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PubMed1979

Nitrate and nitrite reduction by microorganisms embedded in a filter paper incubated aerobically.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, grown to steric saturation between the cellulose fibers of a filter paper, reduced nitrate or nitrite or both when the cell-filled paper was washed, transferred to phosphate buffer, nitrate, or nitrite or both, and glucose agar plates, and incubated under aerobiosis as resting cells. The biological nature of the reduction was ascertained by the use of nitrate and nitrite reductaseless mutants. The mesh of cellulose fibers was necessary to create a sufficient barrier to oxygen diffusion, since denitrification was not obtained within large and thick colonies of P. aeruginosa. When a soil suspension was used to inoculate the filter paper, ammonium and nitrite accumulated. Concomitant to nitrate reduction, the total nonvolatile inorganic nitrogen decreased and then increased as if part of it was immobilized to be subsequently mineralized.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Effects of Condensed Tannins on Endoglucanase Activity and Filter Paper Digestion by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85.

The effect of condensed tannins from birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) on the cellulolytic rumen bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was examined. Condensed tannins inhibited endoglucanase activity in the extracellular culture fluid, at concentrations as low as 25 mug ml. In contrast, cell-associated endoglucanase activity increased in concentrations of condensed tannins between 100 and 300 mug ml. Inhibition of endoglucanase activity in both the extracellular and the cell-associated fractions was virtually complete at 400 mug of condensed tannins ml. Despite the sharp decline in extracellular endoglucanase activity with increasing concentrations of condensed tannins, filter paper digestion declined only moderately between 0 and 200 mug of condensed tannins ml. However, at 300 mug ml, filter paper digestion was dramatically reduced and at 400 mug ml, almost no filter paper was digested. F. succinogenes S85 was seen to form digestive grooves on the surface of cellulose, and at 200 mug ml, digestive pits were formed which penetrated into the interior of cellulose fibers. Cells grown with condensed tannins (100 to 300 mug ml) possessed large amounts of surface material, and although this material may have been capsular carbohydrate, its osmiophilic nature suggested that it had arisen from the formation of tannin-protein complexes on the cell surface. The presence of electron-dense extracellular material suggested that similar complexes were formed with extracellular protein.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1969

Comparative study of the efficacy of seven paper-reagent strips and conventional biochemical tests in identifying gram-negative organisms.

Gram-nagative organisms were tested with commercially available reagentimpregnated strips (PATHO-TEC). Of the 291 strains, all were tested by using seven paper tests and their conventional counterparts. Excellent correlation was obtained with the oxidase, phenylalanine-deaminase, and Voges-Proskauer tests. Indole tests made on liquid medium cultures also gave complete correlation, but some false-negative results with indole-positive Proteus strains were obtained when growth from solid medium was tested by the strip method. Paper strip urease tests were positive within 2 hr with all Klebsiella and some Serratia, Herellea, and Citrobacter strains as well as with Proteus strains. Approximately 15% of citrate strip test results differed from those of the conventional tests, and reproducibility was poor on retest. The lysine decarboxylase strip test showed a number of discrepancies and posed problems of interpretation and readability. Paper reagent strip methods are simple and convenient and merit further development to increase the specificity of those which depend on pH change up to that achieved with the Voges-Proskauer, oxidase, phenylalanine, and indole methods.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1992

Stability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies in whole blood dried on filter paper and stored under various tropical conditions in Kinshasa, Zaire.

The use of whole-blood spots on filter paper for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was evaluated during a 20-week period under a variety of storage environments simulating the harsh tropical field conditions in Kinshasa, Zaire. During the first 6 weeks of storage, all replicates of high- and low-titer HIV-1-positive reference samples remained positive by enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting (immunoblotting), and all replicates of HIV-1-negative samples remained negative under all storage conditions. However, hot and humid storage conditions for up to 20 weeks caused a progressive decline in enzyme immunoassay optical density ratio values, which was particularly noticeable in samples with a low HIV-1 antibody titer. Harsh tropical operational conditions did not cause any repeatedly false-positive results during the 20-week storage period. The use of gas-impermeable bags with desiccant for the storage of blood spots on filter paper improved the stability of HIV-1 antibody detection over time and is recommended for the storage of whole-blood spots on filter paper in harsh tropical field settings.

Democratic Republic of the Congo↗

PubMed2002

Detection of duck hepatitis B virus DNA on filter paper by PCR and SYBR green dye-based quantitative PCR.

Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family, which includes human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Woodchuck hepatitis virus. It is widely distributed in wild and domestic ducks due to congenital transmission. HBV is a worldwide health problem, with carriers at risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. Medical staff and scientists working with HBV must be vaccinated because of its contagious nature. DHBV is a safe surrogate for HBV because of their similarities. Collection of serum and blood samples on filter paper has been used to screen for metabolic disorders, genetic diseases, and viral infection and for evolutionary studies of the genome. In this study, DHBV from serum and blood dried on filters was detected by PCR. A 0.1-microl sample was sufficient for detection. The immobilization potential of filter papers for DHBV was examined, and the highest yield of PCR products was observed with Whatman paper. Dried serum was stable under different storage temperatures for 4 weeks, but the yields of PCR products decreased when the temperature was >or=4 degrees C. The optimal condition for storage was -70 degrees C. A newly developed quantitative PCR based on monitoring the amplification by measuring the increase in fluorescence caused by the binding of SYBR green dye to double-stranded products was applied herein. DHBV genomic DNA cloned in a plasmid was used for the generation of standard DHBV DNA for quantitative PCR. It validated results from PCR in terms of the copy number of DHBV particles. The specificity of PCR was demonstrated by melting curve analysis, and the differentiation of two DHBV isolates amplified from dried serum was demonstrated based on their melting temperatures determined by GC contents and sequence. It was easier and simpler than other PCR-based DNA techniques. The use of serum dried on filters allows samples from distant field for which cold storage and transportation are a problem to be mailed to the diagnostic laboratory. Samples can be archived for comparison and used as a source of DNA for cloning and sequencing.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome from stored filter paper blood specimens.

BACKGROUND: Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome is a recessively inheritable metabolic disease with deficiency of cholesterol and accumulation of dehydrocholesterols, caused by a defect in the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Biochemical methods for identification of affected individuals, even prenatally, have been developed. Reliable genetic counselling is now possible. AIM: To find a method of proving or disproving whether a child in whom SLO syndrome had been suspected but not confirmed during lifetime had in fact died of the SLO syndrome. METHODS: Lipid extracts of stored filter paper blood specimens collected at the national neonatal metabolic screening were used. The ratio of dehydrocholesterols to cholesterol was measured by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The ratio of 8-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol in stored filter paper specimens clearly distinguished affected infants from normal infants. SLO syndrome was thus proven in two children who had died more than seven years earlier. CONCLUSION: It is possible to diagnose SLO syndrome from dried paper specimens, even when the samples were collected more than a decade ago. Genetic counselling is available for families of affected children who died before the discovery of the defect in cholesterol synthesis.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1961

The testing of sterilizers. 2. Thermophilic spore papers.

Satisfactory spore preparations for testing hospital sterilizers can be made from B. stearothermophilus and comparatively simple methods for loading and drying the papers are considered to be valid. Each batch of spore papers should be calibrated by plotting dose-response curves for exposure to steam. A minimum standard in terms of the L.D.50 to moist heat is proposed and confidence limits suggested when such papers are used in pairs or small multiples.

Equipment and Supplies↗

PubMed2000

Usefulness of thyroxine and free thyroxine filter paper measurements in neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism of preterm babies.

INTRODUCTION: Low thyroxine (T4) with normal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a well known condition in preterm (PT) infants. The establishment of T4 and freeT4 (FT4) values in filter paper dried blood spots in PT could provide useful information in the neonatal period. OBJECTIVE: To study T4 and FT4 levels in dried blood filter paper samples of PT and full term (FT) babies. METHODS: We measured T4 by fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) DELFIA and TSH by IFMA DELFIA (Wallac Inc Turku, Finland) in 193 PT (26 to 37 weeks of gestational age (GA)) in samples from the first and second week of life and in 153 FT babies in the first week of life. In 131 PT and 31 FT we determined FT4 in filter paper blood spots using FIA (Alonso Fernandez J). Infants were grouped according to GA. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in T4 between PT and FT (p < 0.001). The lowest T4 levels were at 26 to 29 weeks GA. T4 values were lower in the second week. FT4 in PT up to 35 weeks GA, during the first week, was significantly different with FT infants (G1 to G3 p < 0.01, G4 p < 0.05). FT4 values in the first and second weeks of life did not vary. CONCLUSIONS: T4 values were significantly lower in PT than in FT neonates, increasing with GA. PT infants had low T4 with normal FT4 values. This could suggest a decreased thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) or decreased protein binding and/or an adaptative mechanism that would not require therapeutical intervention.

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗

PubMed2006

Molecular characterization of microbial communities in Canadian pulp and paper activated sludge and quantification of a novel Thiothrix eikelboomii-like bulking filament.

We examined the microbial community structure and quantified the levels of the filamentous bulking organism Thiothrix eikelboomii in samples of activated sludge mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) from Canadian pulp and paper mills. Libraries of chaperonin 60 (cpn60) gene sequences were prepared from MLSS total microbial community DNA and each was compared with cpnDB, a reference database of cpn60 sequences (http://cpndb.cbr.nrc.ca) for assignment of taxonomic identities. Sequences similar to but distinct from the type strain of T. eikelboomii AP3 (ATCC 49788T) (approximately 89% identity over 555 bp) were recovered at high frequency from a mill sample that was experiencing bulking problems at the time of sample collection, which corresponded to microscopic observations using fluorescent in situ hybridization with commercially available 16S rDNA-based probes. We enumerated this strain in five mill-derived MLSS samples using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and found that two samples had high levels of the bulking strain (>1012 genomes/g MLSS) and two contained lower but detectable levels of this organism. None of the mill samples contained cpn60 sequences that were identical to the type strain of T. eikelboomii. This technique shows promise for monitoring pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment systems by detecting and enumerating this strain of T. eikelboomii, which may be specific to pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment systems.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1991

The trouble with spectroscopy papers.

Writing a critique and guide for authors of clinical spectroscopy research papers is a likely way of ensuring that one never sees another of one's own papers published in this field. Nevertheless, it is disappointing, though perhaps predictable, that despite its historical foundations in quantitative spectroscopy, the field has its fair share of findings that are not so obviously reconciled. Here is the view of one author, one referee, and one spectroscopy protagonist about what might be expected of a clinical spectroscopy paper. In addition to novelty, the fundamental criteria for acceptance should be that the conclusions are supported by properly and objectively quantified results, and that sufficient experimental detail is provided so that one skilled in the art could reproduce the study and its findings.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Teaching glucocorticoid negative feedback and adrenocortical regulation using a classic paper by Dr. Dwight Ingle.

The American Physiological Society (APS) Legacy Project and its accompanying Essays on APS Classic Papers have allowed the scientific community on-line access to the entire collection of APS publications since their inception in 1898 (http://www.the-aps.org/publications/legacy/ and http://www.the-aps.org/publications/classics/). The availability of the classic physiological studies provides a unique teaching opportunity. The classic paper of Dr. Dwight Ingle represents just such a study. Dr. Ingle demonstrated that, using only purified extracts of the pituitary (ACTH) and adrenal cortex (corticosterone) and hypophysectomized rats, he could establish several of the basic principles of the control of adrenal function and glucocorticoid negative feedback that are now standard teaching material in endocrinology. An annotated figure from Dr. Ingle's paper is provided, which, when assigned to undergraduate or graduate students, will allow discovery learning. Furthermore, the brilliance and imagination of the physiologists of the last century are highlighted, which allows an appreciation of the seminal work of our predecessors.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fibrin-glue-reinforced paper patch myringoplasty of large persistent tympanic membrane perforations in the guinea pig.

Investigators have attempted to simplify and improve myringoplasty. However, techniques have not been applied to large, chronic human tympanic membrane perforations. Fibrin glue has been shown to improve wound strength but has not been significantly utilized in myringoplasty. To evaluate the effectiveness of paper patch myringoplasty reinforced with fibrin glue, 15 guinea pigs underwent repeated myringectomy to form persistent (>50%) perforations. The right ears were repaired with a paper patch and fibrin glue (treatment group), and the left ears with a paper patch alone (control group). Of 16 surviving ears (9 right and 7 left), only 1, a left ear, failed to heal. In the control group, histology revealed a larger fibrous layer approaching greater total eardrum thickness than in the treatment group. Neither group was significantly different from a normal, nonoperated tympanic membrane in terms of overall thickness. Fibrin glue failed to demonstrate histologic evidence of increased cellular proliferation and possibly hindered growth. High spontaneous healing rates in guinea pigs undermine myringoplasty modeling.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

On "Telepathic dreams?": an unpublished paper by Robert J. Stoller.

In 1973 Robert Stoller wrote a paper on a series of dreams-his own and his patients'--that he reluctantly found himself calling "telepathic." He never submitted the paper for publication, though he returned to the topic of unconscious communication and telepathy with increasing fascination in the years before his death. Publication of Stoller's paper seems particularly opportune just now. In it he pleads for open-minded examination of data, however alien to current scientific belief those data seem. In the past, despite numerous published reports of possibly telepathic experiences in analysis, their investigation remained relatively one-sided, since a technical posture of anonymity with patients constrained analysts from revealing that a communication struck them as telepathic. This has limited what analysts have been able to learn about the information actually exchanged, how it was exchanged, and whether the communication was experienced as uncanny by the patient. Recent attention to the intersubjective nature of the analytic situation has led to a deemphasis of anonymity, opening freer dialogue that may facilitate the rigorous investigation Stoller calls for. Such investigation may further analytic understanding of unconscious mental function and communication in the clinical setting, and lend perspective to the growing body of carefully controlled experimental research on anomalous mental phenomena.

Dreams↗

PubMed1980

Comparison of a paper pill with a conventional oral contraceptive tablet.

A multicentre clinical trial comparing a novel formulation (the Paper Pill) of a combined oral contraceptive containing 30 microgram ethinyloestradiol and 150 microgram levonorgestrel with a conventional tablet formulation (Microgynon 30) has been carried out in 336 women over 6 cycles. There were no pill failures in women taking either preparation with one exception in the Microgynon 30 group which was due to poor patient compliance. Cycle control judged by cycle length, duration and amount of withdrawal bleeding and the incidence of intermenstrual bleeding was good in both groups. The number of adverse effects was slightly less in the Paper Pill group and fewer withdrawals for questionnaire reasons were noted than in the Microgynon 30 group. A questionnaire showed that the Paper Pill was accepted well by the majority of women in the trial.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1979

Legal opinion on position paper: withholding treatment.

We have reviewed carefully the position paper and wish to provide the Association with our opinion with respect to the legal implications involved. This is one paper which clearly supports the "right to life" of newly born retarded or mentally defective infants. In our opinion, this position is entirely within the law. However, the paper does raise a number of significant legal questions which we believe warrant consideration. It is our respectful opinion that a physician, when faced with a situation of parental choice to withhold treatment, should seek the guidance of the Court and only withhold treatment or administer treatment with the back-up of a Court order.

Down Syndrome↗

PubMed2003

Evaluating health system change--using focus groups and a developing discussion paper to compile the "voices from the field".

The authors describe the contribution of a series of focus groups and a progressively revised discussion paper to the evaluation of health care reform in South Australia. The focus groups informed the evaluation about participants' experiences of the impact of reform on their agencies while enabling increased understanding about change in the health system. A discussion paper describing global health service trends and emerging findings from our evaluation was prepared prior to the first focus group and subsequently revised to incorporate participants' comments before being sent to the next group. The results was a paper that enhanced participants' discussion, and reflected their views. As an action research-based method, this iterative process was valuable for participants and the evaluation, and supported organizational learning.

Focus Groups↗

PubMed2004

Use of and attitudes to a hospital information system by medical secretaries, nurses and physicians deprived of the paper-based medical record: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Most hospitals keep and update their paper-based medical records after introducing an electronic medical record or a hospital information system (HIS). This case report describes a HIS in a hospital where the paper-based medical records are scanned and eliminated. To evaluate the HIS comprehensively, the perspectives of medical secretaries and nurses are described as well as that of physicians. METHODS: We have used questionnaires and interviews to assess and compare frequency of use of the HIS for essential tasks, task performance and user satisfaction among medical secretaries, nurses and physicians. RESULTS: The medical secretaries use the HIS much more than the nurses and the physicians, and they consider that the electronic HIS greatly has simplified their work. The work of nurses and physicians has also become simplified, but they find less satisfaction with the system, particularly with the use of scanned document images. CONCLUSIONS: Although the basis for reference is limited, the results support the assertion that replacing the paper-based medical record primarily benefits the medical secretaries, and to a lesser degree the nurses and the physicians. The varying results in the different employee groups emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach when evaluating a HIS.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1997

Publication trends of papers on schizophrenia. A 15-year analysis of three general psychiatric journals.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the publication trends of papers on schizophrenia through an analysis of the articles published by three general psychiatric journals (Archives of General Psychiatry (AGP), the British Journal of Psychiatry (BJP), and the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (ANZJP) from three continents. METHOD: For each of the journals, we covered the period between 1980 and 1994. We carried out both a quantitative analysis, assessing the trends over time in the publication of papers on schizophrenia, and a qualitative analysis, classifying the articles into eight scientific fields. RESULTS: During the study period a total of 943 articles dealing with schizophrenia were published in the three journals evaluated; the proportion of papers focusing on schizophrenia was higher in the AGP and in the BJP (18 and 15%) as compared with the ANZJP (5.6%). A substantially higher proportion of basic science articles was published in the AGP as compared with the BJP and the ANZJP, whereby a somewhat larger representation of epidemiological and psychosocial research was found in the latter journals. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of schizophrenia in psychiatric research and practice, it will be useful to regularly monitor the research trends in this specific field.

Data Collection↗