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PubMed1995

[The sero-epidemiological investigation of leptospirosis in Hainan Province].

This paper reported that 529 serum samples were collected from healthy people in ten townships of nine cities or counties of Hainan Province in 1993 and anti-leptospira antibody was examined. Results showed that 274 cases were positive (51.8%), indicating the natural infection rates were from 25.9% to 72.2% in different areas. The infection was irrelevant to sex, but was interrelated to age and occupations. There were 15 serogroups of anti-leptospira antibody identified in this study. Bataviae, Grippotyphosa and Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups were the dominant serogroups, different from that the Grippotyphosa and Autumnalis serogroups as the superior serogroups in the 1970s. Data shows that the main epidemic serogroups are likely to change, which suggests that the surveillance of leptospirosis needs to be strengthened.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Leptospirosis among dairy workers in the valley of Jezreel: first recorded isolation of Leptospira hardjo in Israel.

Five cases of leptospirosis among dairy farmers in the Valley of Jezreel are described. The disease was caused by leptospirae of serotype hardjo and available epidemiological evidence suggested infection due to contact with cows. This is the first time that Leptospira hardjo has been isolated and identified in Israel. Infection with L. hardjo should be regarded as a significant occupational risk and this strain should be included in the group of antigens used for screening sera for leptospira antibodies in Israel.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of 4 microscopy techniques for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in wild rodents in a rural area of Valdivia, Chile].

Kidneys of six different species of 93 wild rodents captured in the rural area of Valdivia (Chile) were simultaneously examined for leptospira infection by means of Levaditi silver stain, dark ground microscopy in wet smears, and immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques using pooled antiserum against hardjo and pomona serovars. Leptospira was shown to be present in 40 (43.0%) rodents. They were detected in five of the six species: Akodon olivaceus, Akodon longipilis, Rattus rattus, Oryzomis longicaudatus and Mus musculus. Levaditi's technique detected the highest number of positive samples (67.5%) and the dark field microscopy the lowest (32.5%). The detection of leptospira in the kidneys of these wild rodents suggests that their urine may play an important role in the dissemination of leptospirosis in this area of Valdivia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Serological survey for bovine leptospirosis in the Volksrust district.

Serum samples (n = 860) from cattle in the Volksrust district were tested for Leptospira antibody titres. Seventeen (2%) of the animals were positive for leptospirosis, while 9(1%) animals showed suspect reactions. Titres against L. hardjo, L. pomona, and L. tarassovi were the most prevalent.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

[Microsymptoms in leptospirosis].

Leptospirosis is not an exotic disease, still it is seen more frequent in southern countries. Microsymptoms, such as supraorbital headache, muscle pain in the legs, herpes naso-labialis or axillaris (often symmetrical), pharynxenanthema, fugitive rash, epistaxis, confusion, etc., are very important for early diagnosis. An intradermal test for early diagnosis was developed and is described here.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters--Costa Rica, 1996.

On October 15, 1996, a physician notified the Illinois Department of Public Health about five patients with an unknown febrile illness who had returned from a white-water rafting trip on flooded rivers in Costa Rica during September 27-28, 1996. The five patients had been members of a white-water rafting expedition involving 26 rafters from five states, the District of Columbia, and Costa Rica. This report summarizes the findings of the multistate investigation conducted by the Illinois Department of Public Health and by CDC in collaboration with the Ministry of Health of Costa Rica. The findings implicated leptospirosis as the cause of disease and contaminated river water as the probable source of illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Usefulness of dark field microscopy after differential centrifugation in the early diagnosis of leptospirosis in dog and its human contacts.

1. We found leptospira in the blood of two out of three police dogs by dark field microscopic examination after high speed centrifugation. One dog had fever and the other was asymptomatic. Leptospira could not be seen in the urine of one police dog which died of jaundice. 11 out of 21 human contacts were found to be positive for leptospira after low speed centrifugation and 5 after high speed centrifugation. One child had jaundice and an another child had fever. Others had mild symptoms of headache to none. Dark field microscopy after differential centrifugation is useful in the early diagnosis of leptospirosis and thereby could prevent later complications like jaundice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Leptospirosis. Review of 11 cases].

Eleven cases of leptospirosis diagnosed from 1988 to 1994 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 52 years. Epidemiologic factors were found in 10 patients. Hepatorenal involvement was observed in 7 cases (64%), cardiac involvement in 3 (27%), bleeding episodes in 5 (45%) and central nervous system involvement in one case (9%). The Leptospira serogroups identified were: Icterohaemorrhage in 6 cases, Pomona in 1, Sejroe in and could not be determined in 3. One patient died because of multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic, clinical, analytical and therapeutic aspects are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The anthropogenic transformation of natural foci of leptospirosis].

The problems connected with epizootic consequences of the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape with respect to leptospirosis are discussed. The conclusion on changes produced by hydromelioration in the terrain, specific and etiological features of natural foci is made. Irrigation farming facilitates the formation and spread of natural foci, while drainage of a humid territory leads to the localization and suppression of such foci.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1976

Patterns of acute renal failure in leptospirosis.

The renal profile was studied in 61 patients having leptospirosis. Leptospira-induced acute renal failure conformed to one of two distinct clinical patterns, either oliguric on non-oliguric renal failure. The prognosis was excellent in the latter variety of renal failure and mortality was confined to patients with oliguric renal failure, where severe glomerular and widespread tubulo-interstitial lesions were invariably present. These patients had unfavourable prognostic features during life, such as prolonged oliguria and anuria, absence of a diruetic phase, persistent elevations in BUN and persistently low urea excretion. The prognostic significance of the age of the patients, hypotension and jaundice in relation to the occurrence and type of acute renal failure have been discussed. Retrospective observations indicate that both a vasculotoxic or haemorrhagic state and oliguric acute renal failure are important causes for mortality in human leptospiral infections.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1998

Update: leptospirosis and unexplained acute febrile illness among athletes participating in triathlons--Illinois and Wisconsin, 1998.

Since July 14, 1998, the Illinois Department of Health, the Wisconsin Department of Health, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and CDC, in collaboration with other state and local health departments, have been investigating an outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes from 44 states and seven countries who participated in triathlons in Springfield, Illinois, on June 21, 1998, and in Madison, Wisconsin, on July 5, 1998. Initial testing at CDC of specimens from four athletes identified leptospirosis as the illness in all four. This report updates the ongoing investigation of this outbreak through August 13, which indicates that Leptospira was the etiologic agent for illness in athletes and in persons with occupational or recreational exposure to Lake Springfield, where the event was held in Illinois.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Immunization against leptospirosis: vaccine trials with heat-killed whole cell and outer envelope antigens in hamsters.

Heat-killed whole cell and outer envelope antigens prepared from homologous virulent and avirulent strains of Leptospira serotypes canicola and pomona were evaluated for protecting hamsters against experimental leptospirosis. The heat-killed bacterins proved at least as effective as the outer envelope antigens, or more so, in providing protection against death and infection, and they are easier and more economical to prepare.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Leptospirosis mortality in Cuba, 1987-1993].

It was conducted a descriptive study of the data available at the National Statistics Division of the Ministry of Public Health on the 397 deaths caused by leptospirosis in Cuba from 1987 to 1993. Data were tabulated according to age, sex, place of residence, death date, necropsy, and occupation on dying. The years of potential life lost by the age group 0-65 were calculated. In 1993, it was observed a rough increase of the rate that reached a value of 1.03 per 100,000 inhabitants. The highest rates were registered among those over 50. The high rate attained by males determined their general behavior. The incidence of this disease rose in October, November and June. The Isle of Youth special municipality and Las Tunas were the provinces with the greatest rates. The retired were the most affected followed by the factory and agricultural workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human leptospirosis outbreak in the district of Ciego de Avila, Cuba].

Forty leptospirosis outbreaks occurred in Ciego de Avila province from 1980 to 1995. The main events involved in the outbreaks were floods, bathing in rivers and activities related to sugar cane and banana cultivation. The number of cases increased after June, with higher incidences reported in October and November. The most affected age groups were 10-14 years, 15-19 years and 30-34 years. Men were more affected than women. Students, people residing in the urban zone and farmers were the most affected groups. A total of 21 outbreaks out of 40 were confirmed by the microagglutination test and the remaining 19 by the hemolytic test. Pomona and Australis were the serogroups most frequently detected by microagglutination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Morpho-functional patterns of kidney injury in the experimental leptospirosis of the guinea-pig (L. icterohaemorrhagiae).

Thirty-seven guinea-pigs experimentally infected with a virulent strain of L. icterohaemorrhagiae, were submitted to a renal function study as evaluated through the maximal urinary concentration (MUC) test, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and afterwards had their kidneys examined by light and electron microscopy. Vascular changes were also studied after the administration of colloidal carbon as a marker. Through the MUC test and BUN determination, two groups of tubulo-interstitial lesions can be visualised, one in animals without renal sufficiency, manifested chiefly by cell edema with RE dilation and another, in animals with renal insufficiency, characterised not only by marked cell edema and mitochondrial changes, but also by proximal tubule regenerative aspects without overt tubular necrosis. Interstitial edema and focal nephritis was prominent in both groups, a finding which minimises their role in the pathogenesis of renal failure in experimental leptospirosis. Vascular injury, affecting the vessels of the renal microcirculation chiefly at the cortico-medular junction, was observed in both groups. Its severity and extension ran parallel to the intensity of the tubular injury. This suggests a simultaneous action of a noxious agent liberated by the leptospires over both structures, tubular damage being accentuated by the local circulatory changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Rat-bite acquired leptospirosis.

We report a case of leptospirosis in a boy following a rat-bite, an unusual mode of transmission for this infection. The use of antibiotics for fever following a rat-bite is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Acute renal failure caused by leptospirosis and Hantavirus infection in an urban hospital.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis (LS) and Hantavirus (HV) infection have many common clinical manifestations, including acute renal failure. In as much as clinical experience with these diseases is quite limited in urban centers, we identified cases of Leptospira and HV-induced acute renal failure and compared the clinical course and evolution of these diseases. METHODS: Patients hospitalized with acute renal failure, suspected to be caused by infection, were retrospectively studied over a 13-year period (1985-1998). Based on pertinent clinical data and positive serology, a total of 26 patients were included in the study, 17 patients with LS and 9 patients with HV infection. RESULTS: Both diseases presented as flu-like syndromes with high fever. In LS, 2 patients presented with acute meningitis and died soon after admission. Symptoms and signs from other organs began after the fifth day of illness. Jaundice occurred in 71% of LS patients but not in HV. Hemorrhagic phenomena occurred in both diseases but affected predominantly patients with icteric LS. Anuria or oliguria occurred in 76% of patients with LS and 78% with HV infection. Laboratory studies demonstrated minor transaminase elevations in all patients with LS and in 44% with HV. Hypoprothrombinemia or thrombocytopenia was uncommon, although disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed in 2 patients that had icteric Ls and major bleeding. Nephropathy was associated with haematuria in 71% with LS and all patients with HV. Proteinuria was evident in 35% of patients with LS compared to 78% with HV. Abnormal chest radiographs were seen in 24% with LS and in 33% with HV. In both diseases, aggressive supportive treatment was given, including hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in 4/26 patients. Of the 26 patients, 22 survived and four died. The latter all had LS, and the causes of death were meningitis and DIC with multiple organ failure. Follow-up, after 6 months, showed that renal function had returned to normal in the 22 survivors. CONCLUSION: It is important to include LS and HV infection in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. Both diseases present with flu-like symptoms and may be complicated by thrombotic microangiopathy with hemorrhagic phenomena and hepatic and pulmonary involvement. Jaundice should alert the physician to icteric LS, a severe disease associated with significant mortality that requires antimicrobial treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Antigens recognized by the human immune response to severe leptospirosis in Barbados.

Serum samples obtained from patients hospitalized in Barbados with severe leptospirosis were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblotting with leptospires that had been isolated from these patients. While serum samples taken a few days after onset of symptoms often showed no apparent correlation between MAT and EIA, later sequential serum samples produced similar profiles in both tests during the course of infection. Immunoblotting sonicate from Leptospira interrogans serovars arborea, copenhageni and bim with patients' sera, revealed reactions with a number of bands that corresponded with outer envelope components. These components included lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagella and other outer membrane proteins, in addition to a low-molecular-weight (MW) carbohydrate cross-reactive with members of the Leptospiraceae. IgM antibodies elicited in the first to second week after infection reacted mainly with LPS and the low-MW cross-reactive carbohydrate. Comparative analysis of isolates of the same serovar by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that while two serovar arborea isolates were identical, serovar bim isolates differed significantly from each other. This difference was also observed in comparative MAT testing.

Agglutination Tests↗