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PubMed1991

[Complementary addressed alkylation of 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli by 2',3'-O-[4-N-methyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-amino]benzylidene derivatives of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. V. Study of the factors affecting selectivity of modification].

We studied the effect of different factors (reagent concentration, temperature, presence of oligonucleotide-effector (3',5'-diphenazinium derivative of oligodeoxyribonucleotide) stabilizing duplex RNA.reagent) on the selectivity of the site-directed modification of 16S rRNA with 2,3'-O-[4-N-methyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-benzylidene derivative of oligonucleotide p(dTTTGCTCCCC)rA (reagent I) under conditions of secondary structure stability. The constant of cooperative binding of the reagent and oligonucleotide-effector with 16s rRNA was determined. The temperature rise from 20 to 40 degrees C brought about a 1.5-fold increase in the relative extent of modification at the target site 771-781. In the presence of oligonucleotide-effector, which is a full complementary copy of the 782-789 fragment of 16S rRNA (reagent concentration is 1 x 10(-6) M), the selectivity of the RNA modification at the target site is doubled and a high level of the modification is retained. When the reagent concentration in the reaction mixture was decreased down to 1 x 10(-7) M, the same level of selectivity was achieved without the oligonucleotide-effector. Under these conditions, however, a drastic (20-fold) drop of the level of the 16S rRNA alkylation was observed.

Alkylation↗
PubMed2002

Antioxidant effects of isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from mustard leaf (Brassica juncea) in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

To investigate the effects of isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isorhamnetin diglucoside), a major flavonoid compound of mustard leaf, on oxidative stress due to diabetes mellitus, in vivo and in vitro studies were carried out. Oral administration of isorhamnetin diglucoside (10 or 20 mg/kg of body weight/day for 10 days) to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes significantly reduced serum levels of glucose and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF), which is glycosylated with hemoglobin and is an indicator of oxidative stress. After intraperitoneal administration, isorhamnetin diglucoside did not show these activities. In addition, after oral administration, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels of serum, and liver and kidney mitochondria declined significantly compared with the control group in a dose-dependent manner, whereas after intraperitoneal administration these levels fell only slightly. On the basis of the oral and intraperitoneal results, it was hypothesized that isorhamnetin diglucoside was converted to its metabolite in vivo, and its conversion to its aglycone, isorhamnetin, by beta-glucosidase was confirmed; isorhamnetin acted as an antioxidant. Moreover, it was observed that isorhamnetin diglucoside had no effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, whereas isorhamnetin showed a potent antioxidant effect in vitro. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of isorhamnetin reduced serum glucose and 5-HMF levels. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation in blood, liver, and kidney associated with diabetes mellitus declined after the administration of isorhamnetin. These results suggest that isorhamnetin diglucoside is metabolized in vivo by intestinal bacteria to isorhamnetin and that isorhamnetin plays an important role as an antioxidant.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of contractions by tricyclic antidepressants and xylamine in rat vas deferens.

The effects of noradrenaline uptake inhibitors on contractions evoked by electric field stimulation, noradrenaline, clonidine. 5-hydroxytryptamine, ATP, high K+, and BaCl2 in the epididymal half of rat isolated vas deferens were examined. Protriptyline, amitriptyline and xylamine concentration-dependently inhibited monophasic contractions induced by low frequency electrical stimulation (0.3 Hz, 1 ms duration, 60 V). Protriptyline and xylamine inhibited in a noncompetitive manner the contractile response induced by noradrenaline (3 x 10(-8)-3 x 10(-5) M) and the inhibitory effect of protriptyline was reversible, while xylamine produced long-lasting inhibition. All three noradrenaline uptake blockers inhibited the clonidine (3 x 10(-6) M) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (10(-5) M)-induced contraction. Protriptyline and amitriptyline at concentrations of 3 x 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M reversibly inhibited the ATP (10(-4) M)-induced monophasic contraction. In contrast, xylamine ((1-3) x 10(-5) M) had no effect. Protriptyline and amitriptyline but not xylamine concentration-dependently reduced the high K+ (6 x 10(-2) M)-induced sustained contraction with respective IC50 values of 1.81 x 10(-6) M and 8.6 x 10(-7) M. Protriptyline and amitriptyline at 10(-5) M reversibly inhibited BaCl2 (3 x 10(-3) M)-induced phasic contractions and xylamine (10(-5) M) had no effect. These findings demonstrate that tricyclic antidepressants might exert direct inhibitory action on mechanical contraction pathway, whilst xylamine, a structurally different inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake, may act mainly at alpha-adrenoceptors and other amine receptors on the smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens as a long-lasting nonselective antagonist, and it at least in part blocks sympathetic transmission.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1982

Lysosomotropic agents. 4. Carbobenzoxyglycylphenylalanyl, a new protease-sensitive masking group for introduction into cells.

Bioactive primary and secondary amines, when acylated with the Z-Gly-Phe group, are transported into pinocytic cells, such as macrophages, P-815 mastocytoma, SV-40 3T3, and leukemia 1210, much faster than the parent compounds. Amines such as lysosomotropic detergents [R. A. Firestone, J. M. Pisano, and R. J. Bonney, J. Med. Chem., 22, 1130 (1979) and nitrogen mustard, which are deactivated by acylation, are unmasked by enzymic action intracellularly, probably in lysosomes because an acidic pH maximum in activity exists which acts only on the L isomer. The added polarity and molecular weight brought about by acylation prevents the amines' normally facile entry into cells by simple diffusion, restricting it to an active-transport mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Synthesis and cytogenetic studies of structure--biological activity relationship of esters of Hecogenin and aza-homo-Hecogenin with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminocinnamic acid isomers.

The esters of Hecogenin and aza-homo-Hecogenin with N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminocinnamic acid isomers have been prepared and their cytogenetic studies of structure-biological activity relationship were evaluated. The cytogenetic effects (sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induction and proliferation rate indices (PRIs) depression) by o-, m- and p-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] cinnamic acid were also investigated. Among the above compounds tested, those of the m-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] cinnamic acid and of the o-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] cinnamic acid ester of aza-homo-Hecogenin were more active in comparison to the others.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗