Renin inhibitors containing conformationally restricted P1-P1' dipeptide mimetics.
A series of renin inhibitors containing lactam-bridged P1-P1' dipeptide mimetics based on the ACHPA (4(S)-amino-5-cyclohexyl-3(S)-hydroxypentanoic acid) design was studied. The inhibitors were obtained by aldol addition of various lactams with N alpha-Boc-L-cyclohexylalaninal, followed by Boc group removal and acylation with Boc-Phe-His. The aldol diastereomer having the S configuration at the two newly generated stereogenic centers gave optimal enzyme inhibition. Potency was further enhanced in the gamma-lactam ring series by substitution with small hydrophobic groups to mimic the P1' side chain of the renin substrate. Thus, 2(S)-[(Boc-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidyl)amino]-3-cyclohexyl-1(S)-hydroxyl-1 - (1,5,5-trimethyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-3(S)-yl)propane (34) has an IC50 of 1.3 nM in the human plasma renin assay. A variety of substituents on the lactam nitrogen are tolerated and can be used to vary the physical properties of the inhibitor. By using a model of the human renin active site, the conformation of 34 in the enzyme-inhibitor complex is proposed. This modeled conformation is very similar to the solid-state conformation of 2(S)-[(Boc-L-phenylalanyl-L-histidyl)amino]-3-cyclohexyl-1(S)-hydroxyl- 1-(1-methyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-3(S)-yl)propane (36), the structure of which was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The most potent ACH-PA-lactam renin inhibitors show good selectivity when assayed against other types of aspartic proteinases. By varying the lactam ring substituents, potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin D and cathepsin E can be obtained.