Folate and amine metabolites in senile dementia: a combined trial and biochemical study.
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Aged↗
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Femoral neuropathy in renal transplantation.
Acute femoral neuropathy after renal transplantation is an uncommon and rarely recognized complication. Recovery of the nerve is usual. Although rare, five cases have come to our attention in the past twenty years. A detailed clinical and electrophysiological analysis with a six month follow-up is presented. A review of sixteen other reported cases is also provided. The possible pathophysiology including direct compression and nerve ischemia, is discussed. We believe that nerve ischemia, possibly caused by a steal phenomenon, occurs in all cases following the anastomosis of the graft renal artery to the internal iliac artery, with a superimposed component of compression in some cases. The severity of ischemia probably determines the degree of recovery.
Adolescent↗
Synthesis of highly water-soluble fluorescent conjugated glycopoly(p-phenylene)s for lectin and Escherichia coli.
Two facile, convenient, and versatile synthetic approaches are used to covalently attach carbohydrate residues to conjugated poly(p-phenylene)s (PPPs) for highly water-soluble PPPs bearing alpha-mannopyranosyl and beta-glucopyranosyl pendants (polymers A and B), which highly fluoresce in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The post-polymerization functionalization approach is to treat bromo-bearing PPP (polymer 1) with 1-thiolethyl-alpha-D-mannose tetraacetate or 1-thiol-beta-D-glucose tetraacetate in THF solution in the presence of K(2)CO(3) at room temperature through formation of thioether bridges, affording polymer 2a or 2b. The prepolymerization functionalization approach is to polymerize a well-defined sugar-carrying monomer, affording polymer 2a. Polymers 2a and 2b were deacetylated under Zemplén conditions in methanol and methylene chloride containing sodium methoxide, affording polymers A and B, respectively. The multivalent display of carbohydrates on the fluorescent conjugated glycopolymer overcomes the characteristic low binding affinity of the individual carbohydrates to their receptor proteins. Titration of concanavalin A (Con A) to alpha-mannose-bearing polymer A resulted in significant fluorescent quenching of the polymer with Stern-Volmer quenching constant of 4.5 x 10(7). Incubation of polymer A with Escherichia coli (E. coli) lead to formation of fluorescently stained bacterial clusters. Beta-glucose-bearing polymer B displayed no response to Con A and E. coli.
Biocompatible Materials↗
A redox-mediated molecular brake: dynamic NMR study of 2-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]isoindolin-1-one and S-oxidized counterparts.
A redox-mediated molecular brake based on the sulfide-sulfoxide redox cycle is illustrated by modulation of the rotation rate of an N-Ar "shaft" by varying the oxidation state of sulfur in 2-[2-(sulfur-substituted)phenyl]isoindolin-1-ones. N-Ar rotational barriers in methylsulfinyl (2) and methylsulfonyl (3) derivatives (13.6 kcal mol(-1)) are approximately 5 kcal mol(-1) higher than sulfide 1. Rate reduction for N-Ar rotation is approximately 10(4) s(-1) (280 K) upon oxidation. Correlated N-pyramidalization/N-Ar rotation reduces the effectiveness of the brake by decreasing the energy barrier to N-Ar bond rotation.
Journal Article↗
Simple thiazocine-2-acetic acid derivatives via ring-closing metathesis.
A new protocol for synthesis of 2-heterocylylacetic acid derivatives involving conjugate addition of allyl mercaptan to an acrylate containing a tethered olefinic site followed by RCM (ring-closing metathesis) is described. In this series, sulfanyl derivatives were unreactive, while sulfoxide and sulfone analogues provided the corresponding thiazocines in fair to excellent yields. Use of the sulfoxide oxidation state as a protecting group for sulfides inert to RCM is demonstrated also. Thus, oxidation of sulfide 9 [N-allyl-N-[2-(allylthio)-4-(1H-indol-1-yl)-4-oxobutyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide] followed by cyclization yielded the corresponding thiazocine sulfoxide 12. Deprotection (deoxygenation) of 12 was accomplished using Lawesson's reagent, producing 1-[[4-[4-(methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3,4,5,8-tetrahydro-2H-1,4-thiazocin-2-yl]acetyl]-1H-indole (21) in 67% unoptimized yield.
Journal Article↗
[CME sonography 7. Pelvic pain in physical stress].
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Adult↗
The effects of internal versus external information processing on symptom perception in an exercise setting.
The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of internal versus external attentional focus on symptom perception and performance in an exercise setting. Fifteen introductory psychology undergraduates ran 1 mile under each of three experimental conditions: "word-cue," in which subjects were required to focus externally by listening for a target word heard repeatedly over headphones; "breathing," in which subjects were directed to attend to their own breathing and heart rate; and a control. Results indicated that participants reported significantly less symptomatology, particularly exercise-relevant symptoms, in the word-cue condition than in the breathing or control conditions. The findings are discussed with reference to previous theory in this area, and methodological differences between this and earlier research are delineated.
Adolescent↗
Diaphragmatic paralysis in extremely low birthweight neonates: Is waiting for spontaneous recovery justified?
Mortality and morbidity associated with surgical management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in neonates has been reported to vary from 0% to 44%. Complications like pneumothorax, pleural effusion, recurrent nerve and phrenic nerve injury are associated with surgical closure of PDA. An extremely low birthweight neonate with diaphragmatic paralysis following phrenic nerve injury during surgical closure of PDA is reported. Delay in diaphragmatic plication for over two weeks while waiting for spontaneous recovery was associated with significant morbidity including chronic lung disease. The controversies associated with timing of diaphragmatic plication in high-risk neonates are discussed.
Adult↗
Unusual presentation of neonatal Behcets disease.
Intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal transient mucocutaneous lesions ("transient Behcet syndrome") have been reported in pregnancies complicated by Behcets disease (BD). Neonatal neurological manifestations have not been reported in such pregnancies. Vascular and neurological involvement is known to worsen the prognosis in adults with BD. The clinical course and outcome of a 34-weeks' gestation neonate born to a mother with BD is reported. Progressive recovery from minimal respiratory distress syndrome was followed by catastrophic presentation on 6th day of life with generalized seizures. Cranial ultrasound revealed multiple hyperechoic lesions in the frontal, parietal, and periventricular regions with a few surrounded by a ring of reduced echogenicity suggesting haemorrhage into ischemic areas. Death occurred after withdrawal of life support on Day 9, after extensive discussions with parents in view of the progressive deterioration in the neonates' general condition and the cranial ultrasound findings. Strong family history of BD, clinical course, and laboratory results (no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, normal levels of protein C and S, absence of factor V Leiden and anticardiolipin antibodies) suggested neurological manifestations of BD as the most probable diagnosis.
Adult↗
The effects of strength training, cardiovascular training and their combination on flexibility of inactive older adults.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training, strength training and their combination on joint range of motion of inactive older individuals. Thirty-two inactive older men (65 - 78 yr) were assigned to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): control (C), strength training (ST), cardiovascular training (CT), and combination of strength and aerobic training (SA). Subjects in the S, A, and SA trained three times a week for 16 weeks. ST included 10 resistance exercises for the major muscle groups at an intensity of 55 - 80% of 1-RM and CT included walking/jogging at 50 - 80 % of maximal heart rate. Body weight and height, physical activity level and maximal oxygen uptake (.VO(2)max) were measured before the training period. Isokinetic (60 and 180 deg x sec(-1)) and concentric strength (1-RM in bench and leg press) were assessed prior to and at the end of the training period. Hip flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, shoulder extension, flexion, and adduction, knee flexion, elbow flexion and sit-and-reach score were determined before and at 8 and 16 weeks of training. There were no differences between groups in .VO(2)max, body weight, and height (p < 0.05). ST and SA but not CT and C increased isokinetic and concentric strength at the end of the training period (p < 0.05). ST and SA increased significantly (p < 0.05) sit-and-reach performance, elbow flexion, knee flexion, shoulder flexion and extension and hip flexion and extension both at mid- and post-training. CT increased (p < 0.05) only hip flexion and extension at post training. Results indicate that resistance training may be able to increase range of motion of a number of joints of inactive older individuals possibly due to an improvement in muscle strength.
Aged↗
[Bilateral stress fracture of the medial femoral neck].
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Adult↗
Mucosal (secretory) immune system responses to exercise of varying intensity and during overtraining.
Athletes are susceptible to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) during intense training and after major competition; high rates of URTI have also been associated with the overtraining syndrome (staleness). Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), the predominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretion, is a major effector of resistance against pathogenic microorganisms causing URTI. Previous work has shown that salivary IgA levels decrease after a single bout of intense prolonged exercise. The purpose of these studies was to examine the IgA response to various exercise conditions. Whole, unstimulated saliva was obtained before and after exercise. IgA concentration (microgram.mg protein-1) was measured by ELISA and IgA secretion rate (microgram.min-1) calculated. Study 1: Recreational joggers ran on a treadmill for 40 min at 55% and 75% VO2peak and competitive distance runners ran for 90 min at the same intensites. In both groups, IgA secretion rate did not change significantly after exercise at either intensity. Study 2: Competitive runners ran on a treadmill for 90 min at 75% VO2peak on 3 consecutive days. IgA secretion rate decreased 20 to 50% after exercise (p < .001). Post-exercise IgA secretion rates were significantly lower (p < .05) on days 2 and 3 compared with day 1. Study 3: Elite swimmers were followed over a 6 month season, with IgA concentration measured at 5 times. Throughout the season, IgA concentration was significantly (p < .05) lower in stale compared with well-trained swimmers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Plasma lipid levels in active and sedentary premenopausal females.
Cross-sectional data on 19 long-distance runners (LD), 17 aerobic dancers (AD), 19 recreational joggers (RJ), and 15 inactive controls (IC) were examined for cardiovascular endurance and determination of plasma lipoproteins. Subjects included premenopausal eumenorrheic females who were non-smokers and presently not using oral contraceptives. Results indicated that all groups were similar in age, height and weight. Only the AD group had a significantly lower percent body fat (p less than .001) than the other groups. The LD, AD and RJ groups had a significantly higher VO2max than the IC group (p less than .05), and the LD and AD groups had a significantly higher VO2max than the RJ group (p less than .05). Analysis of a one-day food log indicated that the only difference in diet among the groups was a significantly lower intake of total and monounsaturated fat in the AD group (p less than .05) and a significantly lower intake of carbohydrates in the IC group than the AD group (p less than .05). Analysis of plasma lipids revealed no significant differences in any lipid variables among the groups. These findings indicate that healthy premenopausal eumenorrheic females with similar physical characteristics also have similar plasma lipid profiles regardless of their physical activity level.
Adult↗
Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: report of two cases.
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIAn) is a rare condition characterized by giant urticaria, angioedema and acute gastrointestinal symptoms that develops on exertion. In the most severe forms it may be associated with acute cardiorespiratory symptoms (laringeal stridor, wheezing), profound hypotension or syncope. In some individuals, EIAn characteristically occurs after a meal suggesting that the anaphylactic reaction is provoked by both exercise and ingestion of a foodstuff to which the patient has become sensitized. Two representative cases of severe food-dependent EIAn are described, which emphasize the need of performing a careful allergological evaluation in sportsmen with unexplained cardiovascular and/or respiratory symptoms during effort, especially when associated with other allergic manifestations and/or occurring in the post-prandial period.
Adult↗
[Corrections of and within the athletic shoe].
The footprint is unique to every human. Because of this, the ideal shoe should be constructed in such a way as to afford the foot enough space. Many sportsmen become problems in the lower extremities that can lead to stress fractures because the industrially made sportshoe is made for the average person. In order to reduce or even avoid these problems, corrections can be made on the shoe parts such as on the sole, the heel, the pad or the high-tops. According to the measurements we have made of the foot with the hydraulic principle according to Ernst and the use of a special innersole (F-Scan, produced bei Tenscan Inc.). These have shown that at lower speeds (9 km/h) the shock absorption from the foot is such as to relieve the tension of the orthostatic system. Where as at higher speeds (14 km/h) the absorbtion produces more tension leading to an overload on the foot. This can be measured through the innersole tension and form, so that even through manipulation compensation cannot be achieved.
Athletic Injuries↗
[Treadmill versus field trial. Movement analysis and pressure distribution in the athletic shoe].
Our current knowledge on interactions between runner and runningshoe is mainly based on treadmill measurements. In order to reveal stress load and adaptation on playing surfaces it was necessary to develop a combined measuring device out of 3-D video motion analysis and portable pressure measurement system. By means of a motor driven cart moving parallel to the subject with comparable position of cameras to the treadmill test it was possible to set up an identical trial for track and field. 12 subjects (male, age 24-32, size 9) were tested at a speed of 2.8 m/s. The varying conditions were treadmill and grass and two different constructed running shoes. 200 cycles and over 1000 steps were analyzed. The quantitative analysis of 37 parameters describing the contact phase was performed using the wilcoxon test for paired samples.-A qualitative comparison of running styles was introduced by using angle-angle-diagrams (knee and ankle by 3-D data) similar to those first described for 2-D by P.R. Cavanagh in 1973. It showed a huge interindividual variability under same conditions. Comparing the angle-angle-diagrams for the four different running conditions it was possible to classify them into three characteristic groups: non-adaptors, surface-adaptors and shoe-adaptors. Comparing track and field to treadmill measurements significant differences were found for the knee at impact: On treadmill the initial knee angle was 4.6 degrees more extended at a 13% higher angle velocity and a 30% higher angle deceleration (sig. p less than 0.05). A 7.3% higher impulse was found on grass at a 5.9% higher step length. No difference in maximum pressure was found. These results show that adaptation is performed mainly by the knee. Changing the motion pattern the knee seems to be capable of homogenizing the different stress loads to the foot. Comparing the running shoes significant differences were found in the motion of the ankle: a controversial behaviour was found to be on treadmill and grass. The pressure data revealed significant differences for the treadmill test to be in the heel area, for grass in the arch area. This points to an--up to now--unknown importance of the arch on unplain surfaces that are obviously influenced by the construction of the shoe and are not accessible by treadmill tests. The described different behaviour of shoes in treadmill and track and field tests points out the reduced validity of single treadmill tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adult↗
Improved insulin sensitivity in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after physical training.
To estimate physical training effects quantitatively, the relationship between tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin (glucose metabolism determined by euglycemic insulin-clamp technique) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was defined in 9 well-trained athletes and 14 untrained subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin in the athletes was significantly higher than in the controls (P less than 0.001). Seven untrained subjects continued the physical exercise program. After physical training for 1 month, glucose metabolism increased from 40.3 +/- 3.9 mumol/kg/min to 42.2 +/- 4.4 mumol/kg/min (P less than 0.05) and VO2 max also increased significantly (P less than 0.05). During euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, both plasma FFA (P less than 0.001) and glycerol (P less than 0.05) decreased rapidly after physical training. Glucose metabolism directly correlated with VO2 max (P less than 0.001). These results suggest that the euglycemic insulin-clamp technique provides a reliable estimate of training effects, tissue sensitivity to physiologic hyperinsulinemia is 46% higher in trained athletes, and physical training improves insulin sensitivity not only in glucose metabolism but also in lipid metabolism.
Adolescent↗
Insulin sensitivity in joggers: evaluation by mini-dose insulin infusion test.
Insulin sensitivity in seven joggers was evaluated by a minidose insulin infusion test. The results were compared to those of 22 healthy nonjoggers with a mean body weight within +/- 115% of ideal body weight. The mean increase over base line of the individual steady-state insulin levels were delta 25 microU/ml (range 15-42 microU/ml) for controls and delta 16 microU/ml (range 11.2-23.4 microU/ml) for the joggers. The smaller incremental rise in insulin concentration most likely is due to an increased insulin turnover. The declines in glucose concentrations from 10 min after the infusion began to a nadir were similar in controls (28 +/- 2.4 mg/dl) and in the joggers (33.7 +/- 3.6 mg/dl). However, the insulin sensitivity index, defined as the rate of plasma glucose decline divided by the increment rise in insulin, was clearly higher in the joggers (0.098 +/- 0.009 vs 0.057 +/- 0.005, P less than 0.05). We conclude that the joggers as a group are more sensitive to insulin. The simplicity of a mini-dose insulin infusion should be useful in longitudinal studies where the effect of physical training on insulin sensitivity may be of interest.
Adult↗