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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Characteristics of nonverbal behavior in patients with cleft lip and palate during interpersonal communication.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined characteristics of nonverbal behavior that patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) presented during interpersonal communication. DESIGN: This was a case-control design comparing nonverbal behavior of adult women with CLP with females without CLP. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 20 adult women with CLP and 20 noncleft control women matched for age and educational experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subject gestures and facial expressions were videotaped during interviews and analyzed with a computer-based kinematic measurement system. RESULTS: The clinical group displayed significantly fewer head movements and a lower smile frequency than the control group. Furthermore, head and hand movements and smiles were less coordinated or congruent for the subjects with CLP than for the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Even slight facial disfigurement could have a harmful effect on communication behavior in female patients with CLP.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Teeth arrangement of anterior artificial teeth. 1. Age and teeth exposure].

In selecting and arranging anterior artificial teeth for edentulous patients, it is necessary to consider their sex, personality, age and other factors. The relation of upper and lower lip lines to incisal edge has been one of the standards for the selection and the arrangement of anterior artificial teeth. The purpose of this report was to establish and to evaluate decision bases for the selection and arrangement. We recorded and measured the exposure rate of anterior natural teeth (48 men, 46 women) during function, such as smile, pronunciation, by means of the image analysis. Following results were obtained. 1. As the age of patients increased, upper anterior teeth appeared less than lower's. 2. Differences in exposure ratio between upper and lower teeth were found more remarkable in smiling rather than in pronunciation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Assessing a microswitch-based stimulation procedure for eye-blinking responses in a young woman with profound multiple disabilities.

We applied a new microswitch-based stimulation procedure for eye-blinking responses with a young woman with profound multiple disabilities, and compared effects of this procedure on the eye-blinking responses and smiling with the effects of a caregiver-based stimulation condition. Analysis showed that the microswitch-based stimulation procedure, with stimulation occurring contingent on eye-blinking responses, increased the frequencies of these responses significantly above the levels recorded in baseline and caregiver-based stimulation conditions. No changes in smiling frequencies occurred. Implications of the findings in terms of alertness, learning, and quality of life are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

Hostility and facial expression in young men and women: is social regulation more important than negative affect?

Behavioral differences may clarify the link between hostility and health. This study examined facial expression. Seventy-two low- and high-hostile undergraduates underwent the Type A Structured Interview (SI) and a test of social anxiety. Facial behavior was measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Low-hostile participants displayed non-Duchenne smiles more frequently than high-hostile participants during the SI. There were no group differences in the expression of disgust. The results identify differences in the nonverbal behavior of hostile people. Restricted use of non-Duchenne smiles may reflect limited use of appeasement, contributing to uncomfortable interpersonal relations and limited social support. The findings are consistent with a behavioral ecology perspective and suggest that social regulation may be as important as negative affect in determining the consequences of hostility.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Using the golden proportion in aesthetic treatment: a case report.

Many dental patients are unhappy with their smile but believe a beautiful smile is outside their budget. The first step is to listen to the patient in order to understand what his or her primary concerns are. The second step is to examine carefully and analyze the case to develop a treatment plan that will fulfill as much as possible of the patient's desires within the context of his or her constraints (financial or otherwise). Also, remember that dentistry doesn't end when the last veneer is placed or the last bill is paid. The final step is to maintain a strong relationship with your patients to ensure good oral hygiene and restorations that are as long-lasting as they are beautiful.

Cuspid↗
PubMed1990

The evolution of dental esthetics.

Dental esthetics has been based for a long time, on time-honoured theories where the restored or replaced teeth had to match the face shape while providing due respect to the sex, the age and the personality of the patient. Most of these theories have since been disproved and the standards of dental esthetics have been revised following surveys of naturally perfect smiles and patients' preferences. Guidelines are presented in a sequence of 5 easily applicable steps with the objective of creating the right smile for the right patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Horizontal measurements of buccal vestibules].

In order to establish the horizontal measurements of the buccal vestibules- an important index for the aesthetic quality of prostheses, a total of 250 subjects, 119 males and 131 females, were measured. The size of the buccal vestibule is calculated as the half of the difference between the size of a smiling mouth and the width of the visible dentition. It has been established that the mean linear measure of the buccal vestibule is 6.5 mm and varies from 5 and 8.5 mm. Its value is directly proportional to the size of the smile and inversely proportional--to the width of the visible dentition; no discrepanciens have established depending on sex and age of the subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Infant sensitivity to adult eye direction.

Adult eye direction was manipulated while adults interacted with 3-6 month-olds over closed-circuit television (Experiment 1) or in person (Experiment 2). Infants received 4 1-min interaction periods. For experimental groups, adult eye contact was maintained during Periods 1 and 3, and averted during Periods 2 and 4 (by viewing infants on a television monitor to maintain contingency). Control infants received eye contact during all periods. Experimental infants' smiling declined whenever adults looked away; their visual attention simply decreased across periods. Control infants showed little change in gaze or smiling across periods. The implications of these results for Baron-Cohen's model of infant theory of mind and Morton and Johnson's 2-process theory of infant face perception are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Esthetic recontouring. A team approach.

The presence of irregular incisal edges, a worn or abraded dentition, and imbalances in tooth morphology compromise a harmonious esthetic smile. A team approach is indicated after extensive orthodontic or prosthetic treatment to reach a final cosmetic result. Intentional changes in tooth form by recontouring provide an improved outcome. This article presents the components of a harmonious smile, evaluation, guidelines and a stepwise approach for the esthetic recontouring of anterior teeth. Two cases illustrate the effects that are achieved with this methodology.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fabrication of an anterior In-Ceram bridge.

Although there have been only six years of clinical research and observation conducted on the In-Ceram bridge, this technique can be a viable treatment option of selected short-span anterior replacements. The esthetics as well as the biocompatibility results are excellent (Figure 9, Figure 10). In this case, something interesting happened. Previous to treatment the patient had a very difficult time smiling. Since the completion of this case, the patient smiles all the time because of the enhancement of her esthetics. She most definitely appears younger than her 81 years (Figure 11). She and her family are extremely pleased with the overall results.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Nonsurgical facelifts via cosmetic dentistry: fact or fiction.

The role that cosmetic dentistry can play in improving one's overall facial esthetics has become increasingly more meaningful to patients, dentists, and physicians as elective cosmetic procedures continue to gain momentum and acceptance in today's Western culture. By incorporating fundamental principals of proper smile design into a total esthetic facial enhancement treatment plan, dramatic improvements may be realized. As cosmetic dentists, maxillofacial surgeons, and orthodontists continue to make successful strides with their physician counterparts, they must continue to emphasize the key role that the smile commands. Although a review of current literature discloses few references to the specific topic of facial enhancements through cosmetic dentistry, it is nonetheless a topic for further discussion.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term effects of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) on facial lines: a comparison in identical twins.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of imprinted facial lines in identical twin sisters, one of whom had received botulinum toxin type A (Botox) treatment in the forehead and glabellar region regularly for 13 years and one of whom had not. Crow's feet were also compared. METHODS: One twin received Botox in the forehead and glabellar region (approximately 2 to 3 times each year over the past 13 years) and in the crow's feet (twice in past 2 years). Her twin received Botox only twice (in the forehead and glabellar region, 3 and 7 years ago). RESULTS: Imprinted forehead and glabellar lines were not evident in the regularly treated twin but were evident in the minimally treated twin. Crow's feet were less noticeable when the regularly treated twin smiled (even at 7 months after treatment) than when the minimally treated twin smiled. Untreated facial areas (eg, nasolabial folds) showed comparable aging in both twins. Neither twin experienced adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with Botox can prevent the development of imprinted facial lines that are visible at rest. Botox treatment can also reduce crow's feet. Treatment is well tolerated, with no adverse events reported during 13 years of regular treatment in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Videomimicography: the standards of normal revised.

BACKGROUND: Studies aiming to objectively evaluate facial movements have focused on the technique of measurement, whereas the most pertinent measurements of basic facial movements have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: To determine the best normal measures of 5 basic facial movements in healthy patients. METHODS: In 5 healthy subjects, 11 facial landmarks were placed on the face, and 5 movements (forehead lift, eye closure, nose wrinkling, lip puckering, and smiling) with maximal contraction force were requested. Each subject repeated each movement 3 times, and the entire session was repeated on 4 different days. No specific immobilization of the head was performed. The session was filmed with a digital camera, and the frames with maximal movement were selected. Measurements were performed with Osiris public domain image analysis software. For each measure, the change from rest was computed. Intersubject and intrasubject variability were determined by a multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: In all movements, surface changes (mean +/- SD) were higher than distance changes. For forehead lifting and eye closure, the best measure was the eye surface changes of 13% +/- 5% and -32% +/- 9%, respectively. For nasal wrinkling, lip puckering, and smiling, the best measures were the paranasal area (change, -28% +/- 9%), upper lip area (change, -23% +/- 8%), and mouth area (change, 63% +/- 21%), respectively. Most distance changes were below 10%. Same-day repeatability variation was below 15%, and day-to-day repeatability variation was below 7%. In healthy subjects, more than 80% of the total variation was accounted for by the intersubject variability. CONCLUSIONS: Videomimicography is a simple and objective linear measurement system based on facial surface changes. The measures exhibit good reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The Child Abuse Potential Inventory: a study of concurrent validity.

Forty-four subjects were assigned to a High or Low Abuse Potential Group based upon their Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory's abuse scale scores. Each subject's heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were monitored while the subject was viewing videotape presentations of an infant smiling, crying, or quiescent. The High Abuse Potential Group had a faster peak HR throughout the videotape presentations with no significant differences among videotape segments. The Low Abuse Potential Group had a slower peak HR and had a significantly lower HR during the Smile and Cry segments than in the second Quiescent segment. The males accounted for most of the significant SC variability among tape segments. The pattern of SC responses revealed that the males were less aroused than the females, the Low Abuse Potential Group was less aroused than the High Abuse Potential group, and all four groups showed a decrease in arousal toward the end of the videotape presentations. The results provide support for the concurrent validity of the CAP inventory.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research.

The importance of the face in social interaction and social intelligence is widely recognized in anthropology. Yet the adaptive functions of human facial expression remain largely unknown. An evolutionary model of human facial expression as behavioral adaptation can be constructed, given the current knowledge of the phenotypic variation, ecological contexts, and fitness consequences of facial behavior. Studies of facial expression are available, but results are not typically framed in an evolutionary perspective. This review identifies the relevant physical phenomena of facial expression and integrates the study of this behavior with the anthropological study of communication and sociality in general. Anthropological issues with relevance to the evolutionary study of facial expression include: facial expressions as coordinated, stereotyped behavioral phenotypes, the unique contexts and functions of different facial expressions, the relationship of facial expression to speech, the value of facial expressions as signals, and the relationship of facial expression to social intelligence in humans and in nonhuman primates. Human smiling is used as an example of adaptation, and testable hypotheses concerning the human smile, as well as other expressions, are proposed.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1977

Five early milestones in premature infants.

The onset of five early milestones was studied in premature and full-term infants. The milestones are: recognition of mother's voice and face, 3-month smile, following through 180 degrees, and two hand-eye coordination. It was hypothesized that premature infants would show delay in acquiring milestones related to time separated from mother. Compared to full-term infants, the prematures had a significant difference in the means only for the onset of smiling, and no effect related to maternal separation.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of the long nose: review of techniques for nasal tip supporting structures.

The long nose with a "plunging" tip is a deformity that involves an inferiorly rotated nasal tip, leading to an increase in the length of the nose. The anatomic basis of the long nose with a plunging tip may be divided into two types. Type 1 presents a normal alar-cartilage complex inferiorly displaced by a long nasal septum and long upper lateral cartilages. Type 2 is caused by a dislocation of the alar cartilages downward from the aponeurotic attachments to the septal angle. During the study period, the authors identified 60 patients with long noses and plunging tips. For 22 patients with type 1 long noses, the high septal incision technique was used in 12 cases and the step technique in 10 cases. The invagination procedure alone was used for 22 of 38 patients with type 2 plunging noses. Also, an extension graft with the invagination procedure was used for 6 patients, and a columellar strut graft was used for 10 patients. A high septal incision increased tip rotation without significantly changing the amount of tip projection. However, the step procedure, the invagination technique alone, septal extension graft with the invagination technique, and columellar strut grafts increased nasal tip rotation and projection. During the study period, 38 patients were identified as having a smiling deformity, which was improved using the authors' modification procedure. On the basis of the results, the authors recommend that the appropriate treatment for each patient with a long nose and a plunging tip must be determined by preoperative and intraoperative examination findings with the patient at rest and while smiling.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Perceptual asymmetry for chimeric faces across the life span.

Perceptual asymmetries for processing chimeric faces were investigated in dextral subjects, ranging in age from 5 years to elderly adults. The task involved deciding which member of a pair of face chimeras presented in free vision looks happier, the one with the smile to the left or its mirror image with the smile to the right (Levy, Heller, Banich, & Burton, 1983a, Brain and Cognition, 2, 404-419). A leftward bias was found for all age groups. However, kindergarteners' mean asymmetry score was lower than that of all other groups combined, most likely due to noise in their data. The direction in which subjects drew circles with their left and right hands was also observed as an index of interhemispheric communication. All groups showed a bias toward drawing the circles in concordant directions except the kindergarteners. The relation between subjects' performance on the circle drawing and facebook tasks is discussed.

Adolescent↗