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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Molecular detection of enteroviruses from an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Malaysia in 1997.

Enterovirus 5'UTR sequences were detected by RT-PCR in 22 out of 47 suspected hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) patients during an outbreak of the disease with incidences of fatal brainstem encephalomyelitis in Malaysia in 1997. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the isolates 5'UTR sequences suggest the presence of predominantly enteroviruses with high sequence similarities to Echovirus 1 and Coxsackievirus A9 in the Malaysian peninsula. No fatal cases, however, were associated with these isolates. The remaining isolates, including all (4/4) isolates of the fatal cases from the Malaysian peninsula and Sarawak shared very high sequence identity with enterovirus 71MS (EV71). These findings suggest that several enteroviruses were circulating in Malaysia during the outbreak period, with only EV71 causing fatal infections.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Optimization of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination protocols by surveillance of neutralization antibodies.

An appropriate immunization program for pigs in a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) endemic area was proposed based on data analysis obtained from serological surveillance in Taiwan, after an intensive vaccination program. To provide an adequate passive immunity for piglets, gilts that have completed two basic vaccinations must be boosted once before breeding. To achieve an efficient response to the FMD vaccine for piglets born to well vaccinated sows, vaccination need to be delayed until 10-12 weeks of ages for the first immunization, followed by a boost 4 weeks later.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP1 in tobacco chloroplasts.

A tobacco chloroplast expression vector, pTRVP1, containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 gene and the selective marker aadA gene, was constructed and transferred to tobacco by biolistic method. Three resistant lines were obtained through spectinomycin selection, and each transgenic line was subjected to a second round of spectinomycin selection. PCR and PCR southern blot analysis revealed that the VP1 gene had integrated into the chloroplast genome. Western blot and quantification ELISA assays indicated that the VP1 gene was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts and accounted for 2-3% of total soluble protein. This suggested that plant chloroplasts were an efficient expression system for the potential production of recombinant antigens in plants.

Capsid Proteins↗
PubMed1999

Optimisation of the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

Considering the many variables influencing the immune response of the host to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the properties and characteristics of the vaccine and recommendations concerning its mode of application offer the best opportunity for the manufacturer to provide safe, effective protection of livestock. There are a number of critical elements in the production of FMD vaccines, such as the selection of appropriate strain(s), which have a direct bearing on the quality of the immune response. Equally, development of effective immunity depends on proper and timely application of good quality vaccine. In contrast, several of the potential variables in vaccination against FMD such as the use of oil adjuvants for cattle are probably less critical than is sometimes perceived. This presentation considers some of the many variables involved in the production and use of FMD vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

A segmented form of foot-and-mouth disease virus interferes with standard virus: a link between interference and competitive fitness.

Serial passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells at high multiplicity of infection resulted in dominance of particles containing defective RNAs that were infectious by complementation in the absence of standard viral RNA. In the present study, we show that the defective FMDV particles interfere with replication of the cognate standard virus. Coinfections of defective FMDV with standard FMDV mutants that differ up to 151-fold in relative fitness have documented that the degree of interference is higher for low fitness than for high fitness standard virus. These comparisons suggest a likely overlap between those mechanisms of intracellular competition that underlie viral interference and those expressed as fitness differences between two viruses when they coinfect the same cells. Interference may contribute to the selective pressures that help maintain dominance of segmented defective RNAs over the standard FMDV genome.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Peptide vaccine--a new approach to a safer foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine.

A synthetic peptide, of which the region of the major antigenic determinant of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O1K located on the coat protein VP1 consists, was coupled to different protein carriers. Comparing the potency of the conjugates to elicit neutralising antibodies it has been shown that KLH was the best carrier protein. Using different amounts of peptide A (aa 144-aa 159) the dependence of neutralising antibody response on the amount of injected peptide has been demonstrated. Peptide A was shown to be located in the C-terminal part of a highly variable region when the protein sequences of different sero- and subtypes were compared. Comparative evaluation of peptide A with two longer peptides G1-21 and G1-31 (aa 140-aa 160 and aa 129-aa 160) suggests that the N-terminal part of the highly variable region before amino acid 144 is not necessary to obtain a protective response, but it is necessary to enhance the immune response when the peptides are used uncoupled.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Mouse protection test as a predictor of the protective capacity of synthetic foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.

A passive immunity test (MPT) in suckling mice for the quantification of protective anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies in serum is described. Comparisons with titres obtained using conventional serum neutralization tests show that for cattle given synthetic peptide vaccines this in vivo assay is a better indicator of protection, while for convalescent animals and virus-vaccinates both tests are equally valid predictors of immune status. Cleavage of Fc fragments from anti-virus or anti-peptide IgG results in a marked decrease in MPT titres although binding to virus in ELISA is unaffected, indicating that intact antibodies are required for in vivo clearance of FMDV. Cross-protection studies demonstrate that anti-peptide sera, while less potent than anti-viral sera in conferring passive immunity against FMDV challenge, have a wider protective range than anti-viral sera within the O serotype and also between O and A serotypes. Possible qualitative differences between anti-viral and anti-peptide sera are discussed in the light of these findings.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus between African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.

VP1 gene sequences of SAT-2 type foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses recovered from impala and African buffalo in the Kruger National Park (KNP) were used to determine intra- and interspecies relationships of viruses circulating in these wildlife populations. On this basis five distinct lineages of SAT-2 virus were identified in routine sampling of oesophageopharyngeal epithelium from buffalo between 1988 and 1996. Different lineages were associated with discrete geographic sampling localities. Over the period 1985-95, four unrelated epizootics occurred in impala in defined localities within the KNP. Evidence for natural transmission of FMD between buffalo and impala is presented for the most recent 1995 outbreak, with data linking the 1985 and 1988/9 impala epizootics to viruses associated with specific buffalo herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Japan from 1983 to 2003.

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiologic agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The surveillance data indicate that EV71 infection follows an epidemic mode of transmission, causing large outbreaks and then becoming quiescent for a few years. METHODS: We investigated the genetic diversity of a total of 121 EV71 strains isolated from patients with HFMD in Fukushima, Japan, from 1983 to 2003 and compared their genetic relation with the 164 EV71 strains isolated in the world using phylogenetic analysis based on the VP4 sequence. RESULTS: We observed EV71-related HFMD outbreaks in Fukushima in 1984, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000 and 2003. Phylogenetic reconstruction of EV71 strains isolated in Fukushima demonstrated 8 genetically distinct clusters, including 6 subgroups previously designated as B-1, B-2 and 3, B-4, C-1, C-2, and C-3 and 2 subgroups newly designated as B-5 and C-4. Additional 2 indistinct clusters belonged to genogroup C and were named C-U1 and C-U2. Of those subgroups, B-1, C-U1, C-U2, C-2, B4, and C-4 and B-5 dominantly related to epidemics that occurred in the years 1984, 1987 and 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000 and 2003, respectively. EV71 strains derived from each outbreak in Fukushima formed a single cluster with those isolated during almost the same time period in other area of Japan and in other countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the repeated EV71 outbreaks might be the result of the worldwide transmission of the newly introduced genetically divergent EV71 strains.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Factorial experimental design applied to the immunological study of two foot-and-mouth disease virus subtypes. 2. Theoretical study of experimental models.

A certain number of theoretical models of immunological relations that 2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses can support, were constructed so as to discuss in each case, the results of the factorial analysis of the data. This method provided a specific answer to each of the questions that were asked in the presence of a test of this kind. The results obtained with several immunological cross-tests comparable to that of the A Greece 69-A Allier viruses, illustrated most of the theoretical models.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative genomics of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Here we present complete genome sequences, including a comparative analysis, of 103 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) representing all seven serotypes and including the first complete sequences of the SAT1 and SAT3 genomes. The data reveal novel highly conserved genomic regions, indicating functional constraints for variability as well as novel viral genomic motifs with likely biological relevance. Previously undescribed invariant motifs were identified in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR), as was tolerance for insertions/deletions in the 5' UTR. Fifty-eight percent of the amino acids encoded by FMDV isolates are invariant, suggesting that these residues are critical for virus biology. Novel, conserved sequence motifs with likely functional significance were identified within proteins L(pro), 1B, 1D, and 3C. An analysis of the complete FMDV genomes indicated phylogenetic incongruities between different genomic regions which were suggestive of interserotypic recombination. Additionally, a novel SAT virus lineage containing nonstructural protein-encoding regions distinct from other SAT and Euroasiatic lineages was identified. Insights into viral RNA sequence conservation and variability and genetic diversity in nature will likely impact our understanding of FMDV infections, host range, and transmission.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1970

Quantitation of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of purified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine for swine and steers.

The antigenicity and immunogenicity of a purified preparation of foot-and-mouth disease virus [type A(12), strain 119 (FMDV A-119)] inactivated with 6.0 mmN-acetylethylenimine at 37 C were compared in swine and steers. Three antigen doses were tested, 640, 160, and 40 ng. In accordance with findings for guinea pigs, as previously determined by dose-response curves, as little as fourfold changes in antigen in the region of the minimum effective dose produced marked differences in the serological and immune responses of swine. The minimum effective dose of antigen for antibody formation in swine and guinea pigs, as determined by mouse median protective dose (PD(50)) values, was 160 ng. The minimum immunogenic dose for swine was also 160 ng. The vaccinated swine were challenged with either FMDV A-119 or with heterologous subtype A(24) strain Cruzeiro or type A strain A-CANEFA-1. Those immunized with 640 ng of antigen were about equally immune to the three challenge viruses; most swine having a mouse PD(50) value of 2.0 or greater were immune regardless of which strain was used for challenge. In steers, the smallest dose tested, 40 ng, was satisfactory in eliciting circulating antibodies and immunity. Physical and biological tests indicated that the antigen used in the vaccine is stable for at least 9 months at 4 C.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Modulation of the electrostatic charge at the active site of foot-and-mouth-disease-virus leader proteinase, an unusual papain-like enzyme.

The leader proteinase (L(pro)) of foot-and-mouth-disease virus is an unusual papain-like cysteine proteinase. Synthesized without an N-terminal pro precursor region, it frees itself from the growing polypeptide chain by cleavage at its own C-terminus. It also possesses a unique electrostatic environment around the active site, essentially due to Asp(163), which orients the catalytic histidine residue, and Asp(164); the equivalent residues in papain are Asn(175) and Ser(176). The importance of these residues for L(pro) activity was examined by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of Asp(163) with asparagine reduced activity by five-fold towards a hexapeptide substrate and slightly delayed self-processing when expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. However, no effect on the cleavage of the only known cellular substrate of L(pro), eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI), was observed. In contrast, replacement of Asp(164) by either alanine, asparagine or lysine abrogated activity towards the hexapeptide. Furthermore, in all cases, the onset of both self-processing and eIF4GI cleavage were significantly delayed; the reaction rates were also diminished compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. The alanine-substituted enzyme was least affected, followed by those substituted with asparagine and lysine. The double mutant protein in which both aspartate residues were replaced by asparagine was most severely affected; it failed to complete either self-processing or eIF4GI cleavage within 3 h, compared with the 8 min required by the wild-type enzyme. Hence, we propose that the electrostatic charge of Asp(164), and to a lesser extent that of Asp(163), is extremely important for L(pro) to attain full activity upon synthesis.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2004

Enhanced laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

The performance of an automated real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared to virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease (FMD). The World Reference Laboratory for FMD in Woking, the United Kingdom, examined a collection of 334 epithelia received from eighteen countries between August 2002 and January 2004. The results showed that all VI positive (n = 195) and VI and ELISA positive samples combined (n = 204) were also positive by RT-PCR. Depending on the cut-off used, FMD virus genome was detected in a minimum of an additional 60 samples (18% of all samples tested). Furthermore, the RT-PCR generated results in less than one day from test commencement in contrast to up to 4 days to define some positive and all negative samples by VI. The study demonstrates that real-time RT-PCR provides an extremely sensitive and rapid procedure for improved laboratory diagnosis of FMD.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. High incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system.

In Japan we have had two outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with disorders of the central nervous system, one in 1973 and the other in 1978. The isolated virus in both outbreaks was enterovirus 71. Central nervous system disorders were present in 24% of patients in 1973 and in 8% of patients in 1978. These disorders were localised encephalitis with cerebellar signs as the main feature, aseptic meningitis, and polio-like paresis. The enterovirus 71 isolated in Japan had strong dermatotropic as well as neurotropic tendencies. However in cross-neutralisation tests, no difference in antigenicity from the prototype, BrCr strain, was recognised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of mononuclear cytotoxic cells from cattle vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease.

Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood leucocytes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccinated cattle underwent blast transformation after in vitro culture with purified, inactivated, 146 S FMD virus antigen. From the prolonged culture of blast cells in medium with Interleukin-2 (5-10 U/ml), CD 45-positive effector cells were derived, which showed a potent, non MHC-restricted activity against virus-infected cells, the extent of which was inversely correlated with multiplicity of infection (MOI). Extensive characterization of effector cells by means of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in flow cytometry, lysis of various cell populations with MAbs and complement, Fc receptor analysis and 51Cr release assays indicated that the isolated cells share some phenotypic and functional features of the human and murine Large Granular Lymphocyte/Natural Killer (N.K.) lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Foot-and-mouth disease typing and serology in Zimbabwe.

A small foot-and-mouth disease diagnostic unit was established in Zimbabwe. Twenty-six out of 27 field specimens were successfully typed using the complement fixation technique. The antibody response in cattle to the SAT II vaccine was determined using a microtitre neutralisation method. Techniques are described which should be within the capacity of laboratories in developing countries.

Animals↗