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[The prediction of the day of ovulation with a do-it-yourself test].
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[A single measurement of progesterone as an index of ovulation in unexplained sterility].
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The infertility history and its evaluation.
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The Billings Ovulation Method. An update.
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Natural family planning indicators of ovulation.
Indirect evidence of the occurrence of ovulation, which is generally accepted, is an increase in plasma or serum progesterone. Pelvic ultrasonography can estimate the probable time of ovulation within 12 h. There is a close association between the rise in progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestrogen peaks and ovulation. A WHO study reported that ovulation occurred at a median time of 8 h after the rise in plasma progesterone, 15 h after the LH peak and 24 h after the oestrogen peak. The basal body temperature (BBT) method is the most effective in determining the premenstrual infertile period, but it is unreliable for an accurate determination of ovulation and the postmenstrual infertile period. Nor is BBT an effective method of predicting ovulation during postpartum lactational amenorrhoea. Therefore, BBT is usually used as a secondary indicator of ovulation and is combined with more reliable indicators. Observed changes in cervical mucus patterns can be used to define the probable fertile period, although this method produces a wide range of days. The peak mucus symptom is closely correlated with ovulation. Mucus symptoms can be used as a guide for the timing of blood or urine samples for estimation of LH, oestrogen and progesterone or their metabolites. Symptothermal methods incorporate other symptoms such as cervical changes, intermenstrual pain, breast tenderness and backaches, but these are secondary signs of ovulation and are recommended to be used in conjunction with mucus and BBT.
Evaluation of the infertile couple.
Evaluation of the infertile couple involves confirming the diagnosis of infertility based on history and a review of coital practices. A complete examination should include the following components: general evaluation, history, physical examination, assessment of ovulatory factor, tubal factor, peritoneal factors, uterine factors, and cervical factor, and assessment of male factor.
Ultrasound and ovulation.
Diagnostic ultrasound may be used to both investigate unexplained infertility and monitor all types of infertility treatment in women. Presented in this paper are the numbers of cycles scanned and the numbers of scans performed over the period from November 1981 to March 1986. In patients with unexplained infertility there was only a 39% rate of normality observed with ultrasound. Ultrasound observation of ovulation in patients on clomiphene or gonadotrophin therapy showed a disappointingly low rate.
[Prognosis of ovulation based on contraceptive methods].
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Ovulation prediction by monitoring salivary electrical resistance with the Cue Fertility Monitor.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between the salivary electrical resistance, as measured by the Cue Fertility Monitor, and the time of ovulation. Twenty-seven cycles in 18 volunteers were analyzed. A slight correlation could be demonstrated between the day of salivary electrical resistance peak and the day of luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. However, the changes in salivary electrical resistance values, arranged to the day of LH peak, were not statistically significant. The days of salivary electrical resistance peak in relation to the day of LH peak were not reproducible in individual women. The apparent relationship between the day of salivary electrical resistance peak and the day LH peak might be explained by the methodology used. It is concluded that measuring the salivary electrical resistance is of no use in predicting the day of ovulation.
[Objective assessment of ovarian function in freshly calved cattle].
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Breast-feeding and the return to ovulation in Durango, Mexico.
Twenty-nine breast-feeding mothers and 10 non-breast-feeding postpartum comparison mothers from a rural area of Mexico were followed longitudinally until ovulation resumed. A simple set of guidelines is described involving three obvious milestones for the breast-feeding mother to safely use the natural contraceptive benefit of breast-feeding. Those milestones are: the first vaginal bleeding episode, the initiation of supplementation, and the child's monthly birthday. In the absence of bleeding and supplementation, 100% of breast-feeding mothers remained anovular for 3 months postpartum, 96% for 4 months, 96% for 5 months, and 96% for 6 months. This suggests that, if a mother understands these three conditions, she can use breast-feeding alone as effectively as modern family planning methods for the prevention of pregnancy.
The measurement of the oral and vaginal electrolytes as a new method of predicting ovulation.
To be able to know with certainty the day of ovulation has always posed a major problem to the gynecologist, for various reasons. Today, knowing the day of ovulation and, still better, being able to forecast it with some assurance, is even more necessary for the various fecundation programs. The results are here presented of experimentation in a new method of prediction of ovulation which is based on the measuring of the electrolytes present in the saliva and in the cervical mucus in the first phase of the cycle, with the aim of being able to predict in advance the day of ovulation.
Endometrial biopsy in the evaluation of infertility: a 15 years review at Ramathibodi Hospital.
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The ABCs of HMTs (home medical tests).
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Gestational assessment.
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LH 'dipstick' quantitation by reflectance meter.
The introduction of rapid semiquantitative methods using monoclonal antibodies to measure urinary LH has application to the management of the infertile couple. The interpretation of the colour change end-point has however been subjective and thus liable to misinterpretation with resultant problems in clinical management. This short communication describes the use of a modified reflectance meter to overcome these problems.
Evaluation of the OvuSTICK urinary luteinizing hormone kit in normal and stimulated menstrual cycles.
The rapid analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH) in urine would provide a useful clinical tool in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in women. Urinary LH levels were measured in midday and evening specimens collected during 75 normal and stimulated menstrual cycles (55 women) using a rapid, visual, semiquantitative enzyme immunoassay dipstick test (OvuSTICK) and compared with basal body temperature (BBT) records, visualization of follicular collapse by daily ultrasonography, and serum hormone levels. In all 75 cycles studied, an LH surge (or its absence) in urine was associated with a biphasic (or monophasic) BBT record and/or serum progesterone. In addition, when serum and urine samples were obtained simultaneously, the day of the LH surge (or its absence) in the urine and serum correlated 100%. Discrepancies between ovulation as diagnosed by ultrasound and the LH surge in urine and/or serum in several patients suggested that individual factor(s) may affect the interpretation of ultrasound imaging. It appears that a simple, rapid, clinically reliable colorimetric method such as the OvuSTICK urinary LH test is an important parameter for predicting the time of ovulation.