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PubMed1994

Navigating the Internet.

Navigating any complex set of information resources requires tools for both browsing and searching. A number of tools are available today for using Internet resources, and more are being developed. This article reviews existing navigational tools, including two developed at the Yale University School of Medicine, and points out their strengths and weaknesses. A major shortcoming of the present Internet navigation methods is the lack of controlled descriptions of the available resources. As a result, navigating the Internet is very difficult.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing students respond to a computer assignment.

Computer-generated information is becoming increasingly important in nursing. Nursing schools are faced with the need to ensure that students have basic informatics skills and rudimentary computer literacy. This article describes the introduction of an assignment using electronic communication skills within a teaching-learning course in a baccalaureate program. The assignment was designed to introduce the students to several tasks that would be useful to them in their studies as well as in their care of clients. Students learned to send electronic mail, post to a class list, use search engines, access libraries, and critique web pages. They developed increased confidence and skill, advancing from informed user to proficient user status as identified by Ronald & Skiba. The students' appraisal of the assignment in terms of value to their nursing education and their nursing careers indicated that they recognized the value of these skills for their professional nursing lives. Activities were monitored for content and technical glitches. Lessons learned are highlighted, and "Inbox overload" is identified. The authors found that nursing curricula can be designed to meet the challenge of fostering computer literacy. The assignment could be easily adapted for continuing education or other professional education endeavors.

Attitude to Computers↗

PubMed1997

Conquering technophobia: preparing faculty for today.

The constantly changing world of technology creates excitement and an obligation for faculty of schools of nursing to address computer literacy in the curricula at all levels. The initial step in the process of meeting the goals was to assist the faculty in becoming computer literate so that they could foster and encourage the same in the students. The implementation of The Cure for Technophobia included basic and advanced computer skills designed to assist the faculty in becoming comfortable and competent computer users. The applications addressed included: introduction to windows, electronic mail, word processing, presentation and database applications, library on-line searches of literature databases, introduction to internet browsers and a computerized testing program. Efforts were made to overcome barriers to computer literacy and promote the learning process. Familiar, competent, computer literate individuals were used to conduct the classes to accomplish this goal.

Attitude to Computers↗

PubMed2002

[The Revista Médica the Chile and medical education].

With this issue, Revista Médica de Chile will have been published uninterruptedly, for 130 years. Formal medical education had an early development since Chile became independent from Spain (1817). The first Medical Sciences Course was organized in 1833 by the Irish physician William C Blest. The Santiago Medical Society was founded in 1869 and its journal-Revista Médica de Chile--in 1872. Its first director was Dr. German Schneider. Revista Medica is the oldest serial publication in South America and the second oldest in the Spanish speaking world. This is a remarkable fact for a comparatively young country. With the creation of the Medical Society and Revista Medica, a process of continuous medical education was started and they became a real Graduate School. The Journal has adopted the main changes in knowledge and technology. Some important milestones of its development, during the second half of the 20th century, were the definition of its objectives and structure, the incorporation of peer review of manuscripts (even with foreign reviewers) the adoption of international guidelines for publication, its incorporation into the main biomedical journal indexes, the modernization of its printing process, the making of a computer generated index of all papers published since 1872, its incorporation into a digital library in INTERNET and the active participation of its editors in the World Association of Medical Journal Editors. The success of the journal is influenced by the independence that the Medical Society has conferred to the editors (all outstanding University Professors), as well as to the characteristics of an educational campus "invisible and without tumult" (Ingelfinger).

Chile↗

PubMed2001

Fungi: toxic killers or unavoidable nuisances?

OBJECTIVES: This discussion is focused on the many roles of fungi in human health, and also to put the mycotoxin literature into perspective. DATA SOURCES: Data are derived from the literature referenced in PubMed from the National Library of Medicine, earlier references in the authors' reprint collection, and ongoing research. Studies for review were either selected from the peer-reviewed literature or from standard texts that are well recognized in the field. RESULTS: The review yielded many studies of the role of fungi in allergic disease, but none that systematically documented such a role for mycotoxins or fungal volatiles. Many case studies were found, but none of these unequivocally document a cause/effect relationship between mycotoxin exposure by inhalation and human disease in residential, school, or office settings. CONCLUSIONS: The review led to the conclusion that that the primary result from fungal exposure is allergic disease, and that the evidence for inhalation disease resulting from mycotoxin exposure in residential and office settings is extremely weak.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1981

A computerized cataloging management system for health science audiovisuals.

This paper describes the implementation of the Stanford Public Information and Retrieval System (SPIRES) by the University of Michigan Medical School Learning Resources Center. SPIRES is a bibliographic data base management system which offers on-line search capabilities and retrieval of data in programmable formats. The Learning Resource Center utilizes SPIRES for the interactive retrieval of cataloging data, bibliographical compilations, and book catalog production.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed2004

Indianapolis I3: the third generation Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems.

In 2001, the Regenstrief Institute for Health Care and the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) began an IAIMS planning effort to create a vision and a tactical plan for the first Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS) implementation to cross a large area and include unaffiliated institutions. A number of elements made this planning effort unique. Among these elements were the existence of a network infrastructure that supported the Indianapolis Network for Patient Care, the existence of a mature medical informatics program at the Regenstrief Institute, and the existence of a wide-area knowledge network fostered by the IUSM libraries. However, the leadership for a strong information technology role in the IUSM that could promote collaboration in support of education and research across the diverse Indianapolis hospital systems had been lacking. By bringing together various groups, each with a commitment to improve health care quality and public health across the Indianapolis metropolitan area, regardless of individual institutional affiliation, the strategic directions for I3-Indianapolis IAIMS Initiative have been defined and the foundations for a third generation IAIMS construct have been laid in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1990

Self-directed learning in anatomy: incorporation of case-based studies into a conventional medical curriculum.

This paper reports an attempt to develop self-directed learning skills in second-year medical students by introducing case-based projects into the gross anatomy course at a long-established medical school. The programme and students' responses to a questionnaire completed at the end of the year are presented. Information on the various resources used by students to find information is given. The performance of students in the case-based components of the course has been evaluated and also in the more traditional end-of-year written examination. The data confirm that students have recognized that the projects were about obtaining a deeper understanding of the anatomy, and the programme appears to have promoted the use and study of library texts.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2000

[Further investigation on Second Volume of Essay on Simple Recipe and Pulsology (SESR) and Wang's Simple Recipes (WSR)].

There are 2 extant editions of SESR, written in Chunyou Jiachen (1244) reign. In the facsimile copy of Song manuscript recorded in Kojima's Records of Investigating Ancient Classics which was brought by Yang Shoujing and is now collected in the Library of Palace Museum in Taipei. There is also a facsimile copy of Song dynasty postscribed by Taki Genkan now collected in Library of Relics and Naturalist Academy of National Imperial Secretariat in Japan. The book is written in one volume, dealing first with four diagnostic methods, followed by drug and therapy and compounding of recipes and "processing" of drugs, thus forming a complete system. The WSR included in Classified Collection of Recipes is not the Essay on Pulsology, neither WANG Shou's Simple Recipes, but Yi jian gui yi (Unity of Simplicity and Easiness) by XU Ruoxu of Yuzhang, Jiangxi of Yuan dynasty, being an epitomized work of all physicians of Yongjia medical schools with only 3 pieces of incomplete papers remained.

China↗

PubMed2001

[Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang's autobiography (1850) in the light of hand-written and printed sources].

The archival collection of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (Wilno) contains many manuscripts relating to the scientific work of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1776-1859), professor of pharmacy and pharmacology of the Wilno University in the years 1807-1831, the founder and main figure in the Wilno pharmacognostic school, a botanist with substantial achievements in wide-ranging research on the flora of the Wilno region, as well as a historian of pharmacy. The most interesting of the manuscripts include Wolfgang's Autobiografia [Autobiography], written in 1850, and a list of his publications covering a total of 57 items (including some that have hitherto remained unknown), a work entitled Historya Farmakologii i Farmacyi [History of pharmacology and pharmacy], and a particularly valuable manuscript (666 + 12 sheets) entitled Farmakologiia [Pharmacology]. Worth mentioning are also two catalogues of books from Wolfgang's library: one compiled by Wolfgang himself (37 sheets) and the other by Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz. The content of the autobiography manuscript is contained on five sheets. The author of the present article analyzes the document, comparing the information contained in it with the biographies of J. F. Wolfgang that hhave been published so far (these being primarily the biography by Dominik Cezary ChodYko, published in 1863, and that by Witold W3odzimierz G3owacki of 1960). The text of the autobiography is quoted in full, together with numerous comments. The analysis of the manuscript as well as the biographical data contained in the above-mentioned biographies indicate that Wolfgang had great achievements as a scientist (in both research and organizational work), as a champion of public causes and as an educator of a generation of botanists-pharmacognostics. It also transpires from the autobiography, as well as from the research by historians, that he was a very good and trustful person, who readily granted access to his research to his collaborators and pupils. This eventually turned against him: he laments the loss of the materials of his floristic research "at untrustworthy hands" and deplores the fact that they were published under the name of other scientists. Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang died on 17 May 1859, in his estate at Po3uknie. He was buried at the no longer extant Lutheran graveyard at Pohulanka. A symbolic grave of Wolfgang is to be found at the Rossa Catholic cemetery in Wilno (sector XIV, grave no. 157).

Autobiographies as Topic↗

PubMed2004

From both sides now: librarians' experiences at the Rocky Mountain Evidence-Based Health Care Workshop.

The Colorado Health Outcomes (COHO) Department of the School of Medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC) coordinates the Rocky Mountain Evidence-Based Health Care (EBHC) Workshop, which has been held annually since 1999. The goals of the workshop include helping participants-physicians, pharmacists, health care policy makers, journalists and librarians-learn and apply skills for critically appraising medical research literature and for effective use of evidence-based information resources. Participants are encouraged to share ideas and to plan local services and instruction for those working in clinical settings. Each year, librarians from UCHSC Denison Memorial Library participate as faculty by teaching searching skills (PubMed, Cochrane Library, ACP Journal Club, etc.), providing support to small groups, and staffing two computer labs. In 2002, Denison Library received a National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) MidContinental Region Impact Award to fund the attendance of three health sciences librarians from the MidContinental Region, an academic education librarian, a clinical medical librarian, and a department librarian. In this paper, the participating librarians share the lessons they learned about how health care practitioners approach evidence-based practice. The participating librarians also share how they incorporated these lessons into their support of evidence-based practice related to teaching about evidence-based resources, assisting health care practitioners with developing answerable questions, enhancing the clinician-librarian partnership, and assisting practitioners in selecting evidence-based resources for quick answers to clinical questions.

Awards and Prizes↗

PubMed2001

The readability of pediatric patient education materials on the World Wide Web.

BACKGROUND: Literacy is a national and international problem. Studies have shown the readability of adult and pediatric patient education materials to be too high for average adults. Materials should be written at the 8th-grade level or lower. OBJECTIVE: To determine the general readability of pediatric patient education materials designed for adults on the World Wide Web (WWW). MATERIALS AND METHODS: GeneralPediatrics.com (http://www.generalpediatrics.com) is a digital library serving the medical information needs of pediatric health care providers, patients, and families. Documents from 100 different authoritative Web sites designed for laypersons were evaluated using a built-in computer software readability formula (Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid reading levels) and hand calculation methods (Fry Formula and SMOG methods). Analysis of variance and paired t tests determined significance. RESULTS: Eighty-nine documents constituted the final sample; they covered a wide spectrum of pediatric topics. The overall Flesch Reading Ease score was 57.0. The overall mean Fry Formula was 12.0 (12th grade, 0 months of schooling) and SMOG was 12.2. The overall Flesch-Kincaid grade level was significantly lower (P<.0001), at a mean of 7.1, when compared with the other 2 methods. All author and institution groups had an average reading level above 10.6 by the Fry Formula and SMOG methods. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patient education materials on the WWW are not written at an appropriate reading level for the average adult. We propose that a practical reading level and how it was determined be included on all patient education materials on the WWW for general guidance in material selection. We discuss suggestions for improved readability of patient education materials.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Management of a learning resource center: a seven-year study.

Data compiled over seven years present evidence that small-group or "cluster" carrels are successfully utilized by medical students in a learning resource center (LRC) and, therefore, should be considered to be an efficient method of managing space, software, and hardware. Three management concepts account for high utilization of an LRC operated as a service in support of a medical school curriculum. Of special importance is the interaction of LRC staff with faculty, which directly accounts for a collection relevant to the curriculum. The other management concepts are responsiveness to students and delivery of services that support production and distribution of print and audiovisual resources for student learning.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed1994

Experienced faculty orientation offerings: do they meet faculty needs?

The purposes of this descriptive study were to identify existing orientation protocols for seasoned nurse faculty who change academic positions and which orientation protocols these faculty perceived helpful. Subjects were drawn from 460 NLN-accredited generic baccalaureate programs. All subjects (N = 372) had a minimum of three years' prior teaching experience and were employed at the institution within 1990-91 and 1991-92. A two-part questionnaire, adapted from Mills (1983), was used. Some form of orientation was offered to 81% of the sample, with 27% reporting an orientation of less than one day. Topics addressed by orientation programs for the majority of the sample included conceptual framework and curriculum; teaching and library resources; and organizational structure. Areas not addressed included introduction to local nursing organizations and the community in general. Results suggest that experienced faculty receive some form of orientation. The scope is limited, with such topics as clinical placement and student evaluation omitted.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Medicine and university in Naples in the 17th and 18th centuries: a research project].

The teaching of medicine at Naples university in the 17th and early 18th centuries is somewhat difficult to reconstruct, due to the loss of archival evidence. The research project relies on student notes, conserved in Italian libraries and in the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine in London. The manuscript notes are likely to shed new light on the little known contents of the medical curricula, as well as contrasting the commonplace of a complete decline of universities as centers of scientific innovation and active debate in the 17th century in Italy.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2006

How the Pernkopf controversy facilitated a historical and ethical analysis of the anatomical sciences in Austria and Germany: a recommendation for the continued use of the Pernkopf atlas.

Eduard Pernkopf's Topographical Anatomy of Man has been a widely used standard work of anatomy for over sixty years. International inquiries about the National Socialist (NS) political background of Eduard Pernkopf and the use of bodies of NS victims for the atlas were first directed at the University of Vienna in 1996. A public discussion about the further use of the book followed and led to the creation of the Senatorial Project of the University of Vienna in 1997. This historical research project confirmed the strong NS affiliation of Pernkopf and revealed the delivery of at least 1,377 bodies of executed persons to the Anatomical Institute of Vienna during the NS time. The possible use of these bodies as models cannot be excluded for up to half of the approximately 800 plates in the atlas. In addition tissue specimens from NS victims were found and removed from the collections of the Viennese Medical School and received a burial in a grave of honor. The Pernkopf controversy facilitated the historical and ethical analysis of the anatomical sciences in Austria and Germany during the NS regime. The continued use of the Pernkopf atlas is not only justifiable but desirable as a tool in the teaching of anatomy, history, and ethics.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2006

Home and community literacy experiences of individuals with Down syndrome.

This exploratory survey was conducted to gain a detailed understanding of the home and community literacy experiences of children, adolescents and adults with Down syndrome. The data were collected from 224 parents/guardians across Canada who were asked to indicate literacy goals and priorities for their children with Down syndrome, the literacy resources they and their children utilised at home and in the community, perceived barriers to their children's literacy attainment, and solutions for alleviating the barriers. The results were analysed according to age when appropriate, in order to better understand the course of literacy development. Overall, the number of respondents who indicated their children with Down syndrome could read and write appeared to be consistent with previously published estimates, including the number reporting advanced reading levels. The wide range of reading and writing materials observed in use at home appeared to be greater than the range of materials actually used by children with Down syndrome. Relatively few of the parents who read storybooks to their children reported asking higher-level questions, suggesting that some parents might benefit from support in this activity. Many respondents reported using the library, and many expressed concerns about the quality and scarcity of literacy programs. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for how parents, caregivers, teachers, and program providers can encourage literacy development in persons with Down syndrome, and suggestions for future research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Language barriers and bibliographic retrieval effectiveness: use of MEDLINE by French-speaking end users.

OBJECTIVE: A study was conducted to determine if bibliographic retrieval performed by French-speaking end users is impaired by English language interfaces. The American database MEDLINE on CD-ROM was used as a model. METHODS: A survey of self-administered questionnaires was performed at two libraries of Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, during a two-month period in 1997. Three study groups were constituted: MEDLINE / Ovid end users, MEDLINE / Ovid librarian-mediated users, and Pascal, a French bibliographic database, end users. RESULTS: Among 191 respondents, only 22% thought English was an obstacle to their bibliographic retrieval. However, the research software was generally underused and the quality of the retrieval weak. The differences were statistically significant between users trained by librarians and the self-trained group, the former performing better. CONCLUSION: Special efforts need to be made to develop curriculum training programs for computerized bibliographic retrieval in medical schools, regardless of the native language of the student.

CD-ROM↗