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PubMed1981

[A case of mastitis caused by streptococcus viridans biotype IV (author's transl)].

A case of clinical bovine mastitis caused by infection with Streptococcus viridans, biotype IV was reported. Of a dairy herd of twenty-three cows, three animals were severely affected with clinical mastitis of at least two quarters in each cow. Streptococcus viridans, biotype IV, in pure culture was subsequently isolated on two occasions from eight quarters of these cows. Following experimental infection with the isolated Streptococcus viridans in a normal lactating cow, mastitis appeared with symptoms very similar to those observed in the spontaneous case. The organism cultured four days after infection, was identified as being the same organism used to induce infection. It is concluded that Streptococcus viridans could be pathogenic for the bovine mammary gland probably for other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Use of total and differential somatic cell counts from composite milk samples to detect mastitis in individual cows.

The objective of this study was to ascertain the value of variables measured on composite milk samples as predictors of mastitis in individual cows. The standard of comparison was the results obtained from the bacteriological examination of individual quarter foremilk samples. Cows were classified as negative or positive with regard to mastitis on the basis of one quarter sampling only and cows which were impossible to classify in this manner were omitted from subsequent analyses. The variables that were examined were: the presence or absence of specific bacteria, demographic data, and logarithmically transformed total somatic cell counts and percentages of cell volume in channels 7 through 12 of a Coulter Counter. It was found that the inclusion of all variables resulted in correct classification of 95.9% of cows with regard to their mastitis status. Sequential elimination of individual variables or groups of variables in an attempt to simplify the procedure reduced the correct classification to 86.8% when only the log transformation of the total somatic cell count and the demographic data were included. The ability of a function which included the logarithm of the total somatic cell count, the logarithm of the percentage in channel 8 and demographic data, to classify cows was examined in detail and the sensitivity and specificity of the function also discussed. It is also shown that with increasing age the minimum total somatic cell count required to classify a cow as positive increased and possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Levels of glucose, serum albumin and somatic cells before and during early stages of acute clinical mastitis artificially induced in cows by means of human strains of group-B streptococci (GBS) administered intracisternally.

The investigation was performed on 3 cows, sampled repeatedly before and during the initial 48 h of artificially induced, acute, clinical mastitis. The results of the investigation both augment and support those of earlier work on the levels and significant correlations of glucose, serum albumin and somatic cells in normal and abnormal secretions monitored before and after the usual milking of healthy lactating cows had been suspended. During acute mastitis, udder secretions from artificially infected quarters showed highly significant escalations of somatic cell counts which coincided with equally significant increases of a high and intermediate level of serum albumin values in both the infected and non-infected quarters. Corresponding glucose values fluctuated from 0,07-0, 22 and 0,18-0, 32 mM in the former and latter quarters respectively. The selective and elevated transfer of serum albumin in otherwise unaffected quarters of acutely mastitic udders suggests rather specific collateral vascular and epithelial changes of unknown nature and magnitude. The data indicate that marked fluctuations of glucose may occur within and between quarters of individual and different cows respectively. Such variations could significantly affect phagocytosis and killing of bacteria challenging the intramammary leucocytic udder barrier before and particularly during manifestation of mastitis. Hence, udder health, although dependent on specific natural defence mechanisms such as the leucocytes and related systems in milk, may depend even more significantly on the supplies of glucose to and within the bovine mammary gland.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in a dairy herd in the Netherlands (author's transl)].

The first observation of an outbreak of mastitis, caused by Mycoplasma bovis, in a dairy herd in the Netherlands is reported. The symptoms closely resembled those reported in the literature as being typical of mastitis due to Mycoplasma. The strain isolated was found to be sensitive to amongst others nifuroquine in vitro. Repeated intramammary application of Abimasten-100 containing nifuroquine resulted in the complete disappearance of mastitis in the herd.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on acute toxic mastitis in dairy cows.

A double-blinded randomized prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone for treatment of acute toxic mastitis in dairy cows. All cows were treated 4 times at 12-hour intervals by intramammary infusion of gentamicin (150 mg). A total of 45 dairy cows with toxic mastitis were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: group 1 (control), saline solution, IV; group 2, 1 g of flunixin meglumine, IV; or group 3, 4 g of phenylbutazone, IV. Physical examination and udder variables were assessed at initial examination and 24 hours later. Milk production was recorded at regular intervals from 1 week before until 10 weeks after development of mastitis. Rear quarters (34/45) were more commonly affected than front quarters. Thirty-five cows returned to the herd, 9 cows were culled, and 1 cow died. There were no significant differences among treatment groups in the need for further treatment or outcome. Klebsiella spp (18/45) and Escherichia coli (16/45) were the most common pathogens isolated by culture of milk from affected quarters. The overall bacteriologic cure rate on days 7 and 14 was 64 and 75%, respectively. At the time of initial examination, cows of the control group had higher rectal temperature than did cows of the flunixin group. At the examination 24 hours later, the rectal temperature of cows in all treatment groups was lower than the temperature at initial examination; at that time (24 hours), however, there were no significant differences in temperature among the treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Neonatal mastitis--diagnosis and treatment.

Neonatal mastitis is an uncommon infection. Twenty-one neonates with mastitis were treated at the Bnai Zion Medical Center and Hillel Yaffe Hospital during the years 1985-92. Half of them presented with mastitis, and the other half with breast abscess. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, which was isolated in 85% of cases. Antibiotic therapy was the initial treatment in all cases except one, and included i.v. orbenin or augmentin. Puncture of six breast abscesses followed the initial antibiotic course, and another five abscesses were treated surgically by incision and drainage. About half the neonates (10 of 21) recovered after antibiotic treatment alone, indicating that aggressive antibiotic therapy is effective in about 50% of cases and, if started immediately upon diagnosis, no additional surgical treatment is necessary. When an abscess was formed, needle aspiration was as effective as incision and drainage.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Feed contamination with Candida krusei as a probable source of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows.

Over 3 months, yeasts were isolated in pure culture from milk samples obtained from 8 lactating cows with acute mastitis and from 1 cow with subacute mastitis. Eight of the isolates were identified as Candida krusei; 1 isolate was not submitted for identification. The affected cows were assigned to separate milking groups and had not been treated by intramammary administration of antibiotic before the outbreak. Remission of disease without treatment was observed, followed by shedding of the yeast in milk for 2 to 5 weeks. Median somatic cell counts in the affected cows before, during, and 2 months after the onset of clinical signs were 93,000; 1,793,000; and 135,000 cells/ml, respectively. Wheat silage was found to be the probable source of the infecting microorganism, whereas inadequate milking hygiene resulted in its persistence in the herd. Following replacement of the silage and improvement of the milking hygiene, the outbreak ceased. Candida krusei thus may cause mastitis in cattle not only following intramammary antibiotic treatment, but also in conditions of heavy environmental contamination, in conjunction with inadequate milking hygiene.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Differentiating inflammatory breast cancer from acute mastitis.

Inflammatory breast cancer is a devastating disease with an extremely high rate of morbidity and mortality. Differentiating this disease from acute mastitis may be difficult on initial diagnosis. The expeditious diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory breast cancer has important ramifications for the patient's prognosis. Unfortunately, no clear guidelines are available to help the primary care physician differentiate between acute mastitis and inflammatory breast cancer. We present our recommendations and guidelines for a diagnostic approach to this problem. Inflammatory breast cancer typically occurs in older women, while acute mastitis usually affects younger, lactating women. If a trial of antibiotics does not decrease the signs and symptoms in the inflamed breast, inflammatory breast cancer must be considered, especially in older, nonlactating women.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Measures taken by veterinarians in Sweden in cases of bovine mastitis.

A questionnaire concerning the diagnosis and treatment of bovine mastitis was sent to all 350 Swedish food animal practitioners. 287 (82%) of the questionnaires were returned. One of the main aims was to establish if Swedish food animal practitioners used a common therapeutic regime that could be used as a control treatment in future clinical trials. It was found that many factors of importance for the clinical diagnosis of mastitis such as body temperature, duration of the symptoms etc. often were not considered. On the other hand 60-70% of the practitioners regularly took milk samples to obtain a bacteriological diagnosis. Approximately 40% of the veterinarians cultured the milk samples in their home laboratory. Basic measures like frequent emptying of the udder were recommended by only 40-50% of the veterinarians. All responding field veterinarians used the systemic route for administering antibiotics when treating cases of acute, clinical bovine mastitis. The drug of choice, initially, in these cases was benzylpenicillinprocain, which was used by 65-75% of the veterinarians. Twenty-five percent used a broad-spectrum antibiotic, most commonly a combination of penicillin and streptomycin. A minority (5%) directed their initial therapy towards gram-negative bacteria. About 30-40% supported the systemic therapy with intra-mammaries. Other drugs such as NSAID, corticosteroids and oxytocin was used, on a regular basis, by only about 10% of the practitioners.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Association af changes in the bacterial ecology of bovine mastitis with changes in the use of milking machines and antibacterial drugs.

The results of mastitis bacteriology made by the National Veterinary and Food Research Institute in Finland during the past 50 years (1.15 million samples) are viewed in relation to simultaneous changes in dairy cow management. Although intensive preventive measures have been applied for decades, the prevalence of bovine mastitis has not decreased. Instead, pathogenic bacteria are becoming progressively less susceptible to the available therapy. In part this must be due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, but it seems that the bacterial spectrum has also changed. The incidence of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) has decreased, while in contrast, the incidence of staphylococci, initially Staphylococcus aureus and later coagulase-negative staphylococci, has increased. Results suggest that external pressure, like changes in animal husbandry, including antimicrobial treatments and introduction of modern milking machines, act as selective forces on the bacterial species which cause bovine mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Microflora of the pus of lactation mastitis patients and its sensitivity to a series of antibiotics].

The etiological picture of lactation mastitis and sensitivity of its causative agent to some antibiotics were studied. Mostly microbial associations were isolated from the patients. Pathogenic staphylococci typed mainly by the phages of group I predominated among the isolates. In addition the strains of Proteus, Pseudomonas, E. coli and others were isolated from the pus of the mastitis cases. Sensitivity of the microflora to some antibiotics was studied. It was found that most of the causative agents of the postnatal mastitis possessed multiple resistance. They were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, oleandomycin and sensitive to oxacillin, methicillin, kanamycin and rifampicin. It was shown that during the patients stay under tha stationary conditions the postoperative wound were infected for the second time with hospital microbial strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Bacterial mastitis in guinea pigs.

Necropsy of 37 guinea pigs revealed mastitis to be the primary cause of death in 70% of these animals. Epidemiologic study failed to establish correlation between age, parity, or litter size and the onset of mastitis. The disease did not appear to be contagious. Although mastitis frequently developed during lactation, survivability of offspring was unaffected. The agent most consistently isolated from affected mammary glands was Escherichia coli (17 of 37). Other isolates in decreasing order of occurrence were Klebsiella pneumaniae (6 of 37), Streptoccus zooepidemicus (2 of 37), and Proteus sp (1 of 37). The etiologic agent of 111 cases was undetermined.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Lymphocytic plasma cell mastitis].

Plasma cell mastitis is a rare form of inflammatory, non-infectious, non-neoplastic, mastitis, not occurring during the post-partum and breastfeeding period. The pathogenesis of this lesion is not yet fully elucidated and an auto-immune origin is currently proposed. The common feature of this form of mastitis is the possibility of evolving towards recurrent aseptic abscesses. Treatment remains difficult and relapses are frequent with fistula formation to the skin, either spontaneously, or after surgery, even involving wide excision.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1976

The difference in hereditary susceptibility to three mastitis agents between two daughter groups.

Daughter groups of two sires A and Z were kept under equal conditions during 3 lactations. Experimental infections with mastitis agents gave different responses in both groups. The evident difference in susceptibility to mastitis between the A- and Z-daughters is based upon genetic differences. The results of this experiment indicate the possibility of selecting AI-bulls with respect to mastitis in descent and offspring. In this experiment staphylococci were less pathogenic than Str. agalactiae and Str. dysgalactiae. The most severe reactions were produced by the infections with Str. dysgalactiae.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a cow-side test for detection of gram-negative bacteria in milk from cows with mastitis.

A modified Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) cow-side test was evaluated under field conditions. The principle of the test is to visualize reactions between test components and endotoxin from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The practical purpose is to detect such bacteria in mastitic milk. Secretions from 789 udder quarters with clinical mastitis were examined by the LAL-test. Parallel quarter milk samples were sent to a mastitis laboratory of microbiological examination. Eleven veterinary surgeons in three veterinary districts in Norway performed the field investigations. Results of the LAL-test and culture agreed in 93% of all milk samples tested, agreement measured by kappa being 0.63. The sensitivity of the test in detecting Gram-negative bacteria was 63%, while the specificity was 97%. The predictive value of a positive test result was 70%, the figure being somewhat higher (75%) when the material was limited to milk samples without antibiotic residues. The predictive value of a negative test result was 95%. The LAL-test is considered to constitute a valuable cow-side test for the veterinary practitioner, aiding the selection of antibacterial drug of choice for the initial treatment of clinical mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Therapy of clinically apparent forms of mastitis in lactating dairy cows using intra-mammary Sulphamycin (Polfa, PR)].

Sulphamycin (Polfa, Poland) is an intramammary preparation for the treatment of clinically apparent forms of mastitis in dairy cows. Its effects were observed in 141 dairy cows treated according to the manufacturer's instructions. The animals were selected after clinical examination of the mammary gland and bacteriological examination of udder secreta. In 37 subclinically diseased cows the efficiency of treatment depended on the infectious agent and amounted to 85.2, 77.8, 73.3 and 60.0%, Streptococcus agalactiae beta-haemolytical Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium pyogenes being the respective pathogens. In 61 cows with acute mastitis the efficiency of the preparation reached 71.2, 78.3, 61.7 and 80.9% in the cases induced by S. agalactiae, beta-haemolytical Streptococci, S. aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Forty-three cows were treated for acute mastitis and concomitant alteration of the general health state; in these cases, S. agalactiae, S. aureus and E. coli were identified as the infectious agents and the respective therapeutic efficiency presented 62.5, 69.8 and 76.2%. S. agalactiae and beta-haemolytical Streptococci responded most sensitively to erythromycin whereas S. aureus and E. coli proved to be septrin- and streptomycin-sensitive, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Association of major histocompatibility complex antigens (BoLA-A) with AI bull progeny test results for mastitis, ketosis and fertility in Norwegian cattle.

Altogether 424 Norwegian AI bulls, progeny tested for clinical mastitis, ketosis and fertility (recorded as nonreturn percentage), were typed by Edinburgh and Oslo allo-antisera to bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA-A) over a 7-year period. Significant effects of BoLA-A on disease were revealed. A2 was associated with relative resistance to mastitis, a positive influence on fertility, and a possible relative resistance to ketosis, while A13 was associated with relative resistance to ketosis. The previously reported associations of A11 and w16 with relative susceptibility to mastitis were not confirmed in the present material.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. A report of three cases and review of the literature.

We report three cases of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis that occurred in women of reproductive age (range, 25 to 36 years). These patients presented with breast masses of 2.5, 7, and 10 cm. One patient also had erythema nodosum. On biopsy specimens, the characteristic histopathologic features of granulomatous inflammation, centered on mammary lobules, were present in each case. In only one case was a specific diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis rendered based on the results of the biopsy; this patient received oral prednisone with prompt shrinkage of the breast mass to 20% of its original size. This residual mass was then resected. The remaining two patients were observed after biopsies were performed, with one experiencing a local recurrence after 5 weeks. The optimal therapy for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis has not been established, and we discuss treatment options, based on these three cases and those previously reported.

Adult↗