry matter intake. Biological values of 84.8, 78.3, 84.3, and 76.4 were obtained for soybean meal, casein, zein, and urea, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Short-chain fatty acid production from mono- and disaccharides in a fecal incubation system: implications for colonic fermentation of dietary fiber in humans.

An in vitro fecal incubation system was used to demonstrate how lactose, lactulose and monosaccharides (mainly constituents of dietary fiber) influence short-chain fatty acid production in colon. Short-chain fatty acids were formed from all mono- and disaccharides tested (except L-glucose): D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose, D-galacturonate, D-glucuronate, lactose and lactulose. All saccharides increased acetate formation; propionate production was increased from rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, galacturonic and glucuronic acid, whereas the synthesis of butyrate was elevated in assays incubated with sorbitol, galacturonic and glucuronic acid, and to a lesser degree ribose. Isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate and hexanoate were produced in increased amounts in assays incubated with albumin, but in fact decreased in many incubations with saccharides. It is speculated that saccharide fermentation always results in formation of acetate, and that the relative production of acetate, propionate and butyrate is related to the monosaccharide composition of dietary fiber available for colonic bacteria. However, the production of isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate and hexanoate is probably not due to saccharide fermentation, but is rather of polypeptide origin.

Acetates↗
PubMed2000

In vitro fermentation pattern of D-tagatose is affected by adaptation of the microbiota from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.

Knowledge of the fermentation pattern of D-tagatose is important for the assessment of energy value and compliance of D-tagatose. In vitro fermentation experiments with pig intestinal contents and bacteria harvested from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs were used to investigate the degradation of D-tagatose and the formation of fermentation products. Two groups of eight pigs were fed either a control diet containing 150 g/kg sucrose or a diet which had 100 g/kg of the sucrose replaced by D-tagatose. After 18 d the pigs were killed and the gastrointestinal contents collected for in vitro studies. No microbial fermentation of D-tagatose occurred in the stomach or in the small intestine, whereas the sugar was fermented in the cecum and colon. Formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, caproate and some heptanoate were produced by the microbial fermentation of D-tagatose by gut microbiota. Hydrogen and methane were also produced. The population of D-tagatose-degrading bacteria in fecal samples and the capacity of bacteria from the hindgut to degrade D-tagatose were higher in the pigs adapted to D-tagatose compared with unadapted pigs. In unadapted pigs, the major fermentation product from D-tagatose was acetic acid. Much more butyric and valeric acids were produced from D-tagatose by bacterial slurries of tagatose-adapted pigs compared with unadapted pigs; this was especially the case for samples from the colon. We conclude that D-tagatose is not fermented in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and the ability of the large intestinal microbiota to ferment D-tagatose is dependent on adaptation.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1995

The role of luteinizing hormone in human follicle development and oocyte fertility: evidence from in-vitro fertilization in a woman with long-standing hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and using recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone.

To evaluate the relative importance of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in follicular development and oocyte fertility in the human species, the use of recombinant human FSH, human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG), and very highly purified urinary human FSH (FSH-HP) plus oestradiol valerate for ovarian stimulation and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were compared in three cycles in a woman with isolated congenital gonadotrophin deficiency who had never been treated with ovarian stimulating agents. The total number of ampoules of gonadotrophins used was lower in the HMG treatment cycle. Ovarian response and IVF outcome in the three treatment cycles were as follows: (i) HMG cycle: normal follicular growth, normal pattern of oestradiol and inhibin through the menstrual cycle, high fertilization rate (93%); (ii) recombinant FSH cycle: normal follicular growth, low oestradiol and abnormal inhibin, finally poor rate of fertilization (28%); (iii) FSH-HP plus oestradiol valerate cycle: normal follicular growth, normal pattern of inhibin and poor fertilization rate (27%). Luteal plasma progesterone concentrations were much higher in the HMG treatment cycle. This case shows that FSH is the only factor required in order to induce follicular growth in the human, although LH or a product derived from its action may assist in order to achieve full follicular maturity and oocytes capable of fertilization. Though oestradiol might have a mediatory role in the process of follicular maturation, our results favour a direct primary role of LH in complete maturation of the follicle.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The luteal phase and early pregnancy after combined GnRH-agonist/HMG treatment for superovulation in IVF or GIFT.

Endometrial biopsies showing inadequate development were observed after ovarian stimulation with the GnRH agonist Buserelin and HMG for IVF or GIFT when luteal supplementation was omitted. Ninety-one patients were randomly allocated to two luteal supplementation regimens: in 41 women HCG and in 50 women progesterone and oestradiol valerate. The pregnancy patients treated with a combination of the GnRH agonist and HMG a delay of implantation of 1.3 days was observed compared to pregnancies after clomiphene citrate-HMG stimulation. This delay was not due to slower preimplantation embryo development after GnRH agonist-HMG treatment. Temporarily defective function of the corpus luteum was evidenced by measuring serum progesterone, 17 beta-oestradiol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the patients receiving progesterone and oestradiol valerate. This inadequate corpus luteum function could be related to the prolonged blockage of pituitary gonadotrophic function after arrest of the GnRH agonist.

Buserelin↗
PubMed1991

Replacement of frozen-thawed embryos in artificial and natural cycles: a prospective semi-randomized study.

This prospective partly-randomized study assessed the relative efficacy of two strategies of patient management for the replacement of frozen-thawed embryos. A luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist was used to induce a temporary hypogonadism in a group of patients who were then prepared for implantation by endometrial priming with hormone replacement therapy (HRT): oral oestradiol valerate and then oestradiol valerate and injections of progesterone. A second group of patients had their frozen-thawed embryos replaced during their natural cycles. Of the 84 patients treated with the LHRH regimen, 80 had embryos replaced and 16 (20%) clinical pregnancies were established. Of the 78 patients treated with natural cycles, 70 had embryos replaced and 14 (20%) achieved clinical pregnancies. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of age, obstetric history, duration of infertility, number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized or the number of embryos frozen following ovarian stimulation in the embryo 'generating' cycle. In terms of pregnancy rates, both protocols were equally effective. However, the LHRH-HRT protocol was of great value in the management of oligomenorrhoeic patients and in establishing standard conditions for implantation in cyclic patients.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1992

Serum placental protein 14 (PP14) reflects endometrial status during hormone replacement therapy.

Healthy post-menopausal women were randomly assigned to treatment groups receiving 28 day treatment cycles of oestradiol valerate (2 mg, days 1-28) sequentially combined with levonorgestrel (75 micrograms, days 17-28) (n = 19); oestradiol valerate (2 mg, days 1-28) continuously combined with cyproterone acetate (1 mg, days 1-28) (n = 18), or placebo (n = 22). Treatment continued for 2 years. After therapy, the women receiving the sequential combination had an early secretory phase (74%) or atrophic endometrium (26%). All women receiving the continuous combination or placebo had inactive or atrophic endometrium, or the tissue was inadequate for assessment. Biochemical parameters of endometrial secretion [oestradiol dehydrogenase (EDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH)] measured in endometrial tissue and placental protein (PP14) measured in serum were all low in the groups receiving the continuous combination and placebo. During sequential treatment, all biochemical parameters showed significantly higher mean values. Serum PP14 accurately reflected this pattern. Furthermore, in the sequentially treated group, serum PP14 correlated highly significantly with EDH (r = 0.70; P less than 0.001) and ICDH (r = 0.57; P = 0.01). These correlations were of the same magnitude as the correlations between the endometrial markers, which indicates that serum PP14 reflects the endometrial status. Furthermore, serum PP14 measurements at 3 months and at 2 years of treatment were highly correlated, reflecting the long-term validity of the measurement. The present data suggest that PP14 measured in serum may be used to assess endometrial status. Further studies are required to determine whether serum PP14 will discriminate pathological endometrial conditions.

Cyproterone Acetate↗
PubMed2005

Estrogen disruption of neonatal ovine uterine development: effects on gene expression assessed by suppression subtraction hybridization.

Inappropriate exposure of neonatal sheep to estrogen during critical developmental periods inhibits or retards endometrial gland morphogenesis and reduces uterine growth. Studies were conducted to identify mechanisms mediating estrogen disruption of neonatal ovine uterine development by analysis of candidate growth factor systems and using suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH). In study 1, sheep were exposed either to corn oil as a control or to estradiol valerate (EV) from birth to Postnatal Day (PND) 14, which ablated endometrial gland development. Estradiol valerate decreased uterine FGF7 (fibroblast growth factor 7) and MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) expression and increased INHBA (inhibin betaA). The SSH identified a number of genes responsive to EV, which included GSTM3 (glutathione S-transferase), IDH1 (cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase), PECI (peroxisomal D(3),D(2)-enoyl-coenzyme A isomerase), OAS1 (2',5'-oligoadenylate 40/46-kDa synthetase), IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3), TEGT (testis-enhanced gene transcript), CXCL10 (interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10), and IGLV (immunoglobulin V). These mRNAs were expressed predominantly in the endometrial epithelia (GSTM3, IDH1, PEC1, OAS1, and TEGT), stroma (IGFBP3), or immune cells (CXCL10 and IGLV). In study 2, effects of estrogen exposure on uterine gene expression were determined during three different critical developmental periods (PNDs 0-14, 14- 28, and 42-56). Estrogen exposure decreased expression of the SSH-identified genes, particularly those from PNDs 0-14. These studies suggest that estrogen disruption of postnatal uterine development involves period-specific effects on expression of genes predominantly in the endometrial epithelium. The SSH-identified, estrogen-disrupted genes represent new candidate regulators of postnatal endometrial adenogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Contrast medium-induced pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability is aggravated in a rat climacterium model.

UNLABELLED: Tominaga K, Kataoka Y, Sendo T, et al. Contrast medium-induced pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability is aggravated in a rat climacterium model. Invest Radiol 2001;36:131-135. RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To test whether climacterium influences adverse pulmonary reactions to contrast media, the authors investigated the effect of ioxaglate on pulmonary vascular permeability in ovariectomized rats as a climacterium model. METHODS: From 7 days after surgery, ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol valerate or vehicle once per week for 3 weeks. At 28 days after surgery, ioxaglate, an ionic contrast medium, was intravenously injected at 1.5 mL/min in rats. Pulmonary vascular permeability was evaluated by measuring the amount of Evans blue dye in the lung tissue. RESULTS: Ioxaglate dose-dependently increased pulmonary vascular permeability in sham-operated and ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats showed a 2.6-fold increased aggravation of vascular permeability by ioxaglate 4 g I/kg compared with sham-operated rats. Estradiol valerate (0.2-5.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently blocked ioxaglate-increased vascular permeability in ovariectomized rats. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that climacterium is included, at least in part, in the risk factors for contrast-induced adverse pulmonary reactions, and this risk is lowered by estrogen replacement therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Production of short chain fatty acids by the intestinal microflora during the first 2 years of human life.

We have followed the establishment of one group of intestinal microflora-associated characteristics, namely, the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in 30 healthy children, by gas chromatography analysis of fecal samples taken at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months of age. Acetic and propionic acids were the principal SCFAs at 1 and 3 months. Successively, the production of iso- and n-butyric, valeric, and caproic acids was established. At 2 years, the absolute amounts of all SCFAs with the exception of n-valeric acid had reached adult values. However, not all children had achieved a typically adult range of stool SCFAs by the end of the study. Both absolute and relative amounts of SCFAs were influenced by exposure to foods other than breast milk and exposure to antibiotic therapy. After standardization for exposure to foods other than breast milk, a positive age factor could be seen between 0 and 1 month of age for total amounts produced of SCFAs, acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids. After this time, however, no clear age factor could be distinguished.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Comamonas nitrativorans sp. nov., a novel denitrifier isolated from a denitrifying reactor treating landfill leachate.

A group of Gram-negative denitrifying bacteria has been isolated from a denitrifying reactor treating landfill leachate. The new isolates produced both oxidase and catalase and showed growth on acetate, butyrate, n-caproate, i-butyrate, i-valerate, propionate, n-valerate, lactate, alanine, benzoate, phenylalanine and ethanol. No growth was observed on sugars. The bacteria could perform anoxic reduction of nitrate, nitrite and nitrous oxide to nitrogen, coupled to the oxidation of the same substrates as those used under aerobic conditions, except for aromatic compounds. They were very efficient denitrifiers, as estimated from the specific rate of N2 gas production. All the strains showed the same 16S rDNA restriction profile and one of them, designated 23310T, was selected for phylogenetic analysis. The organism clustered within the family Comamonadaceae, being related to Comamonas terrigena (95.8% sequence similarity). On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, physiological characterization and the ability to efficiently reduce nitrate to N2, it is proposed that the bacterium be assigned to a new species, Comamonas nitrativorans. The type strain is 23310T (= DSM 13191T = NCCB 100007T = CCT 7062T).

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1999

Butane metabolism by butane-grown 'Pseudomonas butanovora'.

The pathway of butane metabolism by butane-grown 'Pseudomonas butanovora' was determined to be butane --> 1-butanol --> butyraldehyde butyrate. Butane was initially oxidized at the terminal carbon to produce 1-butanol. Up to 90% of the butane consumed was accounted for as 1-butanol when cells were incubated in the presence of 5 mM 1-propanol (to block subsequent metabolism of 1-butanol). No production of the subterminal oxidation product, 2-butanol, was detected, even in the presence of 5 mM 2-pentanol (an effective inhibitor of 2-butanol consumption). Ethane, propane and pentane, but not methane, were also oxidized. Butane-grown cells consumed 1-butanol and other terminal alcohols. Secondary alcohols, including 2-butanol, were oxidized to the corresponding ketones. Butyraldehyde was further oxidized to butyrate as demonstrated by blocking butyrate metabolism with 1 mM sodium valerate. Butyrate also accumulated from butane when cells were incubated with 1 mM sodium valerate. The pathway intermediates (butane, 1-butanol, butyraldehyde and butyrate) and 2-butanol stimulated O2 consumption by butane-grown cells. 1-Butanol, butyraldehyde and butyrate supported growth of 'P. butanovora', as did 2-butanol and lactate.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2004

Metabolic properties of Eubacterium pyruvativorans, a ruminal 'hyper-ammonia-producing' anaerobe with metabolic properties analogous to those of Clostridium kluyveri.

Eubacterium pyruvativorans I-6(T) is a non-saccharolytic, amino-acid-fermenting anaerobe from the rumen, isolated by its ability to grow on pancreatic casein hydrolysate (PCH) as sole C source. This study investigated its metabolic properties and its likely ecological niche. Additional growth was supported by pyruvate, vinyl acetate, and, to a lesser extent, lactate and crotonate, and also by a mixture of amino acids (alanine, glycine, serine and threonine) predicted to be catabolized to pyruvate. No single amino acid supported growth, and peptides were required for growth on amino acids. Alanine, followed by leucine, serine and proline, were used most extensively during growth, but only alanine and asparate were extensively modified before incorporation. Growth on PCH, but not on pyruvate, was increased by the addition of acetate, propionate and butyrate. l-Lactate was fermented incompletely, mainly to acetate, but no lactate-C was incorporated. Propionate and butyrate were utilized during growth, forming valerate and caproate, respectively. Labelling experiments suggested a metabolic pattern where two C atoms of butyrate, valerate and caproate were derived from amino acids, with the others being formed from acetate, propionate and butyrate. The metabolic strategy of E. pyruvativorans therefore resembles that of Clostridium kluyveri, which ferments ethanol only when the reaction is coupled to acetate, propionate or butyrate utilization. The fermentative niche of E. pyruvativorans appears to be to scavenge amino acids, lactate and possibly other metabolites in order to generate ATP via acetate formation, using volatile fatty acid elongation with C(2) units derived from other substrates to dispose of reducing equivalents.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗