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PubMed1999

Coming out to parents: perceptions of family relations, perceived resources, and identity expression as predictors of identity disclosure for gay and lesbian adolescents.

This paper examines perceptions of family relations, identity expression, and pro-lesbian/gay resources as factors influencing coming out to parents. One hundred seventy-two adolescents responded to a survey originating from a clinical support group for lesbian and gay youth. Findings indicate that weak family relations significantly detract from coming out to parents indirectly through identity expression and perceived resources. Excluding the effects of family relations, adolescents perceiving supportive resources and expressing their lesbian/gay identity were more likely to come out to parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Taxonomy of family life styles: II. Homes with slow-learning children.

A battery of instruments dealing with family social environment and family and child characteristics and behavior was administered to 218 families with slow-learning children in EMR and educably handicapped programs. Cluster analysis was performed on family environment variables. Seven unique family clusters, each with distinctive patterns of characteristics, were identified: child-oriented, cohesive; learning-oriented, high residential quality; low disclosure, unharmonious; disadvantaged, noncohesive; achievement-oriented, low residential quality; expression-oriented with few sociocultural interests; and outerdirected with little achievement-orientation. Comparisons among the clusters and ethnographic/interviewer observations revealed significant differences in other family and child characteristics and behavior. Development of a classification system for families with retarded children was discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved hypertension control after disclosure of decades-old trauma.

This report presents the case of a 49-year-old woman who had been treated unsuccessfully for 6 years for longstanding severe and refractory essential hypertension. Although she reported no extraordinary stress or distress, her disclosure of a 3-decade-old rape and the experiencing of previously repressed and unconfided emotions related to it were followed by a dramatic and sustained improvement in her blood pressure. This case suggests that repressed emotions, which patients cannot report, may contribute substantially to the development of essential hypertension, even when they are related to decades-old events. More attention to repressed emotions, and better means of studying them, are needed before the mystery of the links between psychological factors and essential hypertension is unraveled.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Perceptions of therapist disclosure of previous experience as a client.

Investigated Ss' (N = 175) perceptions of a therapist and of the therapeutic relationship after the therapist's disclosure that he was once a client in therapy. The effect of information that indicated the reason he sought therapy also was examined. Additionally, the relationship of Ss' attitudes toward seeking professional help to their perceptions of the therapist was assessed. Results indicated that Ss evaluated the therapist primarily on the basis of his interactions with the client--the disclosing therapist consistently was seen as having more favorable personal and therapeutic abilities and as more facilitative of the therapeutic relationship than was the nondisclosing therapist.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Towards malecentric communication: sensitizing health professionals to the realities of male childhood sexual abuse survivors.

This article extends earlier reports of an ongoing qualitative inquiry on childhood sexual abuse survivors' experiences with health professionals. In this paper, we aim to enhance understanding of male survivors' experience. While male and female participants express similar anxieties and fears about their encounters with health professionals, there are gender-based differences related to the perceptions of victimhood and manhood; guilt and shame; homophobia; disclosure of abuse; and the expression of vulnerability. The implications of these differences for sensitive health care practice are analyzed within the context of gender relationships and the differential socialization of men. Malecentric communication is proposed as a method for addressing the specific experiences of male survivors in their encounters with health professionals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Marital conflict and adjustment: speech nonfluencies in intimate disclosure.

Speech nonfluency in response to questions about the marital relationship was used to assess anxiety. Subjects were 31 husbands and 31 wives, all white, college educated, from middle- to lower-middle-class families, and ranging from 20 to 30 years of age. Three types of nonfluencies were coded: filled pauses, unfilled pauses, and repetitions. Speech-disturbance ratios were computed by dividing the sum of speech nonfluencies by the total words spoken. The results support the notion that some issues within marriage are more sensitive and/or problematic than others, and that, in an interview situation, gender interacts with question content in the production of nonfluencies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

AIDS education intervention utilizing a person with AIDS: examination and clarification.

The utility of a person with AIDS (PWA) in conveying AIDS information to college students is assessed. Mode of transmission of HIV is proposed to serve as a moderating variable in students' receptivity to the AIDS information and perception of the source of AIDS information. Two-hundred-sixty undergraduate students received a standardized lecture by a confederate, posing as a PWA, who revealed HIV positive status through either heterosexual transmission, homosexual transmission, needle-sharing, or a blood transfusion. Control conditions received the lecture from a neutral presenter (no HIV status disclosure) or no contact. All the HIV conditions were superior to the Control condition in increasing knowledge about AIDS and AIDS prevention. Additionally, students rated the PWA more positively than the neutral presenter on a number of evaluative dimensions. Mode of transmission served a mediating effect, with the confederate viewed most favorably in the Heterosexual and Transfusion conditions, and less favorably in the i.v. Drug and Homosexual conditions. Implications for educational programs are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Factors related to mothers' perceptions of parenting following their children's disclosures of sexual abuse.

Predictors of parenting satisfaction and efficacy were examined in a sample of 102 mothers of children who disclosed sexual abuse within the previous 12 months. Parenting satisfaction was predicted by conduct behavior problems exhibited by the child, social support from friends, and the use of approach coping strategies. Parenting efficacy was predicted by age of the child and conduct and sexual behavior problems exhibited by the child. Maternal history of child sexual abuse was not related to parenting satisfaction or efficacy. Results are discussed in relation to a stress-coping model of understanding mothers during the postdisclosure period.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Stress, appraisal, and coping: a comparison of HIV-infected women in the pre-HAART and HAART eras.

BACKGROUND: It has been widely suggested that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the psychosocial aspects of living with HIV/AIDS. METHOD: A sample of 79 women living with HIV/AIDS in the pre-HAART era (1994-1996) were compared with a matched sample of 79 women with HIV/AIDS from the HAART era (2000-2003) on measures of stress, illness appraisals, and coping strategies. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, HIV-infected women in the HAART era were significantly more likely than women in the pre-HAART era to report health-related stress, to report stress from stigma and disclosure, to view HIV as having caused them harm, to report that their health is due to chance, and to report more use of maladaptive forms of coping (e.g., escape-avoidant coping). CONCLUSION: Although HAART may have extended survival for many HIV-infected individuals, they have not resulted in equivalent psychosocial improvements. Thus, efforts are needed to address the psychosocial difficulties that HIV-infected women in the HAART era continue to experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

HIV disclosure by men who have sex with men to immediate family over time.

Previous researchers have comprehensively documented rates of HIV disclosure to family at discrete time periods yet none have taken a dynamic approach to this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to address the trajectory of HIV serostatus disclosure to family members. Time to disclosure was analyzed from data provided by 135 HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Results indicated that mothers remain the family member to be told in greatest proportion, yet the proportion of family members told changes over time in a different manner than presented in earlier research. Additionally, the rate at which family members are told at all time points generally does not significantly differ from each other when accounting for characteristics of participants and family members.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Moderation in excess: binge drinking and social interaction among college students.

The research on the relationships between sociability and alcohol consumption has produced inconsistent findings, leading some to conclude that there are no such relationships. However, this research has tended to focus on sociability as a personality construct, not sociability defined as social activity. In the present study, college students (N = 90) used a social interaction diary to provide measures of their social activity, and they provided descriptions of their total alcohol consumption and of their frequency of binge drinking. Although total consumption per se was not reliably related to the quality or quantity of participants' social lives, frequency of binge drinking was related to some aspects of social interaction. Specifically, participants who had no binge-drinking episodes reported less intimacy and less disclosure in their interactions than those who had some episodes. However, men who reported having three or more binge episodes per week experienced less intimacy in their interactions than any other group of men or women. It is possible that because some binge drinking is normative and may be seen as desirable among college students, students who have a more normative number of binge-drinking episodes are integrated more fully into the college community than students who have no episodes or too many episodes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Network therapy using videotape disclosures for adult sexual abuse survivors.

Treatment of childhood sexual abuse survivors may be enhanced by a technique designed to generate a therapeutic constituency for the survivor around the disclosure of childhood abuse experiences. The need for validating relationships is hypothesized as a condition for successful treatment. The videotaped disclosure process proceeds in five stages: (1) Deciding to make a tape, (2) making a videotape following a semistructured interview format, (3) the patient viewing the tape, (4) showing the tape to potential therapeutic team members, and (5) possibly using the tape for a confrontation with the abuser. The technique has been used on 27 cases. Case histories are given to illustrate the procedure. Discussion includes potential mechanisms of action and issues in treatment that arise with the use of the method described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Emotional expression in cyberspace: searching for moderators of the Pennebaker disclosure effect via e-mail.

Research has shown that writing about emotional topics can positively influence physical and mental health. The current study tested the efficacy of an e-mail-based writing treatment and shows how such an implementation can aid in the search for moderators. Participants (N = 546) were randomly assigned to either a long- or short-interval traumatic writing condition or to a nonemotional writing control condition. In contrast to previous disclosure research, participants received and submitted their writing responses via e-mail. Health outcomes were assessed weekly for 5 weeks after treatment and were reported at the conclusion of the study. Results supported the effectiveness of an e-mail-based writing treatment in producing positive health outcomes and successfully identified several moderators of the writing treatment effect. The moderators implicated varied depending on the nature of the health outcome assessment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Dilemmas of disclosure to patients and colleagues when a therapist faces life-threatening illness.

This article highlights dilemmas imposed by disclosure and nondisclosure of a therapist's life-threatening illness to patients and colleagues. Literature is reviewed that illustrates a spectrum of circumstances and opinions, contrasting survivable with more complex or likely nonsurvivable conditions. In the case of a therapist's life-threatening illness, consultation regarding its effects on the treatment framework is appropriate and may include-while the therapist can still be a full participant in both processes-planning for both the continuity of patients' treatment and at times practice closure. This sensible, professional approach recognizes the patients' needs in the mourning process.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disclosure decisions of rural African American men living with HIV disease.

A qualitative study was conducted to explore disclosure decisions of rural African American men living with HIV disease. The sample consisted of 20 HIV-infected African American men living in the rural South who had been diagnosed with HIV for at least 6 months. Audiotaped semistructured interviews were used for data determination. The men were questioned about who they had told about their disease, reactions to their disclosures, and their advice to others about disclosing. Results showed that initially the men did not disclose their disease to others, and many of them continued not to disclose. They were concerned about negative consequences such as rejection, fear of contagion, and the recipients telling others. If and when they disclosed, it was likely to be to sexual partners, immediate family members, and health care providers. Their decision not to disclose protected them from the possible negative reactions, but it also limited the amount of social and emotional support they received related to their HIV disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

To know you is to trust you: parents' trust is rooted in child disclosure of information.

As adolescents spend increasing amounts of time away from home, parental trust should become important. Little is known about how trust develops, however. We propose that parental trust is primarily based on knowledge. In this study, we pitted three types of knowledge of the child against each other in the prediction of parental trust: knowledge of feelings and concerns; of past delinquency; and of daily activities. Results showed that knowledge of daily activities was more important than knowledge of past delinquency. In further analyses, knowledge of daily activities that came from the child's spontaneous disclosure was most closely linked to parental trust. These findings add support to a recent re-interpretation of parental "monitoring" as parental knowledge that mainly comes from spontaneous child disclosure. Additionally, the role of parental trust for dysfunctional family relations was examined and it was found that the relations between the child's delinquency and family dysfunction were mediated by parental trust. Finally, even though there was substantial agreement between parents and children about parental trust in the child, the individual's unique perspectives were important. Family dysfunction from the child's perspective was based on whether they believed that their parents trusted them, and parental perceptions of family dysfunction were based on their own trust in the child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children.

There has been concern that disclosure and intervention might negatively impact victims of sexual abuse. In this retrospective study, 82 children and their families were interviewed about their experiences with disclosure and intervention an average of 3.5 years later. The children and parents completed a measure of distress developed for the study which discriminated between abused and non-abused children. The children reported primarily favorable experiences and provided clinically helpful descriptions of the positive and negative aspects of intervention. More contacts with intervention professionals was associated with increased distress, placement, offender removal and testifying were not. Based on the children's comments, suggestions for improving the intervention process are made.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youngsters, aged 14-21 and living at home, were studied for patterns of disclosure of sexual orientation to families. Three-quarters had told at least one parent, more often the mother than the father. Those who had disclosed were generally more open about their sexual orientation than those who had not, and few of the nondisclosed expected parental acceptance. Those who had disclosed reported verbal and physical abuse by family members, and acknowledged more suicidality than those who had not "come out" to their families.

Adolescent↗