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PubMed1997

[The effects of paternal and maternal grandmothers on mother's disciplinary behavior].

Following Tomlin and Passman (1991), this study examined whether advice of paternal and maternal grandmothers had different effects on mothers' disciplinary behavior of their children. Mothers, grandmothers, and 4-7-year-old children from 22 three-generational families participated in the study. Whenever the child made an error during a task, the reward was to be reduced. The mother decided the amount to be reduced on advice of the grandmother, who then was informed of her decision. In fact, however, the child's performance, grandmother's advice, and disciplinary decision were manipulated by the experimenter. Results showed that mothers living with paternal grandmothers modified their decision in accordance with the advice, while mothers living with maternal grandmothers did not. The mother's decision had similar effects on subsequent advice by the paternal or maternal grandmother, both of whom tended to endorse her decision. Thus, paternal and maternal grandmothers' advice had different effects on maternal disciplinary behavior of the children.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Male investment under changing conditions among chacma baboons at Suikerbosrand.

Male investment in infant baboons was measured by frequency of carrying from 1978 through 1985. A series of hypotheses was generated and tested with the carrying data, based on the assumptions that: male baboons have some capacity to estimate likelihood of paternity; where paternity probability is greater, males will invest more, where potential benefits to males or infants are higher, males will invest more. Carrying was affected by probability of paternity, availability of estrous females, season of conception and season of carrying, infant age, subtrooping, and predation risk. Infants were carried by probable fathers, siblings, mothers' siblings, and unrelated "suitors." Male investment increased female reproductive fitness: carried infants were more likely to survive, and mothers of carried infants had shorter interbirth intervals. Males appeared to estimate paternity both by observed copulations by other males and by the likelihood that copulations could have occurred without being observed. Male care of infant baboons may also be affected by female choice among males, the distribution of probable infants in time, male tenure at alpha rank, the number of males per troop, the probability of infanticide, and energy demands. Subtrooping seems to be historically crucial, by initially creating a situation in which some males have high paternity certainty.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Olfactory bulbectomy decreases social behavior in male prairie voles (M. ochrogaster).

Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are social rodents that show characteristics of monogamy including high levels of social behavior and male parental care. Behavioral studies of prairie voles have implicated chemosignals in the control of various components of social behavior and reproduction. In the present study, the role of the olfactory system in male behavior was examined following surgical removal of the olfactory bulbs. Decreases in measures of sexual, paternal, and other social behaviors were observed following bilateral olfactory bulbectomy, but not unilateral or sham bulbectomy. Some bilaterally bulbectomized males also showed a stereotypy, but this probably did not account for the changes in social behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of paternal ethylene dibromide exposure on F1 generation behavior in the rat.

The effects of ethylene dibromide (EDB) exposure to the male rat were studied through behavioral assessments of their F1 progeny. Exposed males were bred with untreated female rats at 4 or 9 weeks after 5 daily EDB treatments. Behavioral assessment of motor reflexes and motor coordination were examined up to 21 days of age. Significant differences in the development of motor coordination and motor activity were observed in the F1 progeny of EDB-exposed males. These results support the evidence of EDB genotoxicity and further demonstrates the utility of behavioral end-points of the offspring as a sensitive means of assessing paternal reproductive risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Paternal effects in Drosophila: implications for mechanisms of early development.

The study of paternal effects on development provides a means to identify sperm-supplied products required for fertilization and the initiation of embryogenesis. This review describes paternal effects on animal development and discusses their implications for the role of the sperm in egg activation, centrosome activity, and biparental inheritance in different animal species. Paternal effects observed in Caenorhabditis elegans and in mammals are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on paternal effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic and cytologic evidence for paternal imprinting on chromosome behavior and gene expression in Drosophila are summarized. These effects are compared to chromosome imprinting that leads to paternal chromosome loss in sciarid and coccid insects and mammalian gametic imprinting that results in differential expression of paternal and maternal loci. The phenotypes caused by several early-acting maternal effect mutations identify specific maternal factors that affect the behavior of paternal components during fertilization and the early embryonic mitotic divisions. In addition, maternal effect defects suggest that two types of regulatory mechanisms coordinate parental components and synchronize their progression through mitosis. Some activities are coordinated by independent responses of parental components to shared regulatory factors, while others require communication between paternal and maternal components. Analyses of the paternal effects mutations sneaky, K81, paternal loss, and Horka have identified paternal products that play a role in mediating the initial response of the sperm to the egg cytoplasm, participation of the male pronucleus in the first mitosis, and stable inheritance of the paternal chromosomes in the early embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Mating in the monogamous male: behavioral consequences.

In monogamous mammals, males typically show selective affiliation with a single mate, high levels of paternal care, and aggression towards conspecifics to protect male and offspring. We have previously described how selective aggression and affiliation increase after mating in the male prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster. The current studies further explored the behavioral changes that follow mating in the male of this species. The first set of experiments tested males on several behavioral measures after 24 h of either mating, social (but not sexual) exposure, or no social contact. After 24 h of mating, but not after the other two conditions, aggression and affiliation (partner preference) increased as previously reported. In addition, mated animals showed increased exploration of the open arms of a plus maze, consistent with decreased fearfulness. There were no group differences in paternal behavior (which was high in all three conditions) or analgesia (assessed by tail flick latency). To determine the minimum amount of mating necessary for the induction of aggression, males were tested in a resident-intruder paradigm after 1,6, or 24 h of mating. Although 1 h of mating was associated with a transient increase in the frequency of threats and attacks, the full spectrum of enduring aggression was observed only in the males given 24 h of mating. In a final experiment, the behavioral consequences of mating were studied in males of the closely related montane vole (Microtus montanus) which does not pair bond. Males of this nonmonogamous vole species did not show increased aggression, partner preference, or alterations in plus maze exploration following 24 h of mating. These results demonstrate the importance of prolonged mating for the induction of pair bonding in the monogamous male and they suggest that increases in aggression and affiliation are associated with decreased fearfulness in pair bonded males.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: relations with preschoolers' playground behavioral orientations and peer status.

To explore relations among parents' self-reported disciplinary styles, preschoolers' playground behavioral orientations, and peer status, 106 mothers and fathers of preschool-age children (age range = 40-71 months) participated in home disciplinary style interviews. Observations of their children's playground behavior in preschool settings and measures of sociometric status were also obtained. Results indicated that children of more inductive mothers and fathers (i.e., less power assertive) exhibited fewer disruptive playground behaviors. In addition, daughters and older preschoolers of inductive mothers exhibited more prosocial behavior. Children of inductive mothers were also more preferred by peers. Few significant relations were found between paternal discipline and child behavior/peer status. Age-related patterns of behavior also indicated that older preschoolers who engaged in more prosocial and less antisocial and disruptive playground behavior were more preferred by peers. In addition, child behaviors were found to mediate maternal discipline and peer status.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Activity patterns in a gelada monkey group.

Diurnal, temperature and weather influence on the activity profiles of a gelada monkey group were compared to similar data previously reported for pigtail monkeys. Each of these variables influenced gelada behavior and many effects similar to those reported for pigtails were noted. Females were once again more active in agonistic, sexual and grooming patterns. The one male units of gelada groups influenced many activity patterns, and the special role of bachelor males as a focus for immature animal activities was demonstrated. Although 'aunt' behavior was present, it was superceded by patterns of 'paternal' care.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Paternal responsiveness in biparental dwarf hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) does not require estradiol.

Males of the biparental hamster species Phodopus campbelli act as midwives and are responsive to an experimentally displaced pup. Males also have peripheral estradiol concentrations that are similar to conspecific females. Castration reduces peripheral estradiol, yet does not affect paternal responsiveness despite the known role of estradiol in maternal behavior. Synthesis of estradiol within the central nervous system, however, might not be affected by castration. Males received implants of osmotic pumps containing the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to reduce both peripheral and central estradiol concentrations. Though estradiol was effectively reduced, it had no effect on paternal responsiveness or reproductive success. Neither testosterone nor aggression directed towards an intruder was altered. Results support the emerging conclusion that estradiol is not required for the exceptional paternal behavior of male P. campbelli.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Prolactin and paternal care: comparison of three species of monogamous new world monkeys (Callicebus cupreus, Callithrix jacchus, and Callimico goeldii).

The authors explored whether prolactin is associated with paternal care in 3 monkey species: titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). They compared prolactin levels in fathers before and after infant birth as well as between fathers and nonfathers. C. cupreus fathers carry infants almost exclusively, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, but show no prolactin increase after infant birth. C. goeldii fathers carry infants only after 3 weeks, show an increase in prolactin levels during the precarrying period, but do not have higher levels than nonfathers. C jacchus fathers are the primary carriers, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, and show a trend for a prolactin increase after the birth of infants. In conclusion, species differences in the patterns of prolactin secretion were evident and reflect the different paternal roles.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prenatal and parenting programs for adolescent mothers.

Adolescence is a time of risk taking and exploration. The adolescent's exploration of the developmental and physical changes taking place often puts the adolescent at greater risk than at any other time in life. The risk-taking behaviors involve sexual activity, experimentation with substances including cigarettes and alcohol, rebellion against paternal norms, suicidal behavior, and violence. This chapter focuses on the potential outcome of one of these risky behaviors: sexual activity. The intent is to summarize the findings of the research community on the pregnancy and parenting programs for adolescents. A summary of some of the recent research and demonstration projects for pregnant and parenting adolescents is provided. Published and unpublished articles from a variety of disciplines are included. These articles vary by method, type of program, location, and outcome measurement. Methodological issues related to the preponderance of quasi-experimental designs with small samples and demonstration projects are addressed. The lack of theoretically driven, longitudinal research that is specific to the developmental level of the population is discussed, and directions are suggested for future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Review of experimental male-mediated behavioral and neurochemical disorders.

Paternal exposures to exogenous agents have been reported to produce a variety of developmental defects in the offspring. In experimental animals, these effects include decreased litter size and weight, increased stillbirth and neonatal death, birth defects, tumors, and functional/behavioral abnormalities-some of these effects being transmitted to the second and third generations. This article reviews the exogenous agents that have reportedly caused behavioral or neurochemical alterations in offspring of experimental animals following paternal exposures, including advanced age, alcohols, cyclophosphamide, ethylene dibromide, lead, opiates, and a few miscellaneous chemicals. Based upon the consistency of effects in several of these agents in a variety of studies in experimental animals, the conclusion is that paternal exposures may contribute to the incidence of neurobehavioral disorders in humans.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2007

Human parental effort and environmental risk.

Parental investment decisions depend on multiple factors, including the extent that parental care benefits offspring. Humans should show reduced parental effort in environments where parenting cannot improve offspring survival. Data from the standard cross-cultural sample are used to test this prediction. The results show that maternal care was inversely associated with famine and warfare, and also showed a quadratic association with pathogen stress, increasing as pathogen stress increased to moderate levels, but decreasing at higher levels. Age at weaning showed a similar quadratic relation with pathogens. The curvilinear associations between parental effort and pathogen stress may reflect that the saturation point of parental care is a function of environmental hazards. Paternal involvement was also inversely related to pathogen stress. The association between pathogens and paternal involvement was partially mediated by polygyny. In sum, maternal and paternal care appears to have somewhat different relations with environmental hazards, presumably owing to sex-specific tradeoffs in reproductive effort.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quandary at the crossroads: paternalism versus advocacy surrounding end-of-treatment decisions.

The moral and ethical basis for promoting the patient as ultimate decision-maker regarding his or her treatment plan is advanced. The practice implications of differing educational and historical backgrounds of physicians and nurses is addressed. Paternalism and maternalism are examined. These traditional roles are contrasted with the emerging provider role as patient advocate. Recommendations are suggested for improved physician/ nurse/patient interaction in the resolution of ethical dilemmas in a highly complex health care arena.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Social and hormonal bases of individual differences in the parental behaviour of birds and mammals.

We present an overview of research on how social experiences and hormonal responses affect individual variation in parental care of birds and mammals. The parental roles of prolactin and glucorticoids (corticosterone or cortisol) have many similarities in birds and in mammals. Prolactin may be involved in the initiation of parental interactions, with prolactin variation possibly explaining individual differences in parental decision-making. Glucocorticoid levels increase when parents have to work harder, with some individuals showing greater hormonal and behavioural responses than others. Testosterone interferes with paternal behaviour in birds, but its role is more complex and species-specific in male mammals. We examine these differences in an adaptive framework, where retaining flexibility of response has allowed individuals to respond differentially to social opportunities and environmental change.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Perceptions of parenthood among adolescent fathers.

To investigate perceptions of parenthood among adolescent fathers, we studied three groups of first-time fathers: adolescent fathers with adolescent partners (n = 21), adult fathers with adolescent partners (n = 14), and adult fathers with adult partners (n = 55). Subjects were interviewed during the immediate postpartum period and then again 3 months later. Group differences were noted concerning items related to paternal involvement, sex stereotypic behaviors, and stress, but not concerning preparation for parenthood. Fathers' perceptions appeared to be influenced by both their ages and those of the mothers as well as an interaction between these two fathers (adult fathers with adolescent partners v adult fathers with adult partners). Our results suggest that fathers with adolescent partners may benefit from interventions designed to promote more active involvement in parenthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mating system of the Eurasian badger, Meles meles, in a high density population.

Badgers are facultatively social, forming large groups at high density. Group-living appears to have high reproductive costs for females, and may lead to increased levels of inbreeding. The extent of female competition for reproduction has been estimated from field data, but knowledge of male reproductive success and the extent of extra-group paternity remains limited. Combining field data with genetic data (16 microsatellite loci), we studied the mating system of 10 badger social groups across 14 years in a high-density population. From 923 badgers, including 425 cubs, we were able to assign maternity to 307 cubs, with both parents assigned to 199 cubs (47%) with 80% confidence, and 14% with 95% confidence. Age had a significant effect on the probability of reproduction, seemingly as a result of a deficit of individuals aged two years and greater than eight years attaining parentage. We estimate that approximately 30% of the female population successfully reproduced in any given year, with a similar proportion of the male population gaining paternity across the same area. While it was known there was a cost to female reproduction in high density populations, it appears that males suffer similar, but not greater, costs. Roughly half of assigned paternity was attributed to extra-group males, the majority of which were from neighbouring social groups. Few successful matings occurred between individuals born in the same social group (22%). The high rate of extra-group mating, previously unquantified, may help reduce inbreeding, potentially making philopatry a less costly strategy.

Animals↗