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PubMed1988

Association of arytenoid chondritis with equine lymphocyte antigens but no association with laryngeal hemiplegia, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism.

Associations were sought between ELA A1-A10 and W11 antigens and the presence of laryngeal hemiplegia, arytenoid chondritis, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds and/or Quarter Horses. No significant associations were detected between laryngeal hemiplegia and any ELA antigen in Thoroughbreds. The association between arytenoid chondritis and A9 was significant with a relative risk (RR) of 15.6 and aetiologic fraction (EF) of 0.80 in Thoroughbreds. There were apparent associations based on RR between A4 and A5 in Quarter Horses with umbilical hernias (RR = 7.5 and 6.1 respectively); however, these were not statistically significant. No significant associations were detected with cryptorchidism in Quarter Horses when the control population included both sexes. When only unaffected males were used as the control group, there was an apparent increase in relative risk with A6 (from RR = 1.7 to 4.3); however this was not statistically significant. Cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds showed an increased relative risk with A5 regardless of whether the control population included males and females (RR = 4.1) or only males (RR = 4.7) but the increases were not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fracture risk in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

Little information is available on the risk of fractures in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We identified 1535 patients with MGUS between 1978 and 2003 in North Jutland County, Denmark. The population control group consisted of 15 350 persons selected from the Danish Central Population Registry, matched by age and sex. Data on fractures in the two groups were obtained from the regional Hospital Discharge Registry. In the MGUS cohort, 187 first-time fractures were identified during 9754 person-years of follow-up, corresponding to an incidence rate of 19/1000 person-years. The adjusted relative risk for fractures among MGUS patients compared with population controls was 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-1.6]. After 5 years of follow-up, the risk difference was 1.8% (95% CI, 0.5-3.0). Six of the 187 MGUS patients with fractures were later diagnosed with malignant transformation. Relative risks for fractures were increased in IgG-type MGUS [1.3 (95% CI,1.1-1.6)], IgM-type MGUS [1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.2)] and MGUS with kappa light chain [1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.7)]. MGUS patients had an increased risk of fractures, which could not be explained by comorbidity, advanced age, gender or malignant transformation.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Pregnancy associated osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: Previous literature reports have suggested that osteoporosis associated with pregnancy is a rare event. We have examined the prevalence of this condition and compiled data on the largest group of such patients in the literature. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: With the help of the National Osteoporosis Society 35 women with pregnancy associated osteoporosis were identified. These women were matched with a control group from our already established computer data bank for age, weight, height and calcium status. Detailed questionnaires were sent to the osteoporotic sufferers enquiring about their present condition, past medical and drug history, and their menstrual, lactational and obstetric histories. They were also asked to complete a detailed dietary history to establish their calcium status. A questionnaire was also completed by the parents of these women and the parents of the control group, asking specifically about fracture history. RESULTS: Twenty-nine women had idiopathic osteoporosis associated with pregnancy, while in six, the condition may have resulted from drug therapy or associated diseases. Pain occurring late in the first full term pregnancy was the most common presentation. The natural history was for the condition to improve with time. There was a significantly higher prevalence of adult related fractures (P < 0.02) occurring at an earlier age in the mothers of these women compared to a control population. CONCLUSION: We have identified 35 women who have developed osteoporosis during or shortly after pregnancy and in only six of them could a recognized underlying cause be suggested. These findings would suggest that idiopathic osteoporosis associated with pregnancy may be more common than the current literature suggests. The higher prevalence of fractures in the mothers of our population compared to controls raises the question of a possible associated genetic factor in the aetiology of this condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Long-term survival after permanent pacemaker implantation in young adults: 30 year experience.

The goal of the present study was to determine the etiology of conduction disease and long-term outcome for young adults who undergo permanent pacemaker implantation. Permanent pacing was performed in 232 patients aged 21-50 years, 135 males and 97 females, from 1965 through 1995. One hundred and twenty-six subjects (54%) had evidence of structural heart disease, while idiopathic conduction disease accounted for 46%. About half (54%) of 106 patients with structural heart disease had surgically induced heart block. Pacing mode at primary implantation was single chamber in 65% and dual chamber in 35%. Follow-up ranged from 12-387 months, with a mean of 104-months. At the last follow-up, 133 of 232 patients (57%) were alive, 40 (17%) had died, 30 (13%) were lost to follow-up, 26 (11%) were transferred elsewhere, and 3 (1%) explanted. Patients with sick sinus syndrome had similar outcomes to those with AV block. There was a sharp decline in survival during the first six months; 7.5% of the sample died within the first year following their first pacemaker operation. After the first year, the decline in survival slowed and 70% of the patients could be expected to survive beyond 20 years. The overall survival of young patients without structural heart disease who received a permanent pacemaker was comparable to an age- and sex-matched control population, while patients with structural heart disease performed significantly worse than the control population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Osteoarthritis in cats: a retrospective radiological study.

OBJECTIVES: To provide basic information about natural feline osteoarthritis (OA) as part of more extensive studies. METHODS: A retrospective study of cats (greater than one year of age) radiographed for any reason at a first opinion and referral veterinary practice was performed. Cats were classified as either having or not having radiographic OA. Computerised histories were searched for records of potential causes and clinical signs of OA. The genders and ages of the affected cats were compared with a control population using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Of 491 cats, 292 (59 per cent) had undergone a diagnostic radiograph of at least one synovial joint. Sixty-three of 292 cats (22 per cent) showed evidence of radiographic OA; 21 (33 per cent) of which also had clinically evident OA. A potential cause of OA had been recorded in only seven of 63 cats (11 per cent). The population of cats with radiographic evidence of OA was older than the control population (P<0.001). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Radiographic OA was found in 22 per cent of the test population. In many cases there was no clinical evidence of OA recorded in the history, suggesting that either there is little correlation between clinical and radiographic OA or that clinical signs of OA in cats may not have been observed or recorded. Idiopathic/primary OA was common.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Hepatitis Bs antibody in alcoholic cirrhosis.

Sera from patients with chronic liver disease were tested for antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoassay. The antibody was found in 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 52% when alcoholic cirrhosis was associated with portal hypertension, these results being significantly higher than in a matched control population. Other forms of chronic liver disease did not differ from the control population. Hepatitis B virus infection might be a factor in determining which alcoholic patients go on to develop chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Detection of preclinical motor neurone loss in SOD1 mutation carriers using motor unit number estimation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of motor neurone loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In particular, to determine whether there is a gradual life long presymptomatic motor neurone loss or, alternatively, a sudden catastrophic loss just before the onset of symptoms. METHOD: The statistical motor unit number estimation (MUNE) technique was used in a longitudinal study of 19 asymptomatic carriers of the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. MUNE results were compared with those of 34 age and sex matched SOD1 negative family controls and 23 population controls. Motor neurone loss was also estimated in 12 patients with sporadic ALS. 84 subjects (43 male and 41 female patients) with an age range from 16-73 years were followed up over three years, both clinically and by MUNE, every six months. RESULTS: In 2 of the 19 mutation carriers, there was a sudden reduction in MUNE several months before the onset of weakness. The patients with symptomatic sporadic ALS also had a reduced MUNE, but there was no detectable loss of motor neurones in the remainder of the subjects. CONCLUSION: MUNE can be used to detect preclinical loss of motor units in familial ALS. Normal numbers of motor neurones were maintained in 17 SOD1 mutation carriers over the three year period. There was an abrupt loss of motor neurones just before the onset of symptomatic weakness in two SOD1 mutation carriers. These results suggest that some form of trigger may initiate rapid cell loss and death of motor neurones just before the onset of symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Occupation and small bowel adenocarcinoma: a European case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: Because of the rarity of small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), little is known about the aetiology of this disease. This study aimed to identify occupational clustering of cases SBA as a systematic approach to new hypotheses on the aetiology of this disease. METHODS: A European multicentre case-control study was conducted in 1995-7, inclusive. Incident cases aged 35-69 years with SBA (n=168) were recruited before acceptance by a pathologist. Altogether 107 cases and 3915 controls were accepted, of which 79 cases, 579 colon cancer controls, and 2070 population controls were interviewed. RESULTS: The strongest industrial risk factors for SBA taking account of 10 years' exposure lag were dry cleaning, manufacture of workwear, mixed farming (women), and manufacture of motor vehicles (men). A significantly increased risk of SBA (odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)) was found among men employed as building caretakers, OR 6.7 (1.7 to 26.0) and women employed as housekeepers, OR 2.2 (1.1 to 4.9); general farm labourers, OR 4.7 (1.8 to 12.2); dockers, OR 2.9 (1.0 to 8.2); dry cleaners or launderers, OR 4.1 (1.2 to 13.6); and textile workers (sewers or embroiderers), OR 2.6 (1.0 to 6.8). For the last four groups, together with welders OR 2.7 (1.1 to 6.6) (men) an exposure-response pattern was found when calculating the ORs for jobs held 1-5 years and >5 years, with never having held the job as reference. The ORs (95% CIs) for 1-5 years and >5 years were 4.3 (0.4 to 44.0) and 3.5 (0.9 to 13.7), 3.0 (0.3 to 26.2) and 4.3 (0.9 to 21.2), 4.6 (0.4 to 48.1) and 11.0 (2.0 to 60.4), 1.3 (0.2 to 11.0) and 5.8 (2.0 to 17.2), and 2.8 (0.3 to 23.8) and 4.6 (1.3 to 16.6), respectively, for each of these occupations. Among welders, people performing semiautomatic arc welding (MIG/MAG) were identified as a high risk group (OR 5.0 (1.3 to 19.6)). CONCLUSIONS: This explorative study suggests an increased occurrence of SBA in certain occupations, which needs further evaluation.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

[Organic personality syndrome in multiple sclerosis and effect of stress on recurrent attacks].

This study focuses on a sample of 35 patients who had recently suffered an attack of multiple sclerosis. They were first subjected to the so-called life stress method in order to look for a connection between life stresses and the attacks of multiple sclerosis. The sample was compared with a paired control population composed of patients recruited from admission departments and medical emergency departments. The AMDP psychopathological evaluation method was applied to the sample, to establish a characteristic mental profile of these patients. Three types of results are highlighted. First, the comparison of the event scores shows a significant difference between the population of patients suffering from an outbreak of multiple sclerosis and the control population. A connection between "life stresses" and the triggering of the outbreaks of multiple sclerosis is therefore mentioned and discussed. Second, the application of the system of the Association de méthodologie et de documentation psychiatrique brings out a mental profile common to patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, consisting of a very specific association of mood disorders: dysphoria, euphoria and mania on the one hand, and depression, anxiety and dramatization on the other, with relative anosognosia. The correlation between dysphoria, the syndrome's principal characteristic, and the event score adds another argument in favour of the connection between life stresses and the evolution of the disease. The main components of this mental profile are primarily correlated with the existence of a neuropsychology suggestive of a medial basal frontal syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Male turnover reduces population growth: an enclosure experiment on voles.

Turnover of individuals is assumed to cause disruptions of social organization, followed by reduced reproduction and survival. We tested how male turnover (removal of resident males and their replacement by unfamiliar males) affected population performance in experimental root vole (Microtus oeconomus) populations. The treatment simulated predation of adult males, with the subsequent replacement by immigrants, and provided insight into the interaction between extrinsic (i.e., predation) and intrinsic (i.e., social organization) factors. We showed that recruitment and female survival dramatically declined and that reproduction commenced slightly later in treatment populations compared with control populations. The treatment nearly halved the population growth rate. We suspect that recruitment failed due to infanticidal immigrating males. Reduced female survival was particularly apparent in treatment populations in which females exhibited a high degree of spatial overlap. Our experimental results show how males may significantly shape population dynamics and suggest how predation and social factors interact mechanistically.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed1976

[Successful control of the population increase in Paarl].

This article reports on the successful acceptance of voluntary sterilisation in Paarl. Emphasis has been put on postpartum sterilisation with increasing acceptance by women with 3 or 4 children. Average parity at time of sterilisation has diminished from 7,52 in 1971 to 5,70 in 1974. The grand multipara has virtually been eliminated--reduction of grand multiparas should be a top priority in any comprehensive family planning scheme.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed2000

Risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer in relation to plasma organochlorine concentrations.

Several organochlorines identified as "hormone mimics" were proposed as possible risk factors for breast cancer. We conducted a case-control study to assess breast cancer risk and disease aggressiveness in relation to plasma concentrations of several organochlorine compounds. Plasma lipid concentrations of 11 chlorinated pesticides and 14 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners were measured in 315 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, 219 hospital-based controls, and 307 population controls from the Quebec City area (Canada). Concentrations of hormonally active organochlorines or their surrogates were compared between cases and controls as well as between groups of cases defined according to tumor size and axillary-lymph-node involvement. We found similar levels of organochlorines in cases and controls and no relationship between the relative risk of breast cancer and organochlorine exposure. However, the probability of lymph-node invasion among cases increased with exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene [p,p'-DDE; odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20-5.35; between the highest and the lowest tertiles]. Furthermore, p,p'-DDE exposure was associated with a dose-related increased relative risk of exhibiting both lymph-node involvement and a large tumor. Indeed odds ratio raised to 2.33 (95% CI, 0.94-5.77) for the second tertile relative to the first tertile and reached 3.51 (95% CI, 1.41-8.73) for the third tertile relative to the first tertile. Similar associations were noted with beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, oxychlordane, and transnonachlor. We conclude that exposure to persistent, hormonally active organochlorines during adulthood is not associated with breast cancer risk. The possibility that some organochlorines and especially p,p'-DDE may increase breast cancer aggressiveness deserves further attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with apnea.

The neurodevelopmental outcome of term infants with acute life-threatening events (ALTE) and preterm infants with persistent apnea of prematurity were compared to matched control populations. No differences in developmental outcomes were seen between the study and control populations.

Apnea↗
PubMed2003

Smoking and tuberculosis in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between smoking and tuberculosis in Hong Kong. METHOD: Indirect sex and age adjustment was used to compare the prevalence of ever smokers between a sample of 851 patients from the 1996 tuberculosis notification registry and the general population. The clinical characteristics of smokers and non-smokers were compared by stratified univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Tuberculosis patients were more likely to have smoked than population controls. The respective odds ratios for ever smoking between tuberculosis patients and population controls were 2.44 and 2.08 for males and females aged 16-64 (Mantel-Haenszel weighted OR = 2.40, P < 0.001), and 2.09 and 2.83 for males and females aged > or = 65 (Mantel-Haenszel weighted odds ratio = 2.19, P < 0.001). Male sex, age > or = 65, working at onset of illness, regular alcohol use, drug abuse and absence of contact history were associated with ever smokers (all P < 0.05). Ever smokers were more likely to have cough (OR 1.69), dyspnoea (OR 1.84), upper zone involvement (OR 1.67), cavity (OR 1.76), miliary lung involvement (OR 2.77), positive sputum culture (OR 1.43), but less isolated extrathoracic involvement (OR 0.31), even after controlling for the confounding background variables (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a consistent association between smoking and tuberculosis. More aggressive lung involvement was also found among ever smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[A case-control study of the risk factors for lung cancer among Chinese women who have never smoked].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for lung cancer among women who had never smoked. Methods A 1:2 matched case-control study was carried out. The cases are the no-smoking female patients with the primary lung cancer diagnosed by pathology mothed from hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu between September 2001 and February 2004. One hospital control and one population control matched for age, sex and no-smoking et al., were enrolled. The case and control were interviewed about the exposure information of related factors using the uniform questionnaire. Statistical analysis of single-factor and multivariate conditional Logistic regression were performed to screen the risk factors of lung cancer. RESULTS: During the single-factoranalysis, 28 exposure factors were identified as risk factors for lung cancer. The multivariate conditional Logistic regression show that passive smoking index > or = 50 person * year (OR = 1.77,95% CI, 1.07 - 2.92), consumption of internal organs of animals (OR = 1.85,95% CI, 1.06 - 3.22), and occupational exposure to dust (OR = 2.47,95% CI, 1.21 - 5.03) and bad ventilation in workplace( OR = 4.02,95% CI, 1.74 - 9.29) are risk factors for lung cancer, but consumption of vegetables( OR = 0.26, 95% CI, 0.12 - 0.59), taking vitamins often (OR = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.30 - 0.93), average month income per person after married > or = 500 yuan ( OR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.28 - 0.91) and the first procreation occurred between 24 and 30 years old (OR = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.32 - 0.90) are the protective factors for lung cancer. The dose-response were observed between passive smoking and risk rate of lung cancer by trend test. CONCLUSION: Some factors such as passive smoking, consumption of internal organs of animals, occupational exposure to dust and bad ventilation in workplace can increase the risk of lung cancer for women who had never smoked. Other factors such as consumption of vegetables, taking vitamins, and so on, can reduce the risk of lung cancer for women who had never smoked.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Case control study of cerebral perfusion deficits in divers using 99Tcm hexamethylpropylene amine oxime.

In a preliminary report, Adkisson et al. (Lancet 1989; 2:119-121) used 99Tcm-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to provide evidence for cerebral perfusion deficits in 28 cases of dysbarism. The report caused concern because these deficits were found even in cases in which the clinical manifestations were limited to the spinal cord. To address this issue further, a case-control study of cerebral perfusion using 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT is reported. Four groups of 10 subjects were studied: a) divers scanned on average 11 days after treatment of neurologic decompression illness, b) divers scanned 3-5 yr after treatment for neurologic decompression illness, c) diver controls, and d) population controls. All groups were matched for age, and the divers were further matched for general diving experience. The scans were randomized and reported blind to history. Despite a trend toward larger numbers of deficits in individuals with decompression illness, the 4 groups were statistically indistinguishable. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the location of the perfusion deficits and the clinical presentation. These results indicate that 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT scanning requires further evaluation before clinical significance can be ascribed to perfusion deficits found in divers.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Bioavailability of estradiol as a marker for breast cancer risk assessment.

The search for a hormonal marker in breast cancer has centered on estrogens and their metabolites. However, direct measurements of total amounts of these steroids have shown no convincing or consistent differences between normal women and women with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to measure the percentages of non-protein-bound estradiol (%NPBE) and of estradiol bound to albumin (%ABE) and the levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) both in women with breast cancer and in those free of disease. Serum was collected and analyzed within 2 weeks, using an isodialysis method. The mean %NPBE and %ABE were significantly higher in 32 women with breast cancer (1.73 and 64.0%, respectively) than in 32 matched disease-free women (1.43 and 48.6%, respectively) (P less than 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the levels of plasma albumin when the above matched groups were compared. However, plasma levels of SHBG were significantly lower in the women with breast cancer than in either the control population or matched controls. In this finding we differ from previous studies which reported no significant differences in the mean plasma levels of SHBG. In our study, the increased %NPBE and %ABE in some patients with breast cancer may be related to a lower level of plasma SHBG; other factors, too, may affect the distribution of estradiol. Our results support the hypothesis than an increase in %NPBE and %ABE or both may indicate an increased risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Temporal separation of protein toxin translocation from processing events.

Intoxication of Vero cells by ricin, modeccin, diphtheria toxin (DT), and Pseudomonas exotoxin A requires: 1) binding to cell surface receptors; 2) transport to the cytoplasm; and 3) enzymatic inactivation of a component of the protein synthetic machinery. The kinetic profiles of all four toxins consist of a lag followed by the apparent first-order decrease in protein synthesis. Autoradiographic analysis of DT-intoxicated cell populations has demonstrated that two subpopulations of cells exist during the period of decreasing protein synthesis: one population synthesizing at control levels and the other synthesizing little or no protein (Hudson, T. H., and Neville, D. M., Jr. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 2675-2680). The present study correlates the autoradiographic data with the rates of protein synthesis decline in cells intoxicated with modeccin, ricin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, as well DT. In all cases, the first time point which exhibits a decrease in protein synthetic activity also exhibits two subpopulations of cells, one synthesizing protein at control rates and the other synthesizing little or no protein. As the intoxication progresses, cells leave the control population by the rapid cessation of all protein synthesis. These experiments demonstrate that transport of all four toxins to the cytosol is the rate-limiting step during the pseudo first-order decline in protein synthesis. Furthermore, the final step in the transport process (translocation) must result in the release to the cytoplasm of a quantity of toxin sufficient to rapidly inactivate all protein synthesis in that cell. The probability of a translocation event occurring in any cell of the population is established during the lag and remains constant throughout the first-order decrease in protein synthesis. The requirement for acidification during the intoxication by DT, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, or modeccin is restricted to the lag period. Acidification is therefore necessary to establish the probability of translocation, but it is not directly involved in the actual translocation of these toxins. The pseudo first-order passage of DT intoxications through antitoxin and NH4Cl- or monensin-sensitive stages are shown to have the same cellular basis as the pseudo first-order decrease in protein synthesis. A kinetic model is presented which defines the DT intoxication process from one of its earliest events (endocytosis) to its penultimate event (translocation of toxin to the cytosol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

ADP Ribose Transferases↗