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PubMed2006

The Innovative Vector Control Consortium: improved control of mosquito-borne diseases.

Few new insecticides have been produced for control of disease vectors for public health in developing countries over the past three decades, owing to market constraints, and the available insecticides are often poorly deployed. The Innovative Vector Control Consortium will address these market failures by developing a portfolio of chemical and technological tools that will be directly and immediately accessible to populations in the developing world. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has supported this new initiative to enable industry and academia to change the vector control paradigm for malaria and dengue and to ensure that vector control, alongside drugs, case management and vaccines, can be better used to reduce disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bio-efficacy and operational feasibility of alphacypermethrin (Fendona) impregnated mosquito nets to control rural malaria in northern India.

Bio-efficacy and operational feasibility of alphacypermethrin treated nets was evaluated in certain villages of District Ghaziabad (U.P.). Results revealed that poly-filament nylon nets treated with alphacypermethrin suspension concentrate (g/l) formulation @ 25 mg/m2 has shown repellent action (26.5 +/- 8.1), excito repellent action (93.7 +/- 8.1) and killing action (100%) against An. culicifacies landed on treated nets. Significant reduction in indoor resting density of An. culicifacies in human dwellings was also observed in treated nets village (p < 0.05). Instant killing action of treated nets did provide complete protection to inhabitants sleeping inside the net from An. culicifacies bites. The persistent use of nets by the inhabitants has also resulted significant reduction in malaria cases (p < 0.05). It was interesting to note that not even a single case of falciparum malaria was observed after distribution of treated nets in spite of the fact that at no point of time cent per cent compliance of net usage was observed during the study period. Bio-assay tests revealed that treated nets can produce up to 70% mortality in An. culicifacies for about 22 weeks and as such only one treatment with insecticide is required in a year in seasonal transmission area to protect from malaria. The study also revealed that treated nets can be stored at room temperature for about 10 months without loosing their efficacy suggesting thereby that malaria outbreaks can be tackled by the nets if adequate treated nets are stored in core problem districts. It was also revealed that An. culicifacies is a late night biter and as such treated nets can be used successfully against this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Case-control study of mosquito nets against malaria in the Amazon region of Colombia.

The degree of effectiveness of mosquito nets against malaria in the Americas has remained uncertain. We carried out a case-control study of net use and mild malaria in the Amazonas state of Colombia. Two hundred ninety cases were enrolled via the Health Department services, and 977 community-based controls matched for age, sex, and place of residence. We found that a large proportion of the population (96% of controls) slept under nets. Nevertheless, we found a benefit of impregnated nets compared with no net use: adjusted odds ratio (OR) for mild malaria 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.98. Nonimpregnated nets had a benefit that was only slightly smaller but not statistically significant (OR for mild malaria 0.54, 95% CI 0.25-1.18). Travel in the previous month had an odds ratio of 6.2 (95% CI 3.1-8.8) and a population attributable fraction of 13% compared with 11% for failure to use an impregnated net. We conclude that, in the Amazon region, promotion of mosquito net use and impregnation is justified, and that there is a need for measures to protect travelers from malaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mesocyclops brevisetosus (Cyclopoida: Cyclopoidae) as a potential biological control agent against mosquito larvae in Indonesia.

Mesocyclops brevisetosus Dussart and Sarnita, an indigenous copepod in Indonesia, was evaluated as a potentially useful biological control agent against larval Aedes (Stegomyia). In the laboratory, female M. brevisetosus were found to readily consume mosquito larvae of species from 3 genera (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefaciatus, and Anopheles farauti). Mesocyclops brevisetosus preferentially fed on larvae of Ae. aegypti (mean 95% consumed), followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (71%) and An. farauti (54%) during a 24-h period. An individual copepod consumed up to 43 1st and 2nd instars of Ae. aegypti within a 24-h period. In the field, a density of 25 adult copepods/400 ml of water in an artificial container prevented the establishment of Aedes mosquitoes by 98% compared to the control container (without copepods). A density of 50 copepods/400 ml of water completely prevented infestation with Aedes. Over a 12-wk period, evaluation of M. brevisetosus-treated ovitraps reduced Ae. aegypti by 38-100% compared to ovitraps without copepods. The introduced gravid copepods increased 2.5-6.7 times over the original cohort. Mesocyclops brevisetosus showed high fecundity in culture, with a mean of 58 nauplii produced per individual gestation cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Efficient expression of mosquito-larvicidal proteins in a gram-negative bacterium capable of recolonization in the guts of Anopheles dirus larva.

The gram-negative bacterium, An11/2 G1, isolated from the guts of Anopheles dirus mosquito larvae, was identified as Enterobacter amnigenus. The E. amnigenus was able to recolonize in the gut of An. dirus larva but not in those of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. It was able to float in water for a longer period than Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus. These are desirable characteristics for a delivery vehicle of mosquito-larvicidal toxins for the control of mosquito larvae, and E. amnigenus was therefore used as a host to express the cryIVB gene of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and the binary toxin genes of B. sphaericus. The recombinant E. amnigenus produced a high level of CryIVB protein, which was toxic to larvae of Ae. aegypti and An. dirus. Another E. amnigenus producing the 51-kDa protein of B. sphaericus was toxic to larvae of An. dirus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The recombinant plasmids were stable in E. amnigenus without the presence of selective pressure for at least 23 generations. The recombinant E. amnigenus should represent a desirable biological agent for controlling mosquito larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sexual receptivity in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes: absence of control by male accessory gland substances.

Although male accessory gland substances modulate female receptivity in most mosquito genera that have been studied, they are not active in the development of sexual refractoriness in the malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae or Anopheles albimanus. Neither the implantation of male accessory glands nor the injection of gland homogenates affected the insemination rate of unmated females. Similarly, portions of the male genital tract and spermathecae from mated females were also inactive when introduced into these females. Interruption of nervous transmission from the brain reduced the tendency of females to become inseminated and removal of the terminal abdominal ganglion completely abolished insemination. Oviposition behavior did not occur unless the spermatheca containing sperm was present, suggesting that this may be the mechanism that mediates the switchover to mated behavior.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A trial of Romanomermis iyengari and R. culicivorax mermithids as a means for controlling blood-sucking mosquitoes in the Tadzhik SSR].

Field trials of R. iyengari and R. culicivorax in the biological control for the mosquito larvae were conducted in Parkhar, Kuibyshevsk, Gissar districts and the outskirts of the city of Dushanbe, the Tadjik SSR. Larvae of Anopheles superpictus, An. pulcherrimus and An. hyrcanus in a dosage of 1-5 thousand intact larvae per sq. m were invaded by mermithids. The mean infection rate was 46 per cent. The maximum infection rate was 98 per cent. It depended on several factors: the dosage of intact larvae, temperature, water salinity, water flowage in the waterbodies and their overgrowth with plants. Slow-flowed rice paddies and flow-free fresh waterbodies turned to be the proper sites for mermithids. The effect was higher in Anopheles than in Culex mosquitos.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Biological control of Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by the tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus (Notostraca: Triopsidae).

Laboratory oviposition choice tests and behavioral observations indicated that the activity of tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus (LeConte), near the water surface deterred gravid Culex quinquefasciatus Say from ovipositing. In the cities of Oasis and Riverside, Calif., tadpole shrimp significantly reduced the abundance of immature mosquitoes (Cx. tarsalis Coquillett and Cx. quinquefasciatus) probably due to lowered oviposition rates, as well as tadpole shrimp predation. Generally, mosquito oviposition rates in field ponds with tadpole shrimp were lower than that of controls, except when tadpole shrimp were very young (4 d after flooding) or when their abundance had declined late in the flooding period. When analyzed by pond, tadpole shrimp size was correlated inversely with abundance; however, differences in size or abundance did not affect their capacity to reduce mosquito populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on potential biological control agents of immature mosquitoes in sewage wastewater in southern California.

Three biological control agents, a copepod, Mesocyclops leuckarti pilosa, and two fish, Cyprinodon macularius and Poecilia reticulata, were evaluated for their survival in secondary sewage effluent (SSE) and predation potential on mosquito larvae. Results showed that the survival of M. l. pilosa was not significantly affected in SSE or SSE diluted (50%) with water. In predation tests, the copepod consumed from 50 to 90% of the 1st-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus in 24 to 72 hr and P. reticulata fed on almost all stages (egg to pupa) of the test mosquitoes. Survivorship of P. reticulata and C. macularius in SSE was not significantly affected by SSE under both greenhouse and sewage aquaculture conditions. Poecilia reticulata was distributed towards the influent end and C. macularius towards the effluent end of the aquaculture ponds, indicating the former species can tolerate higher levels of pollution which exists at the influent end of the pond. However, low water temperature and dissolved oxygen may be detrimental to these fish species in sewage aquacultural systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Economic aspects of the use of impregnated mosquito nets for malaria control.

The use of pyrethroids to impregnate mosquito nets has had a good impact on the incidence of morbidity and mortality from malaria. These nets are therefore likely to be used on a large scale as an important strategy of malaria control in the future. Published information on the cost and effectiveness of mosquito nets is presented and analysed. In two examples, from Malawi and Cameroon, the per household expenditure to purchase and use impregnated mosquito nets compares favourably with the costs of malaria. Thus, we expect that the economic losses from malaria would be reduced by 37.3% over a 3-year period in Malawi. Even if the impact of malaria on productivity is not taken into account, the introduction of nets will result in gains, as shown in Cameroon; savings of 9.3% and 11.2% in two places resulted as a consequence of a diminished need for case treatment. The role of government programmes in the promotion of bednets is indirect and concerned mainly with facilitation and the dissemination of information. Much depends on the capability of the private sector and the willingness of the target population to buy the nets for a programme to be effective. Specific studies by health economists on this subject are lacking.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed1972

Mass production of Coelomomyes, a fungus that kills mosquitoes.

In work on the control of mosquitoes by the fungus Coelomomyces, the main problem is a source of inoculum since the fungus has not been cultured artificially with production of sporangia. We reared the larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus in algal water instead of in water with soil. By addition of inoculum once or twice in small amounts, the larvae become infected, and many grow to large fourth instars whose bodies are filled with sporangia. Such larvae are perfect for inoculum. If inoculum is added in much larger amounts and so timed that sporangia will be discharging spores during the first, second, and third ecdyses up to 100%, infection occurs, most of the larvae dying as late second or early third instars. This type of infection is good for extermination of mosquitoes but not for production of inoculum. Crude field tests have averaged 60% infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Application of deltamethrin-impregnated bednets for mosquito and malaria control in Yunnan, China.

The results of research in China in recent years show that: 1) Different laboratory sensitivity of adult Anopheles minimus, An. sinensis and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to deltamethrin exist in Yunnan. Although the range and duration for the use of permethrin and deltamethrin was limited, resistance of An. minimus, An. sinensis and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus to different extent in some areas existed. 2) On walls built with cement and covered with a thin layer of lime on which deltamethrin at a dosage of 0.025 g/m2 was sprayed, 100% of the mosquitos were stricken down within 3 days, 80% at the 15th day, 50% at the 20th day. The residual effectiveness on the bamboo and wood walls was good and could last for over 40 days, but on the mud walls a mortality of only 40% on the spraying day was observed, indicating that deltamethrin was not suitable for this purpose. Deltamethrin spraying reduced total caught mosquitos within 30 days, but there was no difference between the effects of deltamethrin (0.025 g/m2) and DDT (2 g/m2) at the 60th day. Deltamethrin effect on reducing densities of endophilic An. vagus, An. culicifacies and exophilic An. philippinensis was better than that of DDT (lasting over 60 days), but its effect on semi-endophilic An. sinensis lasted only 15 days. Against An. mininus, it showed good effects within 20 days but did not last as long as DDT (60 days). Residual deltamethrin and DDT spraying could both control malaria vectors, reduce the infection of infants by malaria, and reduce malaria parasite carrier rates (within 50 days). 3) Laboratory experiments showed that deltamethrin-impregnated bednets at a dosage of 0.015 g/m2 had a positive effect on An. minimus. The residual effect of unwashed deltamethrin-impregnated bednets at a dosage of 0.015 mg/m2 against An. sinensis was apparent and could last for 13 months. When an impregnated bednet was washed for the first time at the 12th month, its mortality effect on An. sinensis was reduced quickly to lower than 50%. The residual effect could last for 2-3 months when washed at the 6th month, but was lost when washed for the second time at the 12th month. 4) The effects of the impregnated-bednets on An. sinensis were different, even opposite, between different investigations. However, the treated bednets caused the density of An. minimus in houses to fall by 67.94%, and the total density in houses and cattle shelters by 67.91%. Moreover, it could shorten the life span of An. minimus. It did not work on the outdoor density of An. minimus. It is necessary to integrate with other measures, for achieving the desired effect.

Adult↗