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Results for “Student Dropouts”

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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Evaluation of psychological risk factors: prospective prediction of psychopathology during basic training.

OBJECTIVE: Three theoretically derived cognitive risk factors were evaluated to determine whether they predicted the development of stress responding in the context of Basic Cadet Training (BCT). METHOD: A large sample of cadets (N = 1,401) was prospectively followed for the 5-week BCT period. RESULTS: All risk factors were found to significantly and independently predict the development of psychopathology and impairment as well as changes in symptoms during basic training. Risk factors conveyed approximately two to five times greater likelihood of experiencing clinically significant levels of symptoms at the end of BCT. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide strong evidence for three psychological risk factors in the development of anxiety and mood symptoms. Implications for screening and primary prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Predicting attrition in basic military training.

This cohort study investigated whether the risk of attrition during Australian Army recruit training was predicted by the fitness, age, date of enlistment, or injury status of recruits. Subjects were 1,317 male Australian Army recruits undertaking 12 weeks of intensive training. Fitness was measured using a 20-m progressive shuttle run test (20 mSRT) in which higher scores reflected higher fitness. A total of 184 subjects failed to complete training. Two hundred seventy-six disabling lower limb training injuries were recorded; 100 were stress fractures or periostitis. Scores on the 20 mSRT ranged between 3.5 and 13.5. Multivariate survival analysis revealed a strong negative association between 20 mSRT score and risk of attrition (p < 0.001) and a positive association between sustaining a lower limb injury and risk of attrition (p < 0.001). These effects were additive. Age and enlistment date were not significantly associated with risk of attrition. Fitness and training procedures may be important, modifiable risk factors for attrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Internal platinum, palladium, and gold exposure in environmentally and occupationally exposed persons.

In a pilot study the urinary platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au) excretion was analyzed in 27 dental technicians, 17 road construction workers and 17 school-leavers using sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). Detection limits in urine were 0.24 ng/l for Pt and Au and 0.17 ng/l regarding Pd. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess information about kind and degree of contact to these metals, the physical condition of the volunteers and confounding factors. Significant differences between the three study groups were found. The mean Pt, Pd, and Au excretions of the dental technicians were significantly higher than those of the road construction workers and school-leavers. This indicates that the occupational treatment of dental alloys leads to an internal exposure to these metals which is distinctly higher than that from automobile exhaust exposure. Significant differences between Monday morning (pre-shift) and Thursday afternoon (post-shift) urine samples of the dental technicians were not found. The Pt excretion of road construction workers working near a much traveled highway was comparable with that of school-leavers being less (only environmentally) exposed to automobile exhaust. Regarding Pd and Au the road construction workers showed a tendency to higher levels in urine when compared with the school-leavers, but statistically significant differences were not found. The tendency to higher urinary Pd and Au levels in the road-construction workers may be explained by their slightly greater number of noble metal containing artificial dentures, which may cause an additional exposure. A statistically significant effect of age on the urinary noble metal excretion was not detectable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

School refusal: issues of conceptualisation, assessment, and treatment.

Developments in the assessment and treatment of school refusal have often been hampered by a failure to recognise its essentially heterogeneous nature. This paper provides a review of major conceptual complexities that have helped to undermine developments in clinical practice. In particular, it considers the distinction between school refusal and truancy, and school phobia and separation anxiety. Common approaches to the assessment and treatment of school refusal are outlined. Although behavioural and cognitive behavioural approaches are now widely accepted as central to treatment, it is increasingly recognised that individually tailored programmes, utilising a range of approaches, are most likely to prove successful. An approach focusing upon the functions, rather than the symptoms, of school refusal is advocated as having most promise for assessment and the subsequent formulation of individual prescriptive treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The adequacy of outpatient child psychiatric facilities?

An analysis was made of South Auckland cases referred to the Auckland child health clinic in 1972 and 1973, and a survey of the views of the doctors and others who refer to the clinic was undertaken. The aim of the study was to establish whether the child assessment and treatment needs of the South Auckland area are being met, and the conclusion of the authors was that they are not. Recommendations are made.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

What does it take to have a positive impact on minority students' college retention?

This paper describes the Young Scholars Program (YSP), which seeks to expand the pool of African American and other underrepresented minority youth who aspire to attend college, and to help them meet entrance requirements and successfully obtain a college degree. Quarter-by-quarter data for the first two groups of YSP students entering The Ohio State University were promising. Their retention rates approximated university averages, while comparison groups showed lower levels of retention. It was concluded that the many facets of the Young Scholars Program, as well as the students' positive reputation among family members, peers, and teachers, produced strong motivation, ability, and determination to succeed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Gender self-concept profiles of adolescents suspended from high school.

The gender self-concept profiles of 128 adolescents (107 males) whose persistent behaviour problems led to suspension from school were investigated. Establishing the students' percentile ratings in the 11 subscales of the Self-Description Questionnaire overcame previous methodological weaknesses. For boys and girls Physical Appearance, Opposite-sex Relationships, and Honesty and Trustworthiness were in the average range, but Parent Relationships, General Self, and General School self-concepts were low. Only girls were low for Same-sex Relationships and Emotional Stability. The profiles suggest that boys' antisocial behaviours are associated with striving for a masculine self-image, but girls' antisocial behaviours are associated with greater social marginalisation. The issues of multi-focused interventions, prosocial role models, the particular needs of girls, and the relationship between self-control, self-enhancement, and reputation enhancement theories are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The school adjustment of South Asian immigrant children in the United States.

This study examined the school adjustment process among South Asian children who had immigrated to the United States with their parents, and who had below-average grades. Both risk and protective factors for dropping out of school were explored in the context of the traditions, familial values, and social norms of South Asians. Data were collected from 75 parents and 75 children in separate semistructured interviews. Content analysis revealed three major themes: congruence of the parents' and school's views on the value of education, congruence of the parents' and children's beliefs that education is the tool to achieve goals, and determination of the children to achieve goals. The low level of proficiency in English was found to be a critical factor in low achievement and school failure. It was concluded that parental encouragement to succeed, in conjunction with teachers' efforts, can be used to facilitate children's school adjustment. Strategies for assisting immigrant children are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Measuring interference with employment and education reported by women with abusive partners: preliminary data.

This study examines the reliability and convergent validity of the Work/School Abuse Scale (W/SAS), a measure of the ways that abusive men interfere with women's participation in education and employment. Results indicate good reliability as measured by coefficient alpha and significant correlations with both a revised version of the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Psychological Abuse Index. The W/SAS is a useful measure of the ways in which physical force and other means of interfering with women's lives isolate them from activities that might provide income, social contacts, and a sense of accomplishment. It may also be used to examine whether changes in welfare policies affect levels of physical force and nonviolent interference in women's employment and education, as suggested by the Family Violence Option to the 1996 revisions in federal welfare policies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time.

CONTEXT: In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regression and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. RESULTS: The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers complete 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage points between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. CONCLUSIONS: Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.

Adolescent↗