Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SCALP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention and treatment of linear scar formation in the scalp: basic principles of the mechanism of scar formation.

Linear scar formation in the scalp after suturing an incision has been considered unavoidable. It was not known why scars formed even if the hair bulb was left intact. The authors developed a subcutaneous tissue-shaving method for radical treatment of bromidrosis and studied the process of hair regeneration by using thick-tissue specimens. They suggest that stem cells (lower) are located not only in the lower end of the telogen hair follicles but also in the sebaceous isthmus at the secretory opening of the sebaceous gland (upper stem cells). They found that linear scars can be prevented and existing linear scars can be surgically treated by using a relaxed suture on a scalp incision to avoid excessive pressure on the upper stem cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp with large underlying skull defect: a case report.

Localised agenesis of the scalp is the most frequent pattern in aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), a congenital absence of the skin and occasionally of deeper layers. Several clinical groups are characterised by the location and pattern of skin defects, associated malformations and the mode of inheritance. Death occurs in 20% of cases, secondary to the associated anomalies, to infections or to haemorrhage from ulceration of the sagittal sinus when there is also a defect of the underlying skull. In this latter case, we close the defect by two rotational scalp flaps (Orticochea technique) at birth. A three-dimensional CT study is useful for showing the extent of the skull defect and the deformity of the craniofacial complex and the changes in the bone after treatment.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed1995

Source model and scalp topography of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials to altitudinal stimuli suggest that infoldings of calcarine fissure are not part of VEP generators.

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern reversal vertical bar stimuli were recorded from 19 scalp, 2 zygomatic and 3 inion derivations referenced to digitally linked earlobes in 50 controls. 1, 2 and 4 cycles per degree (cpd) patterns were presented as full field (FF) stimuli, on upper and lower hemifields (UHF-LHF), upper and lower quadrants and with the occlusion of central and peripheral UHF and LHF. VEPs to octant stimuli were also recorded with 2 cpd patterns. N1, P1 and N2 components were recorded from posterior and inion derivations with FF stimuli, from posterior derivations with LHF stimuli, only from inion leads with UHF stimuli, from derivations ipsilateral to stimuli with quadrants and octants, and from midline derivations only with lower quadrants. Polarity inverted sequences (iP1-iN1-iP2) were recorded from the other scalp derivations, with similar latency and spatial frequency sensitivity as N1-P1-N2. The orientation of Equivalent Dipoles (ED) was orthogonal with surface coordinates of mesial and occipito-polar calcarine cortex, measured on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A model of VEP generators is proposed, suggesting that the VEP sequence is elicited only in mesial and occipito-polar surfaces of calcarine cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Usefulness of non-woven sheet (clip pad) on scalp incisions: technical note.

As an alternative to the gauze often used on scalp incisions, we prepared a pad made of non-woven sheets, coated with adhesive on one side. Unlike conventional gauze, the pad did not slip away from the incision line or become entangled with the scalp clips, thus demonstrating its high usefulness for this purpose.

Bandages↗
PubMed1991

Drainage of the scalp by the superficial temporal vein: surgical implications.

The arrangement of the veins of the scalp is not well-known. The drainage of the scalp by the superficial temporal v. was studied in 68 specimens dissected from unembalmed cadavers. After prolonged contraflow irrigation, the whole of the venous network drained by the trunk of the superficial temporal v. was injected from either side with latex. Depending on the method chosen to demonstrate the venous network, whether by direct observation or corrosion, the latex was stained with Evans' blue or with Latexol. The superficial temporal a. was also prepared by injection-corrosion in 16 cases. The diameter of the trunk of the superficial temporal v. in its preauricular portion was estimated as between 1.1 and 1.6 mm. Nine different types, classified by frequency, were recognised in the arrangement of the affluents of the superficial temporal v. In every case there was a main parietotemporal collector continued as the trunk of the superficial temporal v. The affluents joining the main collector varied in number (from 8 to 1) and in arrangement. Their anastomoses with the veins adjacent to the superficial temporal v. were numerous. The density of the secondary branches varied greatly with individuals. They were sometimes totally absent, particularly in the fronto-temporal region. Usually, the main collector was of sufficient caliber for microsurgical use and its course followed that of the parietal branch of the superficial temporal a., but in 4% of cases the main collector was too narrow to be so used and in 8% of cases its course did not follow that of the parietal branch of the superficial temporal a.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cadaver↗
PubMed1983

Heat flux from the fetal scalp during labor and fetal outcome.

In 40 deliveries a new variable, heat flux from the fetal scalp, was recorded and correlated with fetal outcome. The heat flux from the fetus, which reflects the temperature gradient between the warmer fetus and the mother was measured by a transducer attached to the fetal scalp after rupture of the membranes. In the last 20 min before delivery we found a statistically significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between heat flux from the fetus and pH of umbilical artery blood. Heat flux in the group with higher pH differed significantly from those with lower pH. We conclude that heat flux measurements could be developed and used for fetal monitoring.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2003

The use of a 'phantom scalp' to assess the possible direct pickup of mobile phone handset emissions by electroencephalogram electrode leads.

A 'Phantom Scalp' was constructed from a conducting foam mat to form a layer under a 62-electrode electroencephalogram cap closely approximating the electrical properties of a human scalp. The mat was placed over a polystyrene manikin head to preserve a correct anatomical arrangement. Electrical signals were recorded with a Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications mobile phone handset in place against the side of the 'head'. Amplitude spectra were compared for three phone conditions: 'off', 'standby' and 'transmit'. At 217 Hz, significant differences were obtained between 'transmit' and the other two conditions, but no significant differences were noted for the physiologically important range 0.5-30 Hz. An anomalous difference was noted for one electrode in the range 30-45 Hz.

Cell Phone↗
PubMed1991

Finite-element model of the human head: scalp potentials due to dipole sources.

Three-dimensional finite-element models provide a method to study the relationship between human scalp potentials and neural current sources inside the brain. A new formulation of dipole-like current sources is developed here. Finite-element analyses based on this formulation are carried out for both a three-concentric-spheres model and a human-head model. Differences in calculated scalp potentials between these two models are studied in the context of the forward and inverse problems in EEG. The effects of the eye orbit structure on surface potential distribution are also studied.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

[A rare low-grade malignant scalp tumor. Atypical fibroxanthoma].

A 79-year-old patient presented with an asymptomatic scalp tumor which had grown over the past 9 months. Based on clinical, histological and immunohistochemical staining, we made the diagnosis of an atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). AFX is a rare tumor, but important in the differential diagnosis of other scalp tumors. The routine histological staining allows one to identify a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, while a spindle-cell malignant melanoma can be excluded with immunohistochemical staining. An anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma cannot always be separated with completed certainty from atypical fibroxanthoma. AFX is a low-grade malignant tumor and most cases behave in a benign fashion. After complete excision, we recommend follow-up for a number of years because of the possibility of local recurrence.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

["Windmill-plasty" for coverage of large defects of the scalp].

The closure of large circular defects on the scalp is technically difficult and cosmetically often not satisfying, if a free transplant is necessary. Following the technique of Tillmann described first in 1908, several flaps shaped like a windmill can be combined. We report on 14 patients (ages 41-88 years) where large defects resulting from the excision of various tumors (5 melanomas, 5 basal cell carcinomas, 1 keratoacanthoma, 1 trichilemmal cyst, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 skin metastasis) were successfully closed by this method. The diameter of the defect ranged between 4 and 8 cm (mean 5.7 cm). Size and number of the rotating flaps (3 or 4) was varied according to the size of the defect and the mobility of the surrounding tissue. The procedure was performed with local anesthesia in all cases. Wound healing occurred without complications except in 3 cases. 2 patients (63 years, 70 years) developed small necrotic areas on the tips of the flaps. In a 74 year old man with a very large defect of 8 cm diameter, one flap of four underwent total necrosis. The cosmetic result was rated "very good" in 71.4% and "good" in 14.3%. The preservation of the terminal hair turned out to be of special advantage. The "windmill procedure" is an important addition to the surgical approaches for closure of large defects on the scalp, particularly in young patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Giant cavernous hemangioma of the scalp].

Cavernous hemangiomas of the scalp associated with vascular tumors of the skull occur rarely in older patients. Giant hemangiomas can cause complications secondary to extensive bleeding. Here we report on a 78-year-old female presenting with a giant ulcerated cavernous hemangioma of the scalp. Before admission to the hospital, she had suffered from severe bleeding of the vascular tumor, with resulting anemia. Because of her cardiovascular disease, the tumor mass, and possible vascular connections to osseous hemangiomas, complete surgical removal of the hemangioma was not indicated. Therefore the superficial ulceration was covered with a split skin transplant. After complete wound healing, no further bleeding occurred.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Use of the scalp as a donor site for large burn wound coverage: review of 150 patients.

The characteristics of rapid wound healing and multiple harvest capacity make the scalp an important donor site when dealing with large and deep burn wounds. This paper reports the results of a retrospective analysis of 150 patients treated for large burn wounds. The findings indicated that bleeding during graft skin harvest could be limited to 50 ml by intradermal injection of epinephrine (1:2,000,000), high-concentration epinephrine-soaked gauze compression (1:20,000), and temporary porcine skin coverage. Use of a scalp graft also carried a low risk of complications, with only four (2.7%) major complications including three cases (2.0%) of visible alopecia and one case (0.7%) of hair transplantation. There were no hypertrophic scars, even in the patient who had the largest number (11) of repeat harvests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A phase I pharmacodynamic study of the effects of the cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitor AZD5438 on cell cycle markers within the buccal mucosa, plucked scalp hairs and peripheral blood mononucleocytes of healthy male volunteers.

PURPOSE: AZD5438 is a novel, orally bioavailable, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor demonstrating preclinical pharmacodynamic (PD) effects on CDK substrates and active growth inhibition of human tumour xenografts. Clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) data shows its plasma t1/2 to be 1-3 h. The main purpose of the current study was to evaluate PD activity of single oral doses of AZD5438 in healthy volunteers. Twelve healthy male subjects received 10, 40 or 60 mg AZD5438 or placebo in a rotating placebo crossover study design. Rapidly proliferating normal tissues [buccal mucosa, peripheral blood mononucleocytes (PBMCs) and plucked scalp hair] were sampled pre-dosing, 1.5 h (tmax), +/-6 h post-dosing. The primary PD endpoint, phospho-retinoblastoma protein (pRb) levels in buccal biopsies (unit length labelling index) assessed by immunohistochemistry, was used as a biomarker of CDK activity. RESULTS: Phospho-pRb levels were demonstrated to decrease in an epitope, dose- and time-dependent manner. Statistically significant reductions in the ratio phospho-pRb/total pRb were detected at 1.5 h post-dose compared to placebo for both 40 mg [S807-S811 epitope geometric least-squares mean (glsmean) ratio = 0.75, P = 0.014] and 60 mg AZD5438 (S807-S811 epitope glsmean ratio = 0.74, P = 0.011; T821 epitope glsmean ratio = 0.72, P = 0.031). No statistically significant differences were noted at 6 h post-dosing, indicating a close PK-PD relationship between AZD5438 and target inhibition. No effects attributable to AZD5438 were detectable on phospho-p27, p27, Ki67 in the buccal mucosa; or on phospho-pRb (S249-T252 epitope), phospho-p27 or Ki67 in the sheath cells of plucked scalp hair, raising issues about the appropriateness of different detection methods/tissues for use as PD biomarkers. In ex vivo stimulated PBMCs, statistically and near-statistically significant anti-proliferative effects, with the suggestion of a dose-response effect, were noted on the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (stimulated/non-stimulated) at 10, 40 and 60 mg, compared to placebo, at 1.5 h post-dosing (glsmean ratio = 0.65, P = 0.019; 0.70, P = 0.056; 0.51, P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The modest PD effect, short plasma t1/2 and close PK-PD relationship suggest that multiple daily dosing or sustained release formulations at higher doses will be necessary for AZD5438 to achieve sustained inhibition of CDK in human cancers.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2004

Pharmacokinetics and safety of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the face, scalp, or hands and arms.

The safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream is being evaluated for the treatment of dysplastic lesions of the epidermis (actinic keratoses, AK). The objective of this clinical study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and safety of topical imiquimod during multiple dosing of AK subjects. A total of 58 adult subjects with 5 to 20 AK lesions at the treatment site applied imiquimod cream three times per week for up to 16 weeks as follows: 12 males and 11 females applied 12.5 mg imiquimod to the face; 11 males applied 25 mg to the entire balding area of the scalp; and 12 males and 12 females applied 75 mg to both hands and forearms. Pharmacokinetics and safety were assessed after the first and last doses, as well as biweekly. Imiquimod and its metabolites were measured in the serum and urine using sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods. Less than 0.6% of the applied doses was recovered in the urine of all subjects. Serum imiquimod levels were low, reflecting minimal dermal absorption, and increased with dose, although not proportionally. Peak levels at the end of dosing were 0.1, 0.2, and 1.6 ng/ml for the face, scalp, and hands/arms groups, respectively. A two- to fourfold accumulation was seen at the end of dosing. Local application site reactions were the most common adverse event, reported by approximately 50% of the subjects in each treatment group. The small number of systemic adverse events, including 'flu-like symptoms, were mostly mild and did not show a dose response. Thus, minimal systemic absorption and good safety margins for topical imiquimod were seen in AK subjects with doses as high as 75 mg three times per week for 16 weeks.

Absorption↗
PubMed2007

Expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in human scalp mesenchymal cells in vitro.

The expression levels of sex hormone receptors were identified to be different in human mesenchymal cells [dermal papilla cell (DPC), dermal sheath cell (DSC), dermal fibroblast and (DF)] from occipital scalps. Transcriptional and translational activities of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) were most intensely expressed in DPC, followed by DSC and DF. On the contrary, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was shown with the strongest positivity in DSC, succeeded by DPC and DF subsequently. Immunocytochemical staining showed the similar expression to previous patterns. Our results suggest that the expression levels of ER subtypes and AR may be important for the regulation of follicular mesenchymal cells in human scalp. Further studies of the interactions of hormones and receptors in human hair follicles are required to promote our understanding of the effects of sex hormones on hair biology.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Angiosarcoma of the scalp: treatment with liposomal doxorubicin and radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: Angiosarcoma of the scalp and face is a rare malignant endothelial tumor arising mainly in elderly people. The prognosis is poor. Effective and safe treatments are warranted. METHODS: A 79-year-old woman with an angiosarcoma of the scalp larger than 5 cm in diameter was treated with intravenous liposomal doxorubicin, 20 mg per square meter body surface (i.e., 30 mg) once per month followed by radiotherapy. RESULTS: After 12 infusions of liposomal doxorubicin, we observed a partial remission with a > 50% decrease of affected area and disappearance of ulceration. After 21 infusions, however, there was no further improvement. We decided to discontinue chemotherapy but move on with radiotherapy with an electron beam using fractionated doses of 2 Gy five times per week for up to a total of 40 Gy. To ensure a maximum dose in the upper layer of the dermis a bolus technique was used. Radiotherapy was terminated due to a temporary circumscribed epidermolysis. At the end of treatment a remarkable regression of the cutaneous lesion was noted. During the subsequent 24 months she has not developed any metastatic spread. CONCLUSION: Sequential therapy of bad prognosis angiosarcoma with liposomal doxorubicin followed by radiotherapy showed a marked clinical improvement and prolonged relapse-free survival in this patient.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

What is wrong with the 30-year-old practice of scalp cooling for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced hair loss?

Since about 1970 scalp cooling has been used to prevent chemotherapy-induced hair loss, one of the most common and emotionally distressing side effects of cancer therapy. Generally accepted opinions, uncertainty and controversy, topics to study and recommendations for improving the results of scalp cooling are the subjects of this article which was also presented at the MASCC Symposium, June 2003, Berlin.

Alopecia↗