Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “The Right to Reproduce”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Early marker of myocardial injury of the ischemia-reperfused heart in dogs and during operations with artificial circulation in humans].

The model of ischemia/reperfusion was reproduced on 9 unconscious dogs. Simultaneously with registration of indexes heart work, hemodynamic and mitochondrial factor (MF) in venous blood from right atrium was defined. Measures were done by spectrophotometria. We have also performed spectrophotometric determination of MF in 11 patients in course of operation with blood cardioplegia. Samples of mixed venous blood from the right atrium were taken on different stages of artificial blood circulation: ischemia and reperfusion. Besides that, patients' level of enzymes was defined: creatine kinase (CK), mv-creatine kinase (mv-CK), lactatedehydrogenase (LDG), aspartataminotransferase (AST), within first day of postoperative period, and also ECG-recording within pre- and after operative period were done. Maximal MF level correlates with frequency and severity of cardiac rhythm disturbance, severity of myocardial hypoxia (r = 0.81). Maximum MF level also demonstrated correlation with KK (r = 0.97), mvKK (r = 0.92), LDG(r = 0.81), AST (r = 0.85). Thus, in experimental and clinic conditions myocardial ischemia was accompanied by mPTP activation, which led to reperfusion myocardial injuries and to release of MF. Method of MF determination gives opportunity to propose its usage as early marker of ischemic injuries and also as marker of mPTP opening in vivo.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of human pulmonary arterial volume in vivo.

A method of measuring pulmonary arterial transit time (PATT), from the pulmonary valve to the precapillary vessels, using the gamma-emitting isotope technetium-99m and external counting probes, has been applied in patients coming to cardiac catheterization. The method was successfully applied in 36 of 39 patients. The dose of 99Tc for a single determination was 1 mc. Agreement between right and left lung transit times was good, average difference between the two lungs being less than 7% of mean PATT. Reproducibility between duplicate injections was 9.4 +/- 1.2% (SEM). Pulmonary arterial volume (PAV) was calculated as the product of PATT and flow. In 11 normal patients average PAV was 92 ml . m-2 and constituted 30% of total pulmonary blood volume (PBV). In ten patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease average PAV was 129 ml . m-2, constituting 38% of PBV, while, in seven patients with left ventricular disease and a similar degree of pulmonary hypertension, PAV was also 129 ml . m-2, but constituted only 29% of PBV. Thus, in pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease the pulmonary arteries are enlarged out of proportion to the remainder of the pulmonary vascular bed. In seven patients with carcinoma of the lung, in whom one main branch of the pulmonary artery was occluded with a balloon catheter, PAV fell significantly less than would be predicted, indicating a distension of the unoccluded portion of the arterial tree. Distensibility in the unoccluded part of the arterial tree was calculated to be 4.5% per cmH2O pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Distributed motor pattern underlying whole-body shortening in the medicinal leech.

Whole-body shortening was studied in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, by a combination of videomicroscopy and multielectrode recordings. Video microscopy was used to monitor the animal behavior and muscle contraction. Eight suction pipettes were used to obtain simultaneous electrical recordings from fine roots emerging from ganglia. This vital escape reaction was rather reproducible. The coefficient of variation of the animal contraction during whole-body shortening was between 0.2 and 0.3. The great majority of all leech longitudinal motoneurons were activated during this escape reaction, in particular motoneurons 3, 4, 5, 8, 107, 108, and L. The firing pattern of all these motoneurons was poorly reproducible from trial to trial, and the coefficient of variation of their firing varied between 0.3 and 1.5 for different motoneurons. The electrical activity of pairs of coactivated motoneurons did not show any sign of correlation over a time window of 100 ms. Only the left and right motoneurons L in the same ganglion had a correlated firing pattern, resulting from their strong electrical coupling. As a consequence of the low correlation between coactivated motoneurons, the global electrical activity during whole-body shortening became reproducible with a coefficient of variation below 0.3 during maximal contraction. These results indicate that whole-body shortening is mediated by the coactivation of a large fraction of all leech motoneurons, i.e., it is a distributed process, and that coactivated motoneurons exhibit a significant statistical independence. Probably due to this statistical independence this vital escape reaction is smooth and reproducible.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A new reproducible focal cerebral ischemia model by introduction of polyvinylsiloxane into the middle cerebral artery: a comparison study.

A reliable focal cerebral ischemia model is essential in evaluating the efficacy and safety of neuroprotective therapy for stroke. We present a focal embolic ischemic model of rat with reproducible and predictable brain infarction by comparing it with two other most commonly used focal cerebral ischemia models. To produce embolic focal cerebral ischemia, 30 male Wistar rats were subjected to injection of 30 microl hydrophilic polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) or an autologous thrombus or intraluminal filament occlusion in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) (n = 10 in each group). The percent of brain infarct volume at 48 h after ischemia, neurobehavioral score at 2 h before and after ischemia, intracranial hemorrhagic incidence, and premature reperfusion rate at 3 h after ischemia by MCA angiography were assessed respectively and compared between the focal cerebral models. We found that PVS-induced focal cerebral ischemia had more consistent brain infarct size with less dispersion (32.2+/-7.4%, CV = 0.23) than that with an intraluminal filament occlusion (27.6+/-11.4%, CV = 0.41) or an autologous thrombus embolization (27.2+/-11.8%, CV = 0.43). Injection of PVS also caused more severe neurobehavioral deterioration (3.8+/-0.4) than those produced by two other models (filament, 3.1+/-0.9, P = 0.02; thrombotic, 3.5+/-0.5, P = 0.08). Additionally, animals with PVS-induced focal cerebral ischemia suffered less intracranial hemorrhage (PVS, 0/10, filament, 3/10, thrombotic, 3/10), and less premature reperfusion as determined by MCA angiography (PVS, 0/10, filament, 4/10, thrombotic, 3/10). Our data suggests that permanent focal cerebral ischemia with high reproducibility and low mortality can be achieved by introducing PVS into the right MCA.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Algorithms for computerized QT analysis.

Several methods for measurement of the offset, peak, and morphology of the T wave in multilead ECGs are reviewed and compared. The T wave offset is the most important and also the most difficult measurement for analysis of QT interval dispersion. Measurement methods compared here include (1) the point at which the T wave intersects the isoelectric line plus a threshold; (2) the point at which the derivative of T wave intersects the isoelectric line plus a threshold; (3) the intersection of the maximum slope of the T wave and the isoelectric line; (4) the intersection of a line fitted by least squares to the maximum slope of the T wave and an isoelectric line (LSI); and (5) the point at which the T wave area reaches 90% of the entire T wave area (TA). The reproducibility tests show that the LSI method has the best reproducibility of all the algorithms examined. Although the T wave peak is better defined than the T wave offset, it is not simple to find the right peak when there are multiple T wave peaks and when the T wave is flat and/or noisy. Methods to find T wave patterns with multiple peaks and to locate the point at which the T wave is flat and noisy are therefore reviewed here. Finally, the principal component analysis-based T wave complexity measurement and its relation to other QT interval dispersion measurements are discussed.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency catheter ablation of isthmus-independent atrial flutter.

INTRODUCTION: We report the electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency catheter ablation of isthmus-independent atrial flutter in 2 patients. The isthmus-independent atrial flutter in these 2 patients had similar ECG and electrophysiologic findings. Both were reproducibly induced by rapid atrial pacing. The atrial activation sequence and entrainment study proved that these atrial flutters were not isthmus-dependent. A high-right atrial site was identified as the critical site of the slow conduction zone of the tachycardia in both. This site showed double potentials and mid-diastolic potentials. Radiofrequency catheter ablation at this site successfully eliminated the isthmus-independent atrial flutter in both patients.

Atrial Flutter↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between "normal" transesophageal color-flow Doppler-defined tricuspid regurgitation and thermodilution right ventricular ejection fraction measurements.

Twenty coronary artery revascularization patients, aged 58 +/- 15 years, were studied intraoperatively to define the impact of Doppler-defined tricuspid regurgitation on measurement of thermodilution right ventricular ejection fraction (50 msec response pulmonary artery catheter). Right ventricular function was also estimated using a measurement technique independent of flow patterns across the tricuspid valve (transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiographic 5.0 MHz phased-array transducer). Measurements included transverse plane long- and short-axis planimetered area ratio, respectively, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ratio (ratio = end-diastolic minus end-systolic value divided by end-diastolic value). Data were expressed as thermodilution-echocardiographic gradients, ie, thermodilution ejection fraction minus long-axis planimetered area ratio, short-axis planimetered area ratio, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ratio, respectively. Tricuspid regurgitation was quantified by color-flow Doppler perimetry of maximal regurgitation jet area and analysis of transduced right atrial pressure waveform. Doppler estimates were expressed as absolute values and as a function of corresponding atrial area (tricuspid regurgitation index = planimetered jet area divided by right atrial area). Data were obtained following endotracheal intubation, sternotomy, pericardiotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and chest closure. Data were evaluated by regression analysis, with separate analyses performed for each time period. Profiles were unassociated with right atrial pressure waveform abnormalities. There was no significant relationship between thermodilution ejection fraction variance values and tricuspid regurgitation jet area or regurgitation index, respectively. In each measurement period, thermodilution-echocardiographic gradients were also unrelated to the tricuspid regurgitation estimates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗
PubMed1988

Experimental respiratory infection with Bordetella pertussis in mice: comparison of two methods.

The mouse respiratory model is being used increasingly to study the pathogenesis and immunology of Bordetella pertussis infection. Two methods of inoculation, aerosol and intranasal, are routinely used to establish the infection. We compared the two methods of inoculation for reproducibility of infection using quantitative lung cultures and distribution of infection with [35S] methionine labeled bacteria and pulmonary histopathology. Ability to produce a respiratory infection intranasally was related to the inoculum volume; a minimum of 20 microliters was required although considerable variability remained. Lung bacterial counts in identically inoculated mice varied 1,000 fold following intranasal inoculation compared to only 5 fold following aerosol inoculation. Distribution of pulmonary 35S-labeled bacteria varied widely (right lung, 43-84%; left lung 16-57%) following intranasal in comparison to aerosol inoculation (right, 60-68%; left 32-40%). Finally, intranasal inoculation produced a scant, patchy, bronchopneumonia whereas diffuse pathology involving all pulmonary segments was seen following aerosol infection. Due to the superior reproducibility and predictable distribution of infection and pathology, aerosol inoculation is the method of choice for establishing the mouse model of pertussis respiratory infection.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of skin on bias and reproducibility of near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of cerebral oxygenation changes in porcine brain.

The influence of skin on the bias and reproducibility of regional cerebral oxygenation measurements is investigated using cw near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Receiving optodes are placed over the left and right hemispheres of a piglet (C3, C4 EEG placement code) and one transmitting optode centrally (Cz position). Optical densities (OD) are measured during stable normo, mild, and deep hypoxemia. This is done for skin condition 1: all optodes on the skin; skin condition 2: transmitting optode on the skin and one receiving optode on the skull; and skin condition 3: all optodes on the skull. Absolute changes of oxy- (cO2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (cHHb), and total hemoglobin (ctHb) concentrations [micromolL] are calculated from the ODs. These absolute changes are calculated for each skin condition with respect to normoxic condition. Additionally, for skin condition 2, the difference of concentration changes between receiver 1 (skull) and receiver 2 (skin) is calculated. The effect of skin removal is an average increase of attenuation changes by a factor of 1.66 (=0.51 OD) and of the concentration changes due to the arterial oxygen saturation steps by 23%. We conclude that skin significantly influences regional oxygenation measurements. Nevertheless, it is hypothesized that the estimated concentration changes are dominated by changes of the oxygenation in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

MDCT of right ventricular function: comparison of right ventricular ejection fraction estimation and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography, part 1.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to calculate right ventricular ejection fraction by use of ECG-gated MDCT and to compare the results with those of equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine consecutively examined patients (30 men, 19 women; mean age, 59 years) with known or suspected right ventricular dysfunction secondary to bronchopulmonary (n = 30) or pulmonary vascular (n = 19) disease underwent ECG-gated 16-MDCT angiography of the heart (rotation time, 0.42 second; 120 kV; 300 mAs; collimation, 12 x 0.75 mm; pitch, 0.2) after CT angiographic examination of the entire thorax according to a standard protocol. Biphasic administration of a 30% contrast agent was systematically performed (phase 1, 90 mL at 3 mL/s; phase 2, 30 mL at 1.5 mL/s); no patient received additional medication. Right ventricular ejection fraction was calculated after two reviewers in consensus determined the reconstruction windows and segmentation of the right ventricular cavity on a series of diastolic and systolic short-axis images. The results were compared with those of equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. RESULTS: At data acquisition, the mean (+/- SD) heart rate of the study group was 82 +/- 13.87 beats per minute (BPM) (range, 51-115 BPM). ECG showed a sinus rhythm in 30 (61%) of the patients and irregular cardiac rhythm in 19 (39%) of the patients. Agreement between the two techniques was estimated by intraclass correlation coefficient (0.77), the method of Bland and Altman (limits of concordance, -14.9 and 13.7), and percentage of variability between two measurements expressed by mean absolute percentage error (12.1%). The estimated effective dose for heart examination was 7.48 mSv with CT and 5 mSv with scintigraphy. The mean effective dose for the chest and heart CT examinations was 11.64 mSv. CONCLUSION: Right ventricular ejection fraction can be reliably estimated with 16-MDCT in unselected patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Clinical significance of brain natriuretic peptide in primary pulmonary hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in the assessment of functional status and right heart performance in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). BACKGROUND: Primary pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disease leading to right heart failure and death. Right heart catheterization and maximal or submaximal exercise tests are employed to assess the course of the disease and the effect of therapeutic interventions. Additional noninvasive and reproducible parameters would be helpful to assess the status of patients with PPH. The natriuretic peptide system is up-regulated in PPH patients. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced from the cardiac ventricles and elevated in PPH. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical significance of BNP in PPH patients. METHODS: Correlation analysis was performed for plasma BNP levels of 28 PPH patients and World Health Organization (WHO) functional class (WHO-class), distance walked in 6 min, peak oxygen uptake (peak Vo(2)), and oxygen pulse during spiroergometry and various hemodynamic parameters, including pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), right atrial pressure (RAP), and cardiac index. RESULTS: The BNP levels were inversely correlated with the 6-min walk (r = -0.70; p < 0.001) and peak Vo(2) (r = -0.61; p < 0.01), and positive correlation was observed with WHO-class (r = 0.79; p < 0.001). Moreover, BNP levels were also correlated to PVR (r = 0.61; p < 0.01), PAP (r = 0.48; p < 0.05), and RAP (r = 0.78; p < 0.01), and were inversely related to cardiac index (r = -0.48; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that plasma BNP levels are closely related to the functional impairment of PPH patients and parallel the extent of pulmonary hemodynamic changes and right heart failure. Serial measurements of plasma BNP concentrations may help improve the management of PPH patients.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed1999

Screening for refractive errors in children: accuracy of the hand held refractor Retinomax to screen for astigmatism.

AIMS: To assess the reliability of the hand held automated refractor Retinomax in measuring astigmatism in non-cycloplegic conditions. To assess the accuracy of Retinomax in diagnosing abnormal astigmatism in non-cycloplegic refractive screening of children between 9 and 36 months. METHODS: Among 1205 children undergoing a non-cycloplegic refractive screening with Retinomax, 299 (25%) had repeated non-cycloplegic measurements, 302 (25%) were refracted under cycloplegia using the same refractor, and 88 (7%) using retinoscopy or an automated on table refractor. The reproducibility of non-cycloplegic cylinder measurement was assessed by comparing the cylindrical power and axis values in the 299 repeated measurements without cycloplegia. The influence of the quick mode on cylinder measurement was analysed by comparing the cylinder and axis value in 93 repeated measurements without cycloplegia where normal mode was used in one measurement and quick mode in the other. Predictive values of the refractive screening were calculated for three different thresholds of manifest astigmatism (> or = 1.5, > or = 1.75, and > or = 2 D) considering as a true positive case an astigmatism > or = 2 D under cycloplegic condition (measured by retinoscopy, on table, or hand held refractor). RESULTS: The 95% limits of agreement between two repeated manifest cylinder measurements with Retinomax attained levels slightly less than plus or minus 1 D. The 95% limits of agreement for the axis were plus or minus 46 degrees. The comparison of non-cycloplegic measurements in the quick and normal mode showed no significant difference and 95% limits of agreement plus or minus 0.75 D. The mean difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic cylinder values measured by Retinomax reached 0.17 D and was statistically significant. Manifest thresholds of > or = 1.5 D, > or = 1.75 D, > or = 2 D cylinder value diagnosed 2 D of astigmatism under cyclplegia respectively with 71-84%, 59-80%, 51-54% of sensitivity (right eye-left eye) and 90-92%, 95%, 98% of specificity. CONCLUSION: Without cycloplegia, Retinomax is able to measure cylinder power with the same reproducibility as cycloplegic retinoscopy. No significant difference was found in the cylinder values obtained with the quick and the normal modes. Therefore, the quick mode of measurement is recommended as it is more feasible in children. No difference, which is significant from a screening point of view, exists between the non-cycloplegic and the cycloplegic cylinder value (< 0.25 D). Retinomax diagnoses abnormal astigmatism (> or = 2 D) in a non-cycloplegic refractive screening at preschool ages with 51-84% sensitivity rates and 98-90% specificity rates, depending on the chosen threshold of manifest astigmatism. If 2 D of manifest astigmatism is chosen as a positive test, the positive predictive value of the screening reaches 81-84% and the negative predictive value 91-90% (right eye-left eye).

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Distinct cortical areas for names of numbers and body parts independent of language and input modality.

Some models of word comprehension postulate that the processing of words presented in different modalities and languages ultimately converges toward common cerebral systems associated with semantic-level processing and that the localization of these systems may vary with the category of semantic knowledge being accessed. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate this hypothesis with two categories of words, numerals, and body parts, for which the existence of distinct category-specific areas is debated in neuropsychology. Across two experiments, one with a blocked design and the other with an event-related design, a reproducible set of left-hemispheric parietal and prefrontal areas showed greater activation during the manipulation of topographical knowledge about body parts and a right-hemispheric parietal network during the manipulation of numerical quantities. These results complement the existing neuropsychological and brain-imaging literature by suggesting that within the extensive network of bilateral parietal regions active during both number and body-part processing, a subset shows category-specific responses independent of the language and modality of presentation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Validation of gated blood-pool SPECT cardiac measurements tested using a biventricular dynamic physical phantom.

UNLABELLED: We have developed a biventricular dynamic physical cardiac phantom to test gated blood-pool (GBP) SPECT image-processing algorithms. Such phantoms provide absolute values against which to assess accuracy of both right and left computed ventricular volume and ejection fraction (EF) measurements. METHODS: Two silicon-rubber chambers driven by 2 piston pumps simulated crescent-shaped right ventricles wrapped partway around ellopsoid left ventricles. Twenty experiments were performed at Ghent University, for which right and left ventricular true volume and EF ranges were 65-275 mL and 55-165 mL and 7%-49% and 12%-69%, respectively. Resulting 64 x 64 simulated GBP SPECT images acquired at 16 frames per R-R interval were sent to Columbia University, where 2 observers analyzed images independently of each other, without knowledge of true values. Algorithms automatically segmented right ventricular activity volumetrically from left ventricular activity. Automated valve planes, midventricular planes, and segmentation regions were presented to observers, who accepted these choices or modified them as necessary. One observer repeated measurements >1 mo later without reference to previous determinations. RESULTS: Linear correlation coefficients (r) of the mean of the 3 GBP SPECT observations versus true values for right and left ventricles were 0.80 and 0.94 for EF and 0.94 and 0.95 for volumes, respectively. Correlations for right and left ventricles were 0.97 and 0.97 for EF and 0.96 and 0.89 for volumes, respectively, for interobserver agreement and 0.97 and 0.98 for EF and 0.96 and 0.90 for volumes, respectively, for intraobserver agreement. No trends were detected, though volumes and right ventricular EFs were significantly higher than true values. CONCLUSION: Overall, GBP SPECT measurements correlated strongly with true values. The phantom evaluated shows considerable promise for helping to guide algorithm developments for improved GBP SPECT accuracy.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2001

Hepatic vein Doppler studies: variability of flow pattern in normal children.

BACKGROUND: Loss of triphasicity of hepatic venous flow on Doppler US has been correlated with hepatic parenchymal disease such as cirrhosis and graft rejection in adults. OBJECTIVE: To document physiological variations of hepatic vein (HV) flow patterns in normal children of different age groups, the influence of age, sex, body position, site of measurements within a given vein, exercise and food intake. Also, to document the reproducibility of the Doppler US findings in the three major HVs, in order to establish the limits of normal flow against which to assess liver pathology giving rise to abnormal flow pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two children, divided into four age groups: less than 1 year, 1-5 years, 5-12 years and 12-16 years, with four boys and four girls in each group, underwent repeated US examinations of their HVs. The HV flow pattern was recorded as triphasic = 4, diphasic = 3, monophasic = 2 or uninterpretable = 1 at three sites in each vein: peripheral, middle and proximal in the supine position in the fasting state. One recording was then obtained in the midportion of each vein in the sitting position, another one after exercise, then after a meal and lastly one by a second radiologist. Statistical analysis of variance was done of each variable alone, in combination two by two and three by three. RESULTS: HV flow pattern was different from one vein to another in the majority of the children, the right HV having the least triphasic flow. Age was highly significant, the HV flow being less triphasic in young children. Sex and position were significant for the right HV only, which was the most difficult to examine. Exercise and food intake did not change the triphasicity of flow. CONCLUSIONS: HV flow pattern differs with age and can differ from one HV to another within an apparently normal liver. Interpretation is generally reproducible from one radiologist to another. A difference of sex, seen mostly for the right HV, may be due to unfavourable Doppler angle and difficulty of interpretation. The site of measurements within a given vein, body position, exercise and food intake do not influence the triphasicity of HV flow.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ultrasonography of the neck splenius capitis muscle. Investigation in a group of young healthy women.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reproducibility of real-time ultrasonography as a method for measuring the size of the splenius capitis muscle (SPCM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten right-handed women (non-athletes) aged 19-29 years were studied. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), anterior-posterior dimension (APD), and lateral dimension (LD) were measured bilaterally on 2 successive days, twice each day. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation (CV) of CSA was 2.7% between times, and 3.0% between days. No significant correlations were found between muscle CSA and the anthropometric variables (neck girth, height, weight, fat percentage and body mass index). A significant correlation between CSA and the multiple of the 2 linear dimensions (MLD = LD x APD) was found (r = 0.76, p = < 0.01). CSA of SPCM was larger on the dominant side (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that real-time ultrasonography is a useful method for evaluating the size of the SPCM.

Adult↗