Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Social Protection”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Nurses' meaning of caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: The concept of caring is described as intangible, abstract, and invisible in nursing practice. This has translated into a view of caring as a personal choice or natural obligation rather than a deliberate process. While there has been movement to delineate caring within nursing in general, the psychiatric nurse's perspective on caring has been absent from theoretical works and measures constructed to describe nurse's work. OBJECTIVES: To develop a substantive grounded theory of caring from the perspective of Registered Nurses working with patients in three Canadian acute psychiatric hospital settings. DESIGN: The qualitative research design of grounded theory methodology was used to develop a theory of caring. SETTINGS: Three urban, acute psychiatric hospital settings in Canada. Two were general hospitals and one was a psychiatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Registered Nurses (N=17) licensed with the College of Nurses of Ontario. METHOD: In-depth interviews with Registered Nurses were conducted using theoretical sampling. The data were analysed using constant comparative analysis. RESULTS: Protective empowering is the basic social psychological process that represents Registered Nurses' caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings. Nurses accomplish protective empowering through six main categories of: (1) respecting the patient; (2) not taking the patient's behaviour personally; (3) keeping the patient safe; (4) encouraging the patient's health; (5) authentic relating; and (6) interactive teaching. The six main categories were accomplished through 27 subcategories. In the theory of protective empowering, the goal is to help patients participate in activities contributing to convalescence, health, and/or quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The theory of protective empowering provides six main categories and 27 subcategories that can be transferred to funding formulas, patient health record documentation systems, nurse orientation and education programs, nurse role descriptions, and used in guiding discussions about organizational values of patient-centred care within a collaborative multidisciplinary context.

Hospitals, Psychiatric↗
PubMed2003

Diabetes in childhood: are the laws obligations or resources? The Italian situation.

Two fundamental acts: "Provisions for the prevention and the cure of the diabetes mellitus" of 1987 and "Convention on the rights of the child, New York, 20 November 1989" of 1991, are a clear reference to the many laws promulgated in Italy protecting the special needs of children and adolescents with diabetes. In particular these acknowledge and emphasize the social value of the disease, the importance of the relationship with families and the infrequent need of hospital treatments. To give adequate answers to the need of self-management, it is essential to involve an integrated multidisciplinary team, adequately formed in order to supply an educational therapeutic intervention, based on medical aid and oriented on psycho pedagogy and social assistance. Cooperation and integration among health services of the territory, hospitals and social services for the complete protection of patients with diabetes--not only of their disease--are therefore necessary. Adequate laws can perhaps influence the quality of treatment and the quality of life in children with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A non-aversive behavioral-pharmacological intervention for severe self-injury in an adult with dual sensory impairment.

The severe and high-rate self-injurious (face slapping) behavior of a woman who was deaf and legally blind was reduced to near-zero levels following implementation of a multicomponent treatment program in combination with psychotropic medication. Behavioral treatment incorporated the noncontingent wearing of a protective helmet, rearrangement of social contingencies, and gradual fading of the helmet in a transfer of stimulus control paradigm. The client was prescribed lithium shortly after the introduction of the behavioral program and the dosage was increased over the course of treatment. A six-month follow-up revealed a near-absence of self-injury. Several explanations for the therapeutic control from the behavioral-pharmacological intervention are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Development of resistance in Pharaoh's ant (Monomorium pharaonis)].

The possibility of resistance development in the pharaoh's ant Monomorium pharaonis in regard to insecticides and chemosterilants in general and in the special case of sodium arsenate is discussed. The low number of sexuals and the long duration of generations reduced the possibility of the development of resistance in social insects to a great extent. Although the pharaoh's ant offers relatively good possibilities for the selection of resistance on account of the polygyny, the duration of generations in the range of a whole year under field conditions and the isogeny of the colonies diminished the development of resistance. Experimental investigations for the selection of resistance to sodium arsenate in laboratory colonies with artificially shortened sequence of generations are presented. Following six generations, no enlargement of tolerance or true resistance but a clear sensitivity could be stated. This sensitivity leads to an eradication of the colonies. It is pointed out, that in pharaoh's ant a development of resistance against the lethal action of sodium arsenate and carbaryl is impossible, because of the protection mechanism of the social food chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among Mexican Americans: nativity, social assimilation, and age determinants.

The burden of disease attributable to mental illnesses has major costs and human services implications in the United States. Mexican Americans compose two thirds of the nation's largest and fastest-growing minority group, Latinos. We report 12-month DSM-III-R psychiatric disorder rates among Mexican Americans derived from a population survey of immigrants and US-born adults of Mexican origin conducted in rural and urban areas of central California. Rates of 12-month total mood, anxiety, and substance disorders were 14.2% for immigrant women, 12.6% for immigrant men, 27.8% for US-born women, and 27.2% for US-born men. For immigrants, younger age of entry and longer residence in the United States were associated with increased rates of psychiatric disorders. Three dominant explanations are reviewed to explain these differences: selection, social assimilation and stress, and measurement artifact. Our results and other research studies collectively support a social assimilation explanation based on aversive impact on health behaviors and protective resources such as families. Greater social assimilation increases psychiatric morbidity, with rates for subjects who are US-born of Mexican origin approximately the same as rates for the US general population.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial determination of depressive symptoms in adolescence: sex differences].

In a longitudinal study over four years, the links between psychosocial factors of the social network and depressive symptomatology were analysed in 107 adolescents. Separate regression analysis for each gender revealed different factors contributing to female and male depression in late adolescence. While females' psychological well-being seems to depend on psychosocial characteristics of their social world, which may serve as protective factors, male depression is primarily determined by former depression, whereas social factors serve as stressors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Associations between school environments and childhood traumatic dental injuries.

PURPOSE: To assess the associations between social and physical school environments and the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in 12-year-old children in Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 52 urban schools in Thailand was carried out from a sample of 2,725 12-year-old children that were clinically examined for TDI and interviewed. Cluster analyses were performed to classify the schools into supportive and non-supportive schools by social and physical environmental characteristics. Analyses of the associations were performed using multilevel analyses, accounting for school variations and controlling for confounding factors at the child level. RESULTS: 35.0% of children had TDI. Prevalence was twice as high amongst boys than girls. The prevalence of TDI was significantly lower in the schools with a supportive social environment (Crude OR = 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8, p = 0.004)). The adjusted OR was 0.7 (95% CI = 0.5 to 0.9, p = 0.02). This statistically significant association existed in boys but there was only an insignificant tendency of association in girls. There was no statistically significant association between TDI and the physical environment of the schools. But there was an insignificant tendency of association with the physical environment in girls. CONCLUSION: TDI were much more common in boys than girls. TDI were significantly less prevalent in male children in schools with supportive, compared to less supportive social environments. In boys, there was a tendency for the more socially supportive environment to be more protective rather than the effect of any type of physical environment. In girls, this protective tendency was only apparent when school environments were both more socially supportive, and physically favourable.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Working conditions, living conditions and physical health problems declared among penitentiary administration personnel in France].

A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted among prison staff in France to investigate the relationships between working conditions and health. The sample included men and women 20 to 64 years old belonging to all categories of prison personnel: prison guards, administrative staff, socioeducational workers, technicians, health care workers, and managers (n = 4587, response rate 45.7%). A mailed self-administered questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, and physical and mental disorders. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the effects of working conditions and social relationships on health of prison staff. However, the results reported here only concern 17 health disorders: body mass index, sick leave, medication use, accidents, digestive disorders, lower extremities and back disorders, hypertension, hemorrhoids, arthritis, skin disorders, urinary infections, chronic bronchitis, cholesterol, gastric ulcer, respiratory infections, ocular disorders. The living non professional conditions mostly associated with health disorders were financial difficulties (OR: 1.9 for digestive disorders, 1.8 for gastric ulcer, 1.7 for medication use) and irregularity of meals (OR = 1.5 for digestive disorders, and hypertension). In the occupational environment, the factors most associated with health disorders are seniority (OR = 4.2 for arthritis, 2.3 for cholesterol) and constraints (OR = 1.7 for lower extremities disorders). In spite of some limits associated to this kind of study, relationships between occupational and non occupational factors and physical health conditions were observed; the results also pointed out the protective role of the social relationships for health conditions.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Substance use, social networks, and the geography of urban adolescents.

This article demonstrates a research strategy and prevention methodology for substance using urban youth that incorporates individual, social, and geographical parameters to systematically understand the ecology of risk and protection for urban youth. The primary goal of this study was to describe and analyze substance using and nonusing urban adolescents' social networks; risky and protective settings where they socialize; and the relationship to health outcomes such as substance use, depression, and stress. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) derived spatial relationships and analyses between the specific locations where the teens are active, their subjective ratings of these locations, and objective environmental risk data. These social network and GIS data were merged to form a detailed description and analysis of the social ecology of urban adolescent substance use. A case study was constructed to illustrate the methodology of creating a three-dimentional ecological profile that helps explain these relationships and provides preventive applications. Linear distances were computed between the homes of the users and the risky and safe places that they identified. On average, the distance between users' homes and their identified safe places was three times the distance between their homes and their identified risky places. This study provides support for understanding urban adolescent substance use through the detailed and multiple dimensional analysis of teens' social ecologies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Construction workers' reactions to educational materials: a debate on relations between health and work].

This study focuses on the reactions of construction workers to educational materials (posters, folders, and leaflets) produced by the Brazilian Ministries of Health and Labor. The authors conducted two focal groups at construction sites in the city of Rio de Janeiro to analyze four educational materials, employing thematic analysis. The article presents the workers' perspective on the themes discussed in the leaflets, classified in two groups of meaning: health and social control. They go on to discuss how workers' display an expanded vision of health to the extent that it includes social determinants of the health-disease process. The study identified the workers' limited participation in work-process surveillance activities and their lack of knowledge concerning workers' health measures adopted by the Ministry of Health. The authors conclude that the analysis of educational materials by their target public represents a privileged place for negotiating meanings and grasping ways of life in specific groups. They suggest educational activities using leaflets as a means to motivate critical analysis of the health-disease process.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Impact, psychological sequelae and management of trauma affecting children and adolescents.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this review we examine the most recent literature on the impact, psychological sequelae and management of trauma affecting children and adolescents. We focus on consequences of early traumatic events in childhood, adolescence and adulthood; mediating variables (risk and protective factors) intervention strategies and available treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: Increasingly often, mental health professionals are being asked to address the needs of children and adolescents who have been exposed to traumatic events, either as individuals or in groups. Studies on a wide range of age groups, populations and types of trauma revealed that traumatized children and adolescents are at high risk for developing a range of different behavioural, psychological and neurobiological problems. Social support may have a protective effect on the relationship between exposure to traumatic events and psychosocial symptoms. SUMMARY: Several recent studies analyze a wide range of early traumatic events that may be directly or indirectly experienced by youth. These studies raise many fundamental questions such as validity of current diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, comorbidity with anxiety, depressive disorders and childhood traumatic grief symptoms. Vulnerability and protective factors, mainly gender, age and social support are considered. A common problem in research into the impact of trauma on children is the presence of many limitations: studies are often retrospective, use self-report questionnaires and the results may not be generalizable (i.e. they are trauma or population specific). There is a lack of well designed studies, addressing in particular treatments for post-traumatic symptoms in children and adolescents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Children at risk: outcome and cost measures needed.

Sporadic reports in the media focus on the difficulty of America's social welfare leadership to protect children at risk and to allocate scarce resources. These criticisms suggest the need for valid conclusions in both socio-psychological and economic terms for evaluating the efficacy of three key strategies used for children at risk: reunification, foster and kinship care, and adoption. This article calls for creating a comprehensive data base that supplies the most critical variables leading to reasonable successes and the average cost per case when comparing children reunified with a biological parent to those who are placed into out-of-home settings and to those who are adopted. This analysis to include public and private expenditures for services provided by human services--welfare, special education, judicial, correctional, mental health, medical, and other related organizations.

Adoption↗
PubMed2005

[Role of protective factors in the development of depression].

The aim of the present work was to study the counterbalancing effect of protective factors on the predisposition factors to depression, and also to identify the protective factors that enable individuals susceptible to depression to successfully integrate into tile society. Preventive factors assisting individuals to face and successfully overcome the stress triggered by various provoking factors (negative events during the last half a year) were also analyzed. 681 college students participated in the research, 465 women and 216 men. Students with any one of the following predisposition factors were included the affected group (n = 232, 161 women and 71 men): positive family anamnesis (medically diagnosed depression of mother, father, grandparents or sibling), loss during the early years (death of parent, separation, divorce during the first ten years of the child). The results of the present study demonstrate that peer support, and acceptance by others--primarily emotional acceptance--may serve as protective factors. It is also demonstrated that certain socialization factors and parental care are also valuable protection against stress. Furthermore, the effects of certain dysfunctional attitudes influencing the evaluation of negative life-events were proven.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Community medicine under imperialism: a new medical police?

This paper explains the historical reasons for the reappearance, since the middle of the 20th century, of social issues in the medical context of capitalist countries. The author interprets the rise of a community trend in medicine as one of the solutions that capitalism is proposing for the problems of public health. He considers that primary care coverage extension projects provide a means to attend to minimal levels of social demand, as well as basic conditions for the protection of previously neglected populations, without changing social relations or significantly diminishing productive investment. On the contrary, the consumer market will in many cases be expanded by new forms of demand. The contradictory nature of "community" services under capitalism is analyzed so as to provide a basis for the design of a strategy that takes into account the interests of the people.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Children at risk: outcome and cost measures needed.

Sporadic reports in the media focus on the inability of America's social welfare leadership to protect children at risk and to allocate judiciously scarce resources. These criticisms suggest the importance of arriving at valid conclusions in both socio-psychological and economic terms so that human service specialists can evaluate the efficacy of three key strategies used for children at risk: reunification, foster care; and adoption. Rather than continuing to modify public policy without much empirical evidence, this article calls for creating a comprehensive data base that supplies the most critical treatment variables leading to reasonable successes and to the average cost per case when comparing children reunified with a biological parent to those who are placed into out-of-home settings and to those who are adopted. This proposed analysis should include public and private expenditures for the services provided by human services-welfare, special education, judicial, correctional, mental health, medical, and other related organizations.

Adoption↗
PubMed2006

Social buffering: relief from stress and anxiety.

Communication is essential to members of a society not only for the expression of personal information, but also for the protection from environmental threats. Highly social mammals have a distinct characteristic: when conspecific animals are together, they show a better recovery from experiences of distress. This phenomenon, termed 'social buffering', has been found in rodents, birds, non-human primates and also in humans. This paper reviews classical findings on social buffering and focuses, in particular, on social buffering effects in relation to neuroendocrine stress responses. The social cues that transmit social buffering signals, the neural mechanisms of social buffering and a partner's efficacy with respect to social buffering are also detailed. Social contact appears to have a very positive influence on the psychological and the physiological aspects of social animals, including human beings. Research leading towards further understanding of the mechanisms of social buffering could provide alternative medical treatments based on the natural, individual characteristics of social animals, which could improve the quality of life.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Diagnosis of chronic pain caused by osteoarthritis and prescription of analgesics in patients with cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the ability to detect symptoms of osteoarthritis and prescription of analgesics in older adults with different degrees of cognitive impairment. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Patients consecutively admitted to a Geriatric Evaluation and Rehabilitation Unit (GERU) for disability due to orthopedic, neurological, or cardiopulmonary diseases, after a surgical intervention, or for behavioral disturbances of dementia. Subjects with a recent orthopedic intervention were excluded. Eight hundred eighty-eight patients were analyzed (mean age 78.4 +/- 7.2 years, 69.5% female) and divided into 4 groups according to cognitive impairment: severe (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE 0-12), moderate (MMSE 13-18), mild (MMSE 19-24), or absent (MMSE 25-30). METHODS: Patients underwent a geriatric multidimensional assessment; the diagnosis of musculoskeletal pain was based on patients' direct report, objective signs (inflammatory signs around the joints), and "pain behaviors" (reductions in activity, social withdrawal, self-protective maneuvers, increased alterations in facial expressions or body postures, observable displays of distress). Analgesic drugs were registered on discharge in subjects with symptomatic osteoarthritis. RESULTS: Of the patients admitted to GERU, 16.8% (n = 149) had osteoarthritis; this percentage is different according to cognitive impairment (MMSE 0-12: 1%, MMSE 13-18: 8%, MMSE 19-24: 17.4%, MMSE 24-30: 34.1%, P < .001). If patients admitted for osteoarthritis are excluded, the new diagnoses of pain due to osteoarthritis are 306 (41.4%), without differences between cognitive status groups. On discharge, analgesic drugs are prescribed to 28.8% of patients with symptomatic arthritis (n = 131); the percentage is lower in patients with severe cognitive impairment in comparison with subjects with better cognitive functions. CONCLUSION: There is a poor attention to chronic pain due to osteoarthritis in community-dwelling elders with cognitive impairment. In a rehabilitative setting, an accurate evaluation of objective signs allows the diagnosis of symptomatic osteoarthritis. However, the link between the diagnosis and the treatment is not direct, since the prescription of analgesics is lower in patients with a more severe cognitive impairment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1972

Role of prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex in social behavior and affect in monkeys.

Prefrontal or anterior temporal but not cingulate cortex lesions lead to major deficits in all aspects of social behavior including maternal protectiveness, aggressiveness, group cohesiveness, defense of territory, maintenance of hierarchical status, and, even, sexual behavior. Lesions of visual association cortex, on the other hand, fail to produce such deficits. Rather, these deficits appear to be spedfically emotional in nature and not related to impairments in perceptual or sensory functions. Prefrontal and anterior temporal cortical lesions also produce major losses in both facial expressions and in vocalizations suggesting these functions in the rhesus monkey participate primarily in emotional and socia1 communications. In keeping with this interpretation, present studies show a major difficulty in bringing rhesus monkey vocalizations under instrumental or conditioned control. Thus, in this species, there exists a major difficulty of access between the volitional control mechanisms of the cortex and the vocalization apparatus. The present findings support the hypothesis of a duel control of the face and voice in man whereby there still exists prominently the emotional or affective element which mediates all involuntary or spontaneously emotive expressions of feeling. This more primitive and aged mechanism for face and voice control utilizes quite different neural control mechanisms than does the more recently derived system which provides for a volitional face and voice control. This more recent system has developed embedded wlithin the posteriorly located analytic and mnemonic cortical tissues and provides for communications between individuals within the species at symbolic, verbal levels.

Affect↗