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PubMed1983

[Factor structure of multidimensional personality inventories MMPI, 16-PF, FPI and GT].

Results on factoranalyses over MMPI-, 16-PF-, FPI-, and GT-scales are presented. The FPI (Freiburg Personality Inventory) revealed to measure neurotic complaints, lamentation, extra- vs introversion, candidness vs lie-tendency, and emotional stability vs instability. The GT (Giessen-Test) alone measures a special psychosocial, the MMPI likewise an unspecific psychoticism dimension. The desideratum remains to create a clinically more differentiating instrument on item basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Mini-Mult 82: review and standardization of short version of the MMPI questionnaire].

The correction norms for the Mini-Mult 82 (71 items from Kincannon's MMPI short form, plus 11 representative items from 5(Mf) Scale from the same test--developed by the authors--) are presented. A 1,343 normal, over 15-year-old Costarrican subjects sample was tested. Correction norms were obtained successfully. More reliable scores were obtained by using the Mini-Mult 82 as an independent test (i.e. without MMPI's score predictions). Statistical differences in F, 1(Hs), 2(D), 3(Hy), 4(Pd), 5(Mf) and 8(Sc) scales were found when gender was controlled. "T" scores were computed for raw scores on each scale. Additional research is suggested to improve the test's reliability and validity characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Age of onset and psychometric correlates of MMPI profiles in major motor epilepsy.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the MMPI performances of patients with major motor epilepsy and of nonepileptic brain damaged patients in relation to age of onset, duration of brain dysfunction and adequacy of intellectual functions. The present results suggest that MMPI indices of emotional disturbance are more closely associated with the degree of psychometric and cognitive impairment than they are with age of onset or duration of brain dysfunction. This effect is evident both in patients with major motor epilepsy and in nonepileptic brain damaged subjects.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

MMPI-2 base rates for 492 personal injury plaintiffs: implications and challenges for forensic assessment.

This study reports base rates of MMPI-2 clinical scales. PTSD scales, and validity scales for 492 personal injury plaintiffs, 230 men and 262 women. Scales studied included L, F, K, F minus K, Ds-r, Fake Bad, Ego Strength, Back F. Total Obvious minus Subtle, VRIN, and TRIN. Forensic high points resembled outpatient profiles but not the MMPI-2 psychiatric sample and shared only code type 13/31 with the normative sample. The most common two-point code type for men was 13/31, followed by 12/21 and 23/32, and for women was 13/31, followed by 23/32 and 12/21. Fifty percent of the forensic sample were code type 13/31, 12/21, or 23/32. Validity measures suggested possible malingering on approximately 20 to 30% of the profiles but the majority of profiles were valid. Validity problems discussed include attorney coaching and the congruence of plaintiff personality characteristics with the demand characteristics of litigation. Examples of attorney coaching are provided. The modal plaintiff appears to be an unhappy somatizer involved in a social context which encourages rationalization, projection of blame, and complaining.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Social phobia subtyping with the MMPI-2.

The present article examines the utility of the MMPI-2 for the subtyping of social phobia (SP). Cluster analysis was conducted on the MMPI-2 profiles of 109 patients with SP. Clusters were compared on demographic and clinical variables prior to treatment, as well as following completion of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT). Three distinct clusters emerged. The first is characterized by an absence of significant scale elevations and appears to be consistent with the reported "circumscribed" subtype of SP. It is associated with a significantly later age at onset of SP, a higher proportion of married individuals, and lower scores on pretreatment clinical variables. Significant elevations on Scales 2 (Depression) and 7 (Psychasthenia) and moderately high scores on pretreatment clinical variables characterize the second cluster. The third cluster is characterized by significantly high elevations on Scales 8, 7, and 2, and the highest scores on pretreatment clinical variables. Patients from all three groups improved significantly following a course of CBGT.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Personality and psychopathology profiles of veterans' wives: measuring distress using the MMPI-2.

The present study compared personality and psychopathology profiles of veterans' wives against married women in the MMPI-2 restandardization sample. Differences in levels of distress and pathology were analyzed using the validity, clinical, and content scales of the MMPI-2. As expected, veterans' wives, when compared to restandardization wives, reported higher levels of psychopathology and distress, with symptoms such as depression, social maladjustment, and other negative, internal symptomatic behaviors. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for additional research examining this "at-risk" population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

MMPI-2 performance of Mexican male university students and prison inmates.

In this study, we compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) performance of male university students and incarcerated criminal offenders in Mexico. Our aim was to determine whether the MMPI-2 can effectively differentiate between these two distinct groups on scales that are reflective of antisocial behaviors. Our expectations were highly confirmed across the three sets of scales that we considered: the validity and clinical, content, and supplementary scales. Criminal offenders obtained higher or more pathological scores on such scales as Infrequency (F), Schizophrenia (Sc), MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC-R), Fears (FRS), and so on. Overall, these findings support further research with such target populations as prison inmates in Mexico and other countries in Latin America.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Nonlinear Models in Decision Making: The Diagnosis of Psychosis versus Neurosis from the MMPI.

Previous studies have found no nonlinear relationships between the MMPI scales and the diagnosis of psychosis versus neurosis (the criterion). However, these studies also found evidence for nonlinear accuracy in MMPI-based judgments of the likelihood of psychosis. The current study identifies the rules underlying this nonlinear accuracy and demonstrates their validity in predicting the criterion. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

The Effect of Symptom Information on Faking on the MMPI-2

We investigated the effect of specific symptom information on faking a personality disorder on the MMPI-2. Four groups of adult subjects were studied: 23 normal adults given specific information about borderline personality disorder (BPD) and instructed to simulate it, 23 normal adults instructed to simulate a psychological disturbance without specific symptom information, 36 patients with a diagnosis of BPD, and 36 normal adults who completed the test with standard instructions. Comparison of test profiles showed that informed fakers obtained scores on validity scales sensitive to overreporting that were no different from scores of uninformed fakers, but which were significantly higher than scores of actual patients. On clinical scales 4, 6, 8, and 9 informed fakers obtained scores significantly higher than patients' scores. These results suggest that specific symptom information was of little help in simulating a disturbance convincingly on the MMPI-2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Relationships Between the CPI, MMPI, and locus of control in a nonacademic environment.

Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) locus of control scale, the MMPI, and the CPI were administered to a sample of 100 males heterogeneous in age and education level. Relationships between I-E and the other measures were examined and a substantial number of significant correlations were found. Considerable variance in I-E scores could be accounted for by similar variance in MMPI and CPI responses, but a discriminant analysis failed to enable reliable predictions of I-E from other scales. The findings qualify the interpretation of correlational relationships found in previous research concerning I-E and suggest specific directions for future investigations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Some properties of the ego-resiliency subtle scale of the MMPI.

The Ego Resiliency-Subtle (ER-S) scale was developed by Block (1965) as a social desirability free measure of the first factor of the MMPI. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether or not the 40-items comprising the ER-S scale remain neutral regarding social desirability and if the subject's score on the scale remains constant when taken out of the context of the other MMPI items; if so, the ER-S scale could be used as a screening device. Experiment I demonstrated that the items were not neutral regarding social desirability when taken out of context, but Experiment II indicated that this did not influence the responses subjects gave to the items. Because a memory factor may have been operating in Experiment II, a third experiment was conducted to minimize this factor resulting in a male-female vs. embedded-alone interaction and an order of presentation vs. embedded-alone interaction.

Ego↗
PubMed1978

The validity of MMPI interpretations based on the Minimult and the FAM.

In this study 29 clinicians provided Q-sort descriptions for 36 patients' MMPI profiles prepared in the standard way or prepared according to Kincannon's (1968) Minimult or Faschingbauer's (1974) FAM. For each patient, correlations between Q sorts based on the standard profile and each short form profile were computed as a measure of interpretive similarity between the long form and short form. Correlations between Q sorts by independent raters both interpreting the long form profile served as the standard for comparison. Data analyses revealed that at least for the FAM, interpretive similarity between the short form and long form MMPI may be sufficient to warrant its clinical use for individual profile interpretation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

MMPI scale development methodology reconsidered.

Levitt's (1978) critique of my earlier suggestions regarding MMPI scale development methodology (Clopton, 1978b) correctly noted that scales have been developed by a variety of methods in addition to empirical scale construction, but two of Levitt's other criticisms were mistaken. After Levitt's criticisms are considered, some additional suggestions are provided regarding the empirical development of new MMPI scales.

Comment↗
PubMed1984

An MMPI-based behavior descriptor/personality trait list.

Descriptive terms associated with elevated MMPI scales were abstracted from 10 MMPI reference works. Those corresponding to the 300-word Gough Adjective Check List were retained to construct a new behavior descriptor/personality trait list.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

MMPI Scales for measuring Eysenck's personality factors.

Four new MMPI Scales were constructed to identify Eysenck's personality factors of psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism as well as a lie score. The scales showed good construct validities against the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Friedman Overlap Scales developed from items in the MMPI. The study also supported the construct validity of the Friedman overlap scales.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

The role of elevation, scatter, and shape in MMPI profiles.

The contribution of profile elevation, scatter, and shape to differences between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles was studied in psychiatric, normal, and mixed samples. Average between profile differences were smallest within the normal sample and largest within the mixed sample. Overall, the role of shape was most important, with elevation making a smaller but significant contribution to profile differences. Scatter was of minimal importance. Systems proposed by Skinner (1976) and Lorr (1982) were found to account for a large part of the variance due to shape, and these systems also were successful in classifying individual MMPI profiles. Advantages and applications of such systems in the analysis and description of profile data were discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Predicting the performance of government security personnel with the IPI and MMPI.

The Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were administered to 307 newly hired government security personnel. After 9 to 12 months on the job, each was rated by their immediate supervisor on a 4-point scale of global performance (exceptional, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, or very unsatisfactory). Discriminant function analyses indicated that the IPI was superior to the MMPI in predicting later job performance, but the greatest prediction accuracy was found in discriminant functions based upon both tests together. However, the costs of falsely identifying candidates as poor risks and screening out those who would have been successful increased along with accuracy in predicting the true risks. It was concluded that organizations must ultimately decide upon the degree to which they are willing to sacrifice candidates who may have been successful in order to screen out those who are unsuitable. The implications of psychological screening for organizational selection policy are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

The development of the items-easy (Ie) and items-difficult (Id) subscales for the MMPI-A.

This research involves the development, validation, and cross-validation of the Items-Easy (Ie) and Items-Difficult (Id) subscales for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992). These subscales were designed to assess the degree to which reading comprehension deficits may be responsible for significant elevations of validity Scale F and the standard clinical scales on adolescents' MMPI-A profiles. A difference score, bared on the two 13-item subscales, was created in order to compare subjects' responses to subsets of the more comprehensible (Ie) and less comprehensible (Id) items within the test. Hit rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power were calculated on the basis of simple (Id - Ie) and weighted (3Id - 1Ie) difference scores for the validation (N = 495) and cross-validation (N = 264) samples, and for specific high-F profile subsamples. Although some of the indices reflected classification accuracy as high as 95%, none of the indices yielded consistently high results across the various samples and subsamples. It has been concluded that the Ie and Id subscales should be used only for research purposes at this time.

Journal Article↗