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PubMed1980

The occurrence of fibromuscular dysplasia in the arteries of domestic turkeys.

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) was found in 24 of 31 turkeys studied. This is the first species other than man in which FMD has been reported. FMD in turkeys simulates lesions variously known as fibromuscular dysplasia, fibromuscular hyperplasia, and medial hyperplasia in man. It occurred in turkeys from 8 weeks to 1 year of age and was evenly distributed between the sexes (11 males, 13 females). FMD in turkeys is a disease of arterioles and small arteries 44 mu to 666 mu in diameter. A lesion of more than 2.6 mm in length (in an artery 0.1 mm in diameter) was encountered. An adherent thrombus over 670 mu long was seen attached to an FMD lesion. Angiopathy appears to be basic to the pathogenesis of FMD and is characterized by endothelial hyperplasia, smooth-muscle vacuolization, and patchy necrosis of the media.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Volumetric analysis of brain structures, especially of the visual system in wild and domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

The total brain volume, the volumes of the main brain subdivisions and regions belonging to the visual system of wild and domestic turkeys of either sex were measured and related to body weight. Using allometric methods sex-related reductions in brain size from wild to domesticated state was examined. Male domestic turkeys have 29% and female domestic turkeys 24% less brain volume. The total reduction of the brain size results from decreases of the brain subdivisions and structures of functional systems at various degree. The general reduction of prosencephalic brain parts is greater (males: 35%, females: 30%) than that of the rhombencephalon (males: 21%, females: 14%). Visual brain structures are reduced by 25% in males and 22% in females. The tertiary areas of this system have more decreased than secondary and primary visual targets. It was also shown that differences in size are accompanied by changes in the proportions of the brain. Telencephalic brain parts are relatively smaller in domestic turkeys. Different decreases in brain size of diverse species from wild to domestic state are regarded as processes of functional adaptation that is controlled by intensive breeding.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capsular polysaccharide serotypes of coagulase-positive staphylococci associated with tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, and other invasive infections in chickens and turkeys: evidence for new capsular types.

To study the role of capsular polysaccharides in staphylococcal infections in chickens and turkeys, we surveyed 101 coagulase-positive isolates obtained from investigators in geographically diverse locales in the United States and Canada. Fifty-six isolates were obtained from chickens; 51 (91%) were type 5, and 5 (9%) were type 8. Forty isolates were obtained from turkeys; 13 (33%) were type 5, 15 (38%) were type 8, and 12 (29%) were untypable. Five type 5 isolates were obtained from poultry of uncertain species. Two untypable turkey isolates were studied further. Rabbit serum obtained after immunization with formalin-killed staphylococci was type-specific as assessed by a tube agglutination test and promoted opsonophagocytosis of the isolate that had been used for immunization. Chromatography of carboxy-reduced capsular polysaccharide from one of the isolates suggested that mannoseaminouronic acid was present in the unreduced polysaccharide. The spectrum obtained by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance suggested the presence of N-acetyl sugars such as mannoseaminouronic acid and 6-deoxy sugars such as N-acetyl fucosamine. The structure of the polysaccharide differed from that of the type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides. Thus, poultry isolates can be classified into at least four serotypes on the basis of their capsular polysaccharides. This observation provides a new focus for investigation into the epidemiology and virulence determinants of this important pathogen in chickens and turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Pathogenesis of avian mycobacteriosis in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris f. domestica)].

Experimental infections enabled to study susceptibility to M. avium and disease pathogenesis in the turkey and guinea fowl. After intramuscular implantation of M. avium suspension macroscopic tuberculous lesions were observed at the spot of puncture in turkeys in 35 days, and miliary tuberculosis of liver and spleen in 55 days. Cultivation demonstrated mycobacteria in various organs and tissues since day 12 after infection. The guinea fowl showed macroscopic lesions at the spot of puncture in 28 days, and miliary tuberculosis of liver and spleen in 42 days. Cultivation of most tissues gave positive results since day 14 with prevailing massive growth of mycobacteria. After infection with feed contaminated with the liver of the tuberculous fowl isolated tuberculous lesions in liver, spleen and lungs were observed in the turkey in 133 days, and in the intestine in 163 days. Cultivation was successful enough to demonstrate sporadic mycobacteria in spleen and lungs in 106 days. The guinea fowl showed isolated tuberculous lesions in liver, spleen and intestines in 160 days. Cultivation after 160 days also gave positive results, particularly the presence of mycobacteria in liver, spleen and lungs was proved to be massive. After contacts with the tuberculous fowl, the turkeys showed isolated tuberculous lesions in the liver, spleen and lungs since day 218. Cultivation gave positive results since day 218. Isolated tuberculous lesions in liver were observed in the guinea fowl in 180 days, as well as in spleen, lungs and intestines in 270 days. Cultivation demonstrated smaller numbers of mycobacteria in the infected tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Endocrine and metabolic responses of intact and hypophysectomized turkey poults given a daily injection of chicken growth hormone.

Female turkey poults were hypophysectomized at 4-5 weeks of age. Beginning at 6 weeks of age, 20 hypophysectomized and 20 intact birds received a daily intramuscular injection of natural chicken growth hormone (cGH, 100 micrograms/kg body weight) or vehicle for 12 days. Blood samples were taken from each bird just before injection and 4 hr post-injection at 6 and 12 days of treatment. Hypophysectomy reduced the growth rate of turkey poults to 75% of that of intact controls, significantly reduced carcass protein and ash percentages, and significantly lower plasma concentrations of GH, insulin-like growth factor-I, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids. Hypophysectomy was without effect on liver GH receptor binding activity, but increased liver 5'-monodeiodinase activity. Daily cGH injection had no effect on the average daily gain of either hypophysectomized or intact poults when compared to vehicle-injected controls over 12 days of treatment. Daily cGH administration increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels in intact and hypophysectomized turkeys, and increased plasma triiodothyronine, insulin, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations in hypophysectomized birds, but not in intact birds. Responses of young turkeys to hypophysectomy and GH replacement were consistent with the known metabolic role of GH in other species, but the influence of GH on growth appears to be of less importance in poultry than in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Invasion of epithelial cell monolayers by turkey strains of Pasteurella multocida.

Two serotype 3,4:A strains of Pasteurella multocida that differ in virulence in turkeys were examined for their ability to invade epithelial cell monolayers grown in tissue culture. Both organisms were comparably adherent to cells of turkey kidney origin. However, the virulent strain (86-1913) penetrated primary turkey kidney epithelial cell monolayers at 10 times the level of the low-virulence vaccine strain. The virulent strain was also able to invade porcine epithelial cells (PK15) and feline epithelial cells (CRFK) in cell culture. Neither organism invaded rabbit epithelial cells (RK13). Invasion of turkey cells was prevented by inhibition of bacterial protein or RNA synthesis but not by pretreatment of the monolayers with periodate, trypsin, or neuraminidase. Invasion might be a mechanism of pathogenicity for this organism, contributing to colonization or virulence.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism and disposition of ractopamine hydrochloride by turkey poults.

Ractopamine HCl, ((1R*,3R*),(1R*,3S*)-4-hydroxy-alpha-[[[3-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]-amino]methyl]benzenemethanol hydrochloride), is a beta-adrenergic agonist that is under evaluation as a nutrient repartitioning agent in livestock. Because ractopamine metabolism has not been evaluated in turkeys, the objectives of this study were to synthesize and identify products of ractopamine metabolism and to determine the stereoselective metabolism and tissue distribution of [14C]ractopamine HCl in orally dosed turkey poults. Glucuronides of diastereoisomeric [14C]ractopamine, and the (1R,3R) and (1R,3S) stereoisomers of ractopamine were synthesized by use of microsomal proteins immobilized on Sepharose beads. Monoglucuronides conjugated to the phenols at C-10 or C-10' were isolated and identified by 1H-NMR and negative ion FAB/MS. Urine and feces were collected from colostomized turkey poults after oral dosing with 20 mg of [14C]ractopamine HCl (9.28 microCi). Radioactive residues in tissues were highest in the gallbladder and liver. Radioactivity was not detectable in blood 48 hr after dosing and was slightly above background (< 100 dpm/g tissue) in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Urine contained 47.5% of the administered radioactivity by 16 hr after dosing, and by 48 hr 52.0% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Feces contained 36.6% and 41.5% of the dose 16 and 48 hr after dosing, respectively. Unmetabolized ractopamine represented only 8% of the urinary radioactivity; ractopamine glucuronides represented 72% of the urinary radioactivity. Glucuronides conjugated to the C-10 phenol of ractopamine represented 59.8% of the urinary metabolites and were composed of all four ractopamine stereoisomers. Glucuronides conjugated to the C-10' phenol of ractopamine represented 12.7% of the urinary metabolites and were composed of the (1R,3R) and (1R,3S) stereoisomers. Ractopamine was rapidly eliminated from turkeys after oral dosing, and glucuronidation was the major pathway of metabolism. Regioselective glucuronidation occurred favoring the C-10 phenol of ractopamine; glucuronidation of the C-10' phenol of ractopamine was specific for the (1R,3R) and (1R,3S) stereoisomers.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serotypes of Salmonella isolated from California turkey flocks and their environment in 1984-89 and comparison with human isolates.

Serotypes of Salmonella from turkeys and their environment identified at the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System (CVDLS) between 1984 and 1989 are reported. Between 1988 and 1989, Salmonella serotypes from turkeys were compared from two sources: from routine submissions to the CVDLS (primarily associated with the National Poultry Improvement Plan), and from a random sample of turkey farms conducted by the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS). Serotype isolation frequencies were ver similar under these two systems. Serotypes identified most frequently under both systems were (listed from most to least frequent): Salmonella kentucky, S. anatum, S. heidelberg, S. reading, and S. senftenberg. This isolation pattern was different from that found in humans in California; only S. heidelberg was relatively common in both humans and turkeys during this period.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biological and molecular characterization of H13N2 influenza type A viruses isolated from turkeys and surface water.

The pathogenicity potential of two H13N2 influenza viruses, one isolated from turkeys and the other isolated from surface water, was evaluated in turkeys, chickens, and mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after intracranial and oculonasal inoculation. Both isolates replicated in turkey poults, causing depressed weight gain, morbidity and mortality; both also caused histopathological lesions, such as mild to severe pancreatitis, hepatitis, and nephritis in turkeys. These isolates replicated in mallard ducklings but not in chickens. There was depressed weight gain in ducklings given the H13N2 isolate from water. Neither isolate caused morbidity or mortality in ducklings or chicks after inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of enterovirus in commercial turkeys.

Diagnosis of enterovirus infection in turkey poults is currently done using electron microscopy. We have developed an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for use in diagnosis of enterovirus infection in turkey intestinal contents. Intestinal contents from naturally and experimentally infected turkey poults were evaluated for the presence of astrovirus and enterovirus by immune electron microscopy (IEM). The results were compared with the findings obtained using the ELISA for the presence of enterovirus. The ELISA, using the samples from the naturally infected poults, had a sensitivity of 0.963 and a specificity of 0.879. The Kappa value of 0.834 for the naturally infected samples and 0.97 for the experimentally infected samples showed excellent agreement between the ELISA and IEM for detection of enterovirus. Our results indicate that the ELISA is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for diagnosis of turkey enterovirus infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of heavy turkeys and relevance to sudden death syndrome.

The cardiorespiratory response to walking exercise was studied in 14-to-18-week-old male and female heavy turkeys. Blood pressure, electrocardiograms, respiratory rate, body temperature, blood gases, and electrolytes were measured at rest and after exercise at two different room temperatures. After exercise, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures decreased, and heart rate and body temperature increased, while a severe lactic acidosis developed, in both sexes and at both room temperatures. Fifty-four percent of the turkeys developed arrhythmias, mostly a transient post-exercise sinus arrhythmia of no clinical significance. Changes in electrolytes were clinically insignificant. Blood gases remained within normal limits, demonstrating adequate gas-exchange and pulmonary capability. Within the limits of this study, the cardiac capacity of the heavy turkey in response to exercise appeared very limited. The pathogenesis of sudden death syndrome of turkeys is still unknown, but cardiovascular changes occurring after exercise could be severe enough to cause death.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of low-level rofenaid, low-level chlortetracycline, and vaccination with commercial bacterin for preventing pulmonary form of fowl cholera in turkeys.

The pulmonary form of experimentally induced fowl cholera was controlled effectively either by Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine, at 0.01% in feed, chlortetracycline at 0.0055% in feed, vaccination with a commercial fowl cholera bacterin and a combination of Rofenaid and vaccination. The medicated or/and vaccinated turkeys had a significantly (P less than 0.05) better livability than the unmedicated or unvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by contact with carriers and administration of Pasteurella multocida in drinking water. Transmission from carriers to recipients through the water was demonstrated. P. multocida was isolated from the mouths of recipient turkeys receiving low-level medication one week after carriers were introduced.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The chronic effects of Fusarium moniliforme culture material, containing known levels of fumonisin B1, in turkeys.

Fourteen 1-day-old male turkeys were randomly assigned to two adjacent floor pens and fed balanced rations containing 0 and 75 mg fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg for 18 weeks. Inclusion of FB1 in the ration caused decreased body weight gain on weeks 4, 10, and 12 during the trial. Turkeys fed 75 mg FB1/kg had significantly heavier livers after treatment for 18 weeks. Chronic FB1 exposure resulted in an increased total white blood cell count, absolute heterophil count, absolute lymphocyte count, and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. No mortality was noted in turkeys in either treatment group. Turkeys are relatively resistant to chronic FB1 exposure.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The individual and combined effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins moniliformin and fumonisin B1 in turkeys.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and moniliformin (M) were supplied by Fusarium moniliforme M-1325 and Fusarium fujikuroi M-1214 culture material, respectively. Turkeys were fed a control ration, or rations containing 200 mg FB1/kg, 100 mg M/kg, or a combination of both 200 mg FB1/kg and 100 mg M/kg feed from 1 to 21 days of age. These rations contained 0, 3.8, 1.0, and 4.8% culture material, respectively. In comparison to controls, turkeys fed FB1 had increased relative liver weights. Both aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased in poults fed FB1. Turkeys fed M had decreased feed intake and body weight gains and increased relative heart weights in comparison to controls. Poults fed FB1 had moderate diffuse hepatocellular hyperplasia and poults fed moniliformin had a loss of cardiomyocyte cross striations. Turkeys fed the ration containing both M and FB1 had all the above changes; however, no additive or synergistic effects were evident for any single parameter measured. No treatment-related morbidity or mortality was observed in the study.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

OBJECTIVE: To document intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Pasteurella multocida and correlate these changes with changes in determinants associated with virulence. ANIMALS: 25 broad-breasted white turkeys. PROCEDURE: Phenotypic bacterial variants were identified by lectin affinity and were assayed for adherence to epithelial cells and complement resistance in vitro. The LPS purified from these variants was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lectin affinity analysis. Turkeys were challenge exposed, then observed for 1 week. At first sign of disease, or at the end of the study, turkeys were euthanatized, necropsied, and inspected for gross lesions. RESULTS: The LPS variant designated as Ricinus communis agglutinin-positive had greater adherence to epithelial cells, complement resistance, and virulence in turkeys than did the variant designated as R communis agglutinin-negative. CONCLUSIONS: Intrastrain variation of LPS exists in P multocida, and changes in LPS are correlated with changes in virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys.

OBJECTIVE: To determine safety, anesthetic variables, and cardiopulmonary effects of i.v. infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys. ANIMALS: 10 healthy, adult wild turkeys. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced by i.v. administration of propofol (5 mg/kg of body weight) over 20 seconds and was maintained for 30 minutes by constant i.v. infusion of propofol at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/min. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gas tensions were obtained prior to propofol administration (baseline values) and again at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. All birds were intubated immediately after induction of anesthesia, and end-tidal CO2 concentration was determined at the same time intervals. Supplemental oxygen was not provided. RESULTS: Apnea was observed for 10 to 30 seconds after propofol administration, which induced a decrease in heart rate; however, the changes were not significant. Compared with baseline values, respiratory rate was significantly decreased at 4 minutes after administration of propofol and thereafter. Systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures decreased over the infusion period, but the changes were not significant. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 30% after 15 minutes of anesthesia; end-tidal CO2 concentration increased from baseline values after 30 minutes; PO2 was significantly decreased at 5 minutes after induction and thereafter; PCO2 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after 15 minutes of anesthesia; and arterial oxygen saturation was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at the end of anesthesia. Two male turkeys developed severe transient hypoxemia, 1 at 5 and the other at 15 minutes after induction. Time to standing after discontinuation of propofol infusion was 11 +/- 6 minutes. Recovery was smooth and unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Propofol is an effective agent for i.v. induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys, and is useful for short procedures or where the use of inhalational agents is contraindicated.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of an avian adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in day-old turkeys.

A group I avian adenovirus isolated from day-old turkeys with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was identified as turkey adenovirus serotype 2 (TAV2) based on cross-neutralization assays and DNA restriction endonuclease analyses. Yolk sac inoculation of embryonated turkey eggs resulted in embryo mortality and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased hatchability compared with sham-inoculated controls. Embryo mortality occurred primarily between day 24 of incubation and the time embryos hatched. Focal necrosis was detected in livers of 11/52 virus-inoculated embryos that died postinoculation and 1/27 hatchlings; in three embryos, areas of necrosis contained intranuclear inclusion bodies. These findings identify the IBH isolate as TAV2, incriminate the virus as a potential cause of suboptimal hatchability in turkeys, and provide additional evidence for causal involvement in IBH.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cooperative state-federal turkey ornithosis task force, Texas, 1974.

Ornithosis was suggested by a routine analysis of tissue specimens from Texas turkey flocks submitted to the Texas A&M University Poultry Disease Laboratory at Gonzales on April 30, 1974, and of subsequent specimens from four additional flocks. Subsequently, illness in humans at turkey processing plants in Texas, Nebraska, and Missouri, implicating turkeys from Texas, was confirmed as ornithosis in July 1974; and, associated with this outbreak, ornithosis was suspected as the cause of the death of one human. Action was taken by state and federal poultry disease control and inspection officials, public health agencies, and the turkey industry in Texas.

Animals↗