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PubMed1979

Ergot on cereal grains.

Ergot is caused by a fungus (Claviceps species) which has been found on hundreds of plants in almost every country of the world. The fungus can adapt itself to form many different varieties. New species of the fungus and new hosts are still discovered today. The alkaloids in ergot have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths in the Middle Ages after consumption of contaminated cereal grains, but during the last two decades there has not been a recorded outbreak of ergotism. Grain standards in most countries are very strict and do not permit grain which contains ergot to reach commercial food channels. All involved in cereal grain production and ulilization should be cognizant of the potential danger, however, since ergot contamination at levels above those permitted by grain standards cannot necessarily be detected by the normal evaluation of a flour sample in the cereal chemistry laboratory. There always have been and always will be ergot infections and a possible danger to human health, but man has learned to minimize the potential problem by using proper agricultural practices. Futhermore, techniques for the removal of ergot from contaminated grains have been developed. While human ergotism is a disease of the past, ergotism in animals still occurs frequently. The problem is not a simple one because of many unanswered questions. What is the tolerance of different breeds or species of livestock to ergot? What are the effects of low-level long-term ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal ingestion of ergot on livestock? What is the difference in toxicity to animals of ergot from different cereal grain varieties? What is the effect of storage and processing of cereal grain products on the potential ergot toxicity? The last and most important chapter in the history of ergot concerns ergot as a source of pharmacologically useful alkaloids which have found applications in internal medicine and obstetrics. The future promises to bring some new ergot alkaloids and some new uses. Recent research data indicate the possibility of using ergot alkaloids in contraceptives, which would be truly remarkable.

Amines↗

PubMed1980

Cereal sprouts: composition, nutritive value, food applications.

The practice of sprouting of cereal grains has become popular in the western world. Sprouted grains are thought of as having exceptional nutritive value. Sprouting is easy and can be done without sophisticated equipment. Untreated seeds of good quality and high germination percentage are placed in an environment of adequate water, a desirable temperature, and a certain composition of gases in the atmosphere for several days for sprouting. The sprouts can be kept for a few days to over a week under refrigeration. They can be used in many different foods including breakfast items, salads, soups, casseroles, pasta, and baked products. Sprouting of grains causes increased enzyme activity, a loss of total dry matter, an increase in total protein, a change in amino acid composition, a decrease in starch, increases in sugars, a slight increase in crude fat and crude fiber, and slightly higher amounts of certain vitamins and minerals. Most of the increases in nutrients are not true increases, however. They simply reflect the loss of dry matter, mainly in the form of carbohydrates, due to respiration during sprouting. As total carbohydrates decreases, the percentage of other nutrients increases. There are no nutritional evaluations of cereal sprouts in humans. Animal studies with cattle, pigs, chickens, and rats have failed to show a superior nutritive value of sprouted grains over ungerminated grains. Studies with humans are not likely to produce more encouraging results.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Cropping systems for phytoremediation of phosphorus-enriched soils.

Eutrophication of freshwater bodies is frequently attributed to elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in surface runoff from P-enriched agricultural soils. Forage and grain-cropping systems were compared for their effectiveness at remediating P-enriched soils. At each of four locations, one of three forage systems (Forage I = cereal rye silage and corn silage annually; Forage II = alfalfa; Forage III = annual ryegrass and corn silage annually) and the grain system (corn, small grain, and soybean rotation) were maintained for 3 yr on soils with five distinct initial soil P concentrations that were established by using four annual applications (1994-1997) of five different rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg total P ha(-1) y(-1)) of poultry manure, dairy manure, or commercial fertilizer. Across all manure P treatments at all locations, the forage systems had greater removal of P than the grain system. Soil P concentration changes (2001-2004) did not reflect differences in crop P removal. Few significant reductions in soil P concentration were observed for either crop system. When reductions did occur, they were for the more highly enriched soil P treatments. No significant reductions in soil P concentration have occurred for the lowest manure P treatments. Considerable variability in crop P concentrations was observed among species at locations and among years produced. However, crop P concentrations did increase uniformly as soil P concentration increased, indicating that luxury consumption of P does occur in agronomic species produced on P-enriched soils.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2000

Endogenous N-losses in broilers estimated by a [15N]-isotope dilution technique: effect of dietary fat type and xylanase addition.

Male broilers were given a low protein diet (15.5% CP) spiked with [15N]H4HCO3 from day 12 to day 18 of age to label the endogenous N-constituents. Experimental diets were subsequently fed from day 19 to day 24 of age and consisted of a rye based diet (56% dietary inclusion) which contained either 10% soya oil (S) or 10% beef tallow (T), each of which was either unsupplemented (-) or supplemented (+) with a xylanase containing enzyme preparation (2700 IU/kg at pH 5.3). [15N]-atom percent excess (APE) of excreta, faeces and urine were monitored on a daily basis during both experimental periods. Furthermore, APE was measured in various tissues at the end of the experiment. The APE of urine on the last day of the experiment was between the APE of the pancreas and that of the jejunal tissue, an observation which supported the usefulness of using urinary APE as an indicator for the endogenous N-pool. Endogenous N-proportions were estimated by an isotope dilution technique at the end of the experiment by examination of the ratio of APE in faeces and urine. The endogenous N-proportion in the faeces was greatest in birds receiving the T(-) diet. The proportions were 0.321, 0.319, 0.451 and 0.289 in S(-), S(+), T(-) and T(+) fed groups, respectively. Xylanase addition reduced endogenous N-proportion, a factor which was used to correct apparent crude protein digestibility (85.6, 86.2, 84.3 and 88.5% in S(-), S(+), T(-) and T(+) fed birds, respectively) for endogenous losses resulting in almost equal true digestibilities of crude protein for all treatments (90.3, 90.6, 90.4 and 91.5%). The amounts of endogenous N in faces were estimated to be 87, 69, 244 and 81 mg per day per kg0.67 body weight in S(-), S(+), T(-) and T(+) fed birds, respectively. It was concluded that xylanase supplementation of a rye based broiler diet does not change endogenous N-secretions when the supplemental fat is soya oil. However, addition of tallow rather than soya oil increased these N-losses significantly, an effect which was reversed by xylanase addition.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Endogenous N-losses in piglets estimated by a [15N]-isotope dilution technique: effect of xylanase addition to a wheat and rye based diet.

The nitrogen pool of piglets weighing 19.4 +/- 1.4 kg at the beginning of the experiment was labeled with an oral application of ([15N]H4)2SO4 (1.26 [15N]-atom percent excess of dietary N) over a period of 7 d. The labeling period was followed by an equilibration period of 7 d without feeding the labeling compound. The two experimental diets were based on wheat (53%) and rye (25%) and were fed either with or without a xylanase containing enzyme preparation over both experimental periods. Additionally, diets were supplemented with an indigestible marker during the 2nd period of the experiment to allow the calculation of endogenous N-losses in subsequent segments of the digestive tract of the pigs. These endogenous N-losses were estimated at the end of the experiment by analyzing feces, ingesta and urine for [15N]-enrichment assuming that [15N]-enrichment of urine represents the [15N]-enrichment of the precursor pool. Endogenous N-losses were not significantly affected by xylanase addition at any measurement site (stomach, 3 sections of the small intestine, total digestive tract). Endogenous N-proportions of total nitrogen amounted on average for the six pigs to 42 +/- 11% and 56 +/- 5% at the last section of the small intestine and over the whole digestive tract, respectively, which corresponded to endogenous N-losses of 2.8 +/- 1.3 g N/kg DM and 2.0 +/- 0.3 g N/kg DM, respectively.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Efficiency of different xylanase preparations in diets for pekin ducks.

Four experiments were conducted with a total of 2288 pekin ducks. Day-old ducklings were group-penned on straw bedding and were fed complete, pelleted diets ad libitum for up to 49 days depending on experiment. In each experiment, starter diets (until day 21) and grower diets (from day 22) were used adequate in ME content and nutrient content. The sum of wheat, rye, and triticale amounted to at least 57% (starter diet) and 63% (grower diet), respectively. The inclusion level of wheat, rye, and triticale was different between experiments, with a maximum rye inclusion of 45%. Five different enzyme preparations all having, 1,4-beta-xylanase as the main activity were considered in this study with either one (2 preparations) or three (3 preparations) levels of supplementation. The effect of enzyme supplementation on ileal digesta viscosity was studied at the end of two experiments comprising 4 enzyme preparations. A significant reduction in digesta viscosity was determined for all preparations. The viscosity of digesta was higher in birds that were fed 45% rye in their diet as compared to those fed a diet based on triticale and wheat, even with enzyme supplementation. Differences in digesta viscosity were not reflected in growth or feed conversion data. In one experiment, the body weight of ducks on day 21 was significantly improved by enzyme supplementation. This effect disappeared with progress in experiment. In another experiment, feed intake was significantly improved with enzyme supplementation. Apart from this, no statistically significant improvement in performance could be detected. On overall average, the final BW of ducks fed an enzyme was (as compared to the unsupplemented control = 100), 100, and the feed conversion ratio was 101. There is no indication from the growth and feed conversion data that an enzyme effect becomes more pronounced with increasing inclusion rate of soluble NSP by rye. It is concluded that supplementary xylanases are efficient in reducing digesta viscosity in ducks fed diets with high inclusion of wheat, rye and triticale. No consistent effect of enzyme supplementation, however, can be expected on growth and feed conversion.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1978

[Improvement of the feed value of straw by pelleting and sodium hydroxide addition. 1. Changes in the digestibility of rye and wheat straw].

Four series of pelleting experiments were conducted using straw from winter rye and winter wheat crops. Pelleting was done with and without grain addition. In each of the experimental series, 7 NaOH dosage levels were tested Further, 2 to 5% urea were added to the mixture to be pelleted. The 28 different pellet batsches and untreated straw were fed to sheep to study digestibility. Evaluation by difference trial revealed that straw pelleting without NaOH addition reduces the digestibility of organic matter by 4.7 units, on the average, whilst NaOH addition was found to increase digestibility depending on the dose applied. The following relationship was found between digestibility of straw dry matter (y) and NaOH dose in g/kg straw dry matter (x): y = 43.4 + 0.358x -0.00116x2. The grain proportion proved largely inert as far as the NaOH action is concerned. In one experimental series in which wheat straw without grain addition had been compacted at high pressing temperatures, an additional disintegration effect was observed irrespective of the NaOH dose applied. It increased digestibility by 8.0 units and is very likely to originate from the specific action of urea.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

[The efficiency of and requirements for selected amino acids in growing female pigs. 3. Threonine].

With the help of an N utilization model by Gebhardt (1963) and its further development the threonine efficiency coefficients (kThr) of wheat, barley, maize, rye and peanut oil meal of different charges with a supply of L-lysine monohydrochloride, DL-methionine and DL-tryptophan was ascertained with a total of 59 female pigs of the local breed (35-45 kg live weight) by means of an N balance method. The variation range of kThr was between 0.61 and 0.87 based on a threonine effectivity of wheat gluten with lysine as standard. The derived threonine requirement for 100 g daily protein retention with a live weight of 40 kg was ascertained as 6.9 g (kThr = 1) and 9.6 kg (kThr = 0.71 as mean values of the protein sources studied). The proof of threonine limitation in the protein sources was provided by the supplementation of DL threonine.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1988

[Rye and wheat in piglet rations supplemented by bisergon].

In a feeding experiment (54 piglets) and a slaughtering test for the registration of tract and digesta properties (15 piglets) the influence of rations with 69% rye (R) or wheat (W) with and without a supplement of 200 mg of the chinoxalin derivate Bisergon/kg DM (rations RB and WB) was studied. In the sequence R, RB, W and WB the feed intake in the test period of 3 weeks after weaning amounted to 581, 651, 583 and 764 g, weight gain to 314, 365, 319 and 424 g per animal and day. In the same sequence the concentration of organic acids in the stomach amounted to 41, 5, 25 and 18 mmol per 100 g dry matter and in the colon to 106, 83, 64 and 62. Bisergon caused a redistribution of the digesta from the stomach to the large intestine and a more rapid emptying of the stomach as well. Rye caused extreme fermentation processes in the front part of the tract and Bisergon clearly has ergotropic qualities for the stabilization of the intestinal flora.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

The apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities of amino acids and carbohydrates of rye, barley and triticum grains in pigs.

Six pigs of initial weight 40 +/- 1.7 kg with a T-piece cannula fitted at the terminal ileum were given diets composed of 96.3% of rye, barley or triticum grains ground to pass the 2.6 mm mesh, 3.3% mineral and vitamin mixture and 0.4% Cr2O3. Each diet was given to all pigs in a Latin square design, and faeces and ileal digesta were collected on 7, 8, 9 and 10, 11 and 12 day of feeding each diet, respectively. The grains varied widely in the content of pentosans, polyuroids, beta-glucan and monosaccharides. The antitrypsin activities were 0.84, 2.73 and 1.62 TUI/g in barley, rye and triticum, respectively. Ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids were higher (P less than or equal to 0.01) in Triticum than in barley and rye. The digestibility of carbohydrates (pentosans, beta-glucan, polyuroids and non-structural carbohydrates) were lower in pigs fed a rye diet than of those fed a Triticum diet. The results are discussed with respect of the role to non starch polysaccharides, especially pentosans in digestibility of nitrogen and energy in animals receiving a rye diet.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

[The labeling of feed with 15N as a possibility for the determination of the true N-loss during in situ studies in the rumen of sheep].

Green rye (fertilized with 15N) with 37.4% crude fibre, 6.2% crude protein in DM; and 0.31 Atom-%15N-excess (15N') was separated into the fractions stem, leaves and ear. In the same order the fractions had 39.3, 36.4, 27.8% crude fibre; 3.7, 8.1, 11.4% crude protein in the DM and 0.30, 0.27, 0.33 atom-%15N'. Differences in the 15N-label between different nitrogen fractions for one part of the plant (total-N, TCA-precipitable N, pepsin insoluble N) were also measured. The reasons for these results are the once head-fertilization with N and 15N and the following 15N-turnover in the plant. The disappearance rate of DM, N and 15N of different parts of the rye plant was measured using the nylon bag technique in the rumen of sheep. The disappearance rate after a 24-hours incubation period was in the order whole plant, stem, leaves and ear as follows: DM = 44.4; 40.7; 50.3 and 71.6% N = 39.0; -8.5 (N-influx); 55.0 and 80.1% 15N' = 88.4; 84.0 88.3 and 92.4% The label of the N-fraction in the residues of bags was differently reduced in the fractions of plant as a result of influx of foreign N. The largest effect was found for the residues of stem. The reason for this result was interpreted with strong processes of adsorption in the fibrous material for N-molecules and N-compounds. A negatively linear correlation was found between the measured N-disappearance after incubation and the relative differences between the values of the 15N- and N-disappearances. These relative differences achieved negligible values when the N-disappearance was about 80%. The labeling of feedstuffs with 15N is a useful method for the estimation of true N-disappearance in experiments with the nylon bag technique.

Absorption↗

PubMed1994

[Effect of enzyme mixtures in broiler diets of barley, rye or wheat].

In three trials with a total of 4120 male and female broilers, kept on floor or in cages maize has been partly replaced by barley, rye or triticale and different combinations of enzymes were fed. The supplementation of cellulases with mainly glucanase in barley based diets has had no significant influence on growth performance. In case of diets with 20% rye the addition of cellulases with mainly hemicellulases resulted in 5% higher live weight gains and a better feed efficiency (5%) on average of two trials. The negative influence of rye feeding on excrement constitution was lowered and the dry matter content of excrements increased by 1.3%. In diets based on triticale the growth performance of broilers was insignificantly better. The addition of enzymes did not influence the proportion of different body fractions as well as the crude nutrient content of edible carcass.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Nutritional significance of phytic acid and phytase.

In the nutrition of monogastric animals phytate-P represents a poorly available source of phosphorus, especially in the case of diets low in phytase activity. Similarly the bioavailability of different minerals and trace elements is considerably reduced by phytate complexes. High concentrations of Ca increase the anti-nutritive effect of phytic acid on mineral and trace element bioavailability and thus impede the action of phytase. This effect can in part be compensated by an increased supply of vitamin D. There is also evidence for protective functions of phytic acid such as the prevention of the formation of free radicals, the delaying of post prandial glucose absorption, the decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides as well as a change in the carry over of heavy metals. The basic mechanisms by which phytic acid may exert these effects are still not clear. In several studies reported in the literature, evidence for the nutritional significance and ecological importance of microbial phytase for pigs and poultry has been given. As the monogastric organism contains no or only negligible amounts of endogenous phytase in the stomach and small intestine, it is therefore dependent on plant or microbial phytase. Plant phytase, e.g. from rye, triticale, wheat or, in smaller amounts from barley, and supplemented Aspergillus-phytase display cumulative effects.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1999

[Efficacy of non-starch polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes on nutrient digestibility and gross energy convertibility of barley-rye and wheat-rye based diets for laying hens].

The efficiency of beta-glucanase or xylanase containing enzymes supplemented to rations for laying hens on the basis of barley-rye and wheat-rye were tested in two balance experiments. Five diets for eight hens each (White Lohmann Leghorn Hybrids) have been proved. The balances were carried out in the 23rd and 29th week of life. Statistically significant differences in the digestibility of nutrients like protein, fat and starch as well in the transformation of gross energy and metabolizable energy appeared especially in the first balance period. In the second balance period the starch digestibility was increased significantly from 93.7% to 99.7% by enzyme supplementation of the barley-rye rations. A positive influence of enzymes on the ileal digestibility of starch and fat could also be found. The addition of enzymes led to a decreasing reaction of the viscosity in the feed, in the different parts of the digesta and in the excreta.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers.

A complete two by two by four factorial design was used to examine the main effects of dietary fat type (10% soya oil or 10% beef tallow), xylanase supplementation (with or without Avizyme 1300 at 1 g/kg diet) and pentosan level (7.7 g/kg, 11.0 g/kg, 14.3 g/kg and 17.6 g/kg soluble pentosans, respectively, by varying wheat/rye proportions) as well as their interactions on intestinal chyme conditions, nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilization in male broilers. Nutrient digestibilities for the total digestive tract and at various sites of small intestine were measured during the period from day 18 to 20 of age and at day 21 of age, respectively, using a marker technique. Jejunal and ileal supernatant viscosity increased in an exponential manner as dietary pentosan concentration was increased. This increase was more pronounced in tallow fed birds but was also found in enzyme treated groups albeit at a much lower level. Xylanase activity was still detectable in the ileum of birds fed enzyme supplemented diets but its activity was found to decrease as dietary pentosan content increased. Digestibility of crude protein and that of some amino acids at the terminal ileum was decreased as dietary pentosan content was increased and significantly improved by xylanase addition. No fat effect and no interactions were detected at this site. In contrast, measurements made over the whole gastrointestinal tract showed significantly lower protein and amino acid digestibility values for tallow fed birds, and significant higher enzyme effects especially in diets with higher pentosan concentrations. Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) content and net protein utilization decreased with increasing dietary pentosan content and were significantly improved by xylanase addition and were lower in tallow fed birds. Again, xylanase effects were found to be more pronounced for tallow fed birds and at higher pentosan concentrations.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2001

Stress protein CSP 310 causes oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupling during low-temperature stress only in cereal but not in dycotyledon mitochondria.

It was found that an addition of antiserum obtained against stress protein 310 kD increased coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from cold-stress winter rye shoots and had no influence on dycotiledon mitochondria (pumpkins and sunflower). The data obtained showed a difference between molecular weights of dycotyledon polypeptides with immunochemical affinity to CSP 310 and CSP 310 subunits. It was shown that low-temperaturestress caused a transition to a low-energy state ("cold uncoupling") of free from endogenous free fatty acid cereal mitochondria. At the same time, this "cold uncoupling" in mitochondria of dycotyledon species investigated was not detected. We suppose that a special mechanism of low-temperature stress reaction in mitochondria dealing with uncoupling activity of stress protein CSP 310 exists in cereals.

Blotting, Western↗

PubMed1998

Transcription sites are not correlated with chromosome territories in wheat nuclei.

We have determined the relationship between overall nuclear architecture, chromosome territories, and transcription sites within the nucleus, using three-dimensional confocal microscopy of well preserved tissue sections of wheat roots. Chromosome territories were visualized by GISH using rye genomic probe in wheat/rye translocation and addition lines. The chromosomes appeared as elongated regions and showed a clear centromere-telomere polarization, with the two visualized chromosomes lying approximately parallel to one another across the nucleus. Labeling with probes to telomeres and centromeres confirmed a striking Rabl configuration in all cells, with a clear clustering of the centromeres, and cell files often maintained a common polarity through several division cycles. Transcription sites were detected by BrUTP incorporation in unfixed tissue sections and revealed a pattern of numerous foci uniformly distributed throughout the nucleoplasm, as well as more intensely labeled foci in the nucleoli. It has been suggested that the gene-rich regions in wheat chromosomes are clustered towards the telomeres. However, we found no indication of a difference in concentration of transcription sites between telomere and centromere poles of the nucleus. Neither could we detect any evidence that the transcription sites were preferentially localized with respect to the chromosome territorial boundaries.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed1993

Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals.

Allergen specific CD4+ T cell clones generated from allergic individuals have been shown to produce increased levels of the cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4), compared to allergen specific clones generated from nonallergic individuals. This difference between CD4+ T cells from allergic and nonallergic individuals with regard to cytokine production in response to allergen is thought to be responsible for the development of allergic disease with increased IgE synthesis in atopic individuals. We examined the production of IL-4 in subjects with allergic rhinitis and in allergic individuals treated with allergen immunotherapy, a treatment which involves the subcutaneous administration of increasing doses of allergen and which is highly effective and beneficial for individuals with severe allergic rhinitis. We demonstrated that the quantity of IL-4 produced by allergen specific memory CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals could be considerably reduced by in vivo treatment with allergen (allergen immunotherapy). Immunotherapy reduced IL-4 production by allergen specific CD4+ T cells to levels observed with T cells from nonallergic subjects, or to levels induced with nonallergic antigens such as tetanus toxoid. In most cases the levels of IL-4 produced were inversely related to the length of time on immunotherapy. These observations indicate that immunotherapy accomplishes its clinical effects by reducing IL-4 synthesis in allergen specific CD4+ T cells. In addition, these observations indicate that the cytokine profiles of memory CD4+ T cells can indeed be altered by in vivo therapies. Thus, the cytokine profiles of memory CD4+ T cells are mutable, and are not fixed as had been suggested by studies of murine CD4+ memory T cells. Finally, treatment of allergic diseases with allergen immunotherapy may be a model for other diseases which may require therapies that alter inappropriate cytokine profiles of memory CD4+ T cells.

Adult↗