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PubMed1984

[Psychopathometric cross sectional study in aged chronic schizophrenic patients].

This study aimed at determining the different test behaviour of aged chronic schizophrenics compared with acutely schizophrenic patients. 198 patients were examined who fulfilled the criteria of diagnosis of schizophrenia according to K. Schneider, who were more than 60 years old, and whose IQ was over 60. The author used the MWT Intelligence Test (Erlangen), the Syndrome Test Method, MMPI, Tree Test, Defect Test Battery according to Kinzel, and the Shape Interpretation Test after Rorschach. 158 of these patients passed all the tests. The results confirm the author's assumption that test profiles of chronic schizophrenics are different in aged patients from these obtained in acute schizophrenia. There was also no similarity to the results obtained in persons who suffered from organic defects. It is concluded that the test methods described here cannot be employed for confirming schizophrenia as diagnosis in chronic schizophrenics and in aged, relapsed patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Neurological and psychological evolution of adolescents with vertical transmission HIV infection].

AIM: Personal experience in a sample group of children with AIDS vertically transmitted followed from birth to adolescence (out of 56 cases with documented HIV infection, 9 who have reached the age of 13 have been studied) is presented. METHODS: The evaluation protocol includes: hematochemical, serological and virological tests to monitor the infectious status, as well as annual EEG, CT/MRI scan to detect anatomical alteration of CNS, neurological examination, intelligence test (WISC-R), interview and projective test (Blacky Pictures) to investigate emotional situation. RESULTS: As to the status of the disease, according to the CDC classification, 2 patients are asymptomatic, 2 paucisymptomatic, 2 with moderate symptoms, 2 severely symptomatic; 1 patient died due to progressive encephalopathy. Of the 2 severely symptomatic cases, 1 presents cortical atrophy and the other basal nuclei calcifications. No one of them has clinical signs of encephalopathy. All patients receive anti-retroviral medications. From tests and interviews emotional problem-emerge, future is seen as menacing and insidious, and defensive mechanisms are fragile and inconstant; denial can lead to a refusal of the pharmacological therapy; families themselves often refuse medical staff the consent to communicate the diagnosis fearing that this could induce unbearable anguish. CONCLUSIONS: It seems important that patients are informed, considering their capacity to make front to the communication, even if one must bear in mind that understanding and accepting the diagnosis may be a long and painful process requiring a long time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dextroamphetamine enhances "neural network-specific" physiological signals: a positron-emission tomography rCBF study.

Previous studies in animals and humans suggest that monoamines enhance behavior-evoked neural activity relative to nonspecific background activity (i.e., increase signal-to-noise ratio). We studied the effects of dextroamphetamine, an indirect monoaminergic agonist, on cognitively evoked neural activity in eight healthy subjects using positron-emission tomography and the O15 water intravenous bolus method to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Dextroamphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) or placebo was administered in a double-blind, counterbalanced design 2 hr before the rCBF study in sessions separated by 1-2 weeks. rCBF was measured while subjects performed four different tasks: two abstract reasoning tasks--the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), a neuropsychological test linked to a cortical network involving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other association cortices, and Ravens Progressive Matrices (RPM), a nonverbal intelligence test linked to posterior cortical systems--and two corresponding sensorimotor control tasks. There were no significant drug or task effects on pCO2 or on global blood flow. However, the effect of dextroamphetamine (i.e., dextroamphetamine vs placebo) on task-dependent rCBF activation (i.e., task - control task) showed double dissociations with respect to task and region in the very brain areas that most distinctly differentiate the tasks. In the superior portion of the left inferior frontal gyrus, dextroamphetamine increased rCBF during WCST but decreased it during RPM (ANOVA F (1,7) = 16.72, p < 0.0046). In right hippocampus, blood flow decreased during WCST but increased during RPM (ANOVA F(1,7) = 18.7, p < 0.0035). These findings illustrate that dextroamphetamine tends to "focus" neural activity, to highlight the neural network that is specific for a particular cognitive task. This capacity of dextroamphetamine to induce cognitively specific signal augmentation may provide a neurobiological explanation for improved cognitive efficiency with dextroamphetamine.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of a headset leakage on speech intelligibility in helicopter noise.

INTRODUCTION: Speech intelligibility tests in recorded helicopter noise were performed on 10 subjects with normal hearing, using a Peltor aviation headset. The subjects acted as their own controls, a pair of sunglasses being the only variable factor. METHODS: Noise levels were also measured at the tympanic membrane in one of the test subjects for 7 consecutive fittings of the headset, with and without glasses. RESULTS: Results showed a substantial decrease in speech intelligibility when wearing glasses, being most marked for critical signal-to-noise ratios and the most difficult speech material. Changes were statistically highly significant. Average speech intelligibility scores decreased from 68% to 29% for one-syllable words when wearing glasses at critical signal-to-noise ratios. Noise measurements at the tympanic membrane in one subject showed a low-frequency leakage varying between consecutive fittings. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that even small leakages due to fitting of the headset or helmet should be avoided, particularly in noisy aircraft with communication-demanding mission profiles.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training-induced changes in performance self concept and cognitive abilities in the aged].

204 healthy elderly subjects (age range 65-85) participated in a training and retest programme leading to marked performance increases in two types of fluid intelligence tests (figural relations and inductive thinking). Effects of testing and training on self-perceived abilities and competence beliefs were measured on a battery of more and less situation-specific, task-related self-report instruments. The strongest and most consistent positive changes in self-concept of abilities attributable to training were found on judgements of task-related self-efficacy and beliefs in personal utility of acquired competence. Judgements of ability as causes for success and failure in future tests were also affected. The results support the view that fluid ability training is a valuable instrument to increase subjective as well as objective efficacy in thinking related to fluid intelligence. Training can therefore be considered helpful in supporting compensatory efforts to counteract age-related losses in perceived as well as actual ability.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Childhood intelligence in relation to adult coronary heart disease and stroke risk: evidence from a Danish birth cohort study.

While recent studies have reported an inverse relation between childhood intelligence test scores and all-cause mortality in later life, the link with disease-specific outcomes has been rarely examined. Furthermore, the potential confounding effect of birthweight and childhood social circumstances is unknown. We investigated the relation of childhood intelligence with coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risk in a cohort of 6910 men born in 1953 in the Copenhagen area of Denmark. Events were ascertained from 1978 to 2000 using a cause-of-death register and hospital discharge records. There were 150 CHD (19 fatal; 131 non-fatal) and 93 stroke (4 fatal; 89 non-fatal) events during follow-up into mid-life. Childhood intelligence was inversely related to CHD with the highest rate apparent in adults with low childhood test scores (HR(lowest vs. highest quartile), 2.70; 95% confidence interval: 1.60, 4.57; P(trend) = 0.0001). After adjustment for paternal social class and birthweight, this association was attenuated only marginally. There was little evidence of a IQ-stroke relationship. The cognitive characteristics captured by IQ testing in the present study, such as communication and problem solving ability, appear to be associated with risk of CHD. Health promotion specialists and clinical practitioners may wish to consider these skills in their interactions with the general public. Replication of these results using studies which hold data on intelligence and socio-economic position across the life course is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Brain alterations in the classical form of congenital muscular dystrophy. Clinical and neuroimaging follow-up of 12 cases and correlation with the expression of merosin in muscle.

In the classical form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), subclinical brain involvement is frequent. In order to establish the natural evolution of CNS alterations in this type of CMD, the cerebral functions of 12 cases were examined longitudinally for a mean period of 8 years. There were 7 boys and 5 girls, with a mean age of 5 years at first evaluation and 13 at the last one. Merosin expression in muscle fiber basement membrane, evaluated in 10 of them, was normal in 6 and deficient in 4. CNS conditions were followed up by repeated neuropsychiatric examinations, intelligence tests, EEG and brain CT scan and/or MRI. Eight of the 12 patients (including the 4 with merosin-deficiency) had normal intelligence, while 4 had mild to moderate mental retardation: in all the intellectual ability was unchanged during the follow-up study. CT scan detected minor brain alterations in 9 patients: 6 of these, the 4 with merosin deficiency and 2 others in whom merosin was not evaluated, presented leukoencephalopathy: on neuroimaging reappraisal it was unchanged in 3, improved in 2 and worse in 1 (a merosin-deficient case). Cerebellar alterations or mild ventricular dilatation were detected in 8 cases, including 3 merosin-non-deficient ones: these abnormalities were unchanged at the last study by CT and MRI, as were the normal neuroimaging findings observed in 3 other cases. Overall, during our study the brain alterations found in classical CMD showed a stationary or an improving course; progressive worsening was observed only in 1 of 4 merosin-deficient cases with leukoencephalopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

An adaptive noise canceller for hearing aids using two nearby microphones.

An adaptive noise cancellation scheme based on two-stage adaptive filtering as proposed by Van Compernolle [Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (IEEE, New York, 1990)] was tested for two identical directional microphones mounted in an endfire configuration within a single behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aid. Speech intelligibility tests were carried out with two normal hearing subjects and three hearing aid users with moderate hearing losses, in a realistic test environment using open set words and sentences. A significant improvement, on average more than 5 dB, of speech reception threshold (SRT) in background noise was obtained.

Amplifiers, Electronic↗
PubMed2003

Individual differences in the expression of a "general" learning ability in mice.

Human performance on diverse tests of intellect are impacted by a "general" regulatory factor that accounts for up to 50% of the variance between individuals on intelligence tests. Neurobiological determinants of general cognitive abilities are essentially unknown, owing in part to the paucity of animal research wherein neurobiological analyses are possible. We report a methodology with which we have assessed individual differences in the general learning abilities of laboratory mice. Abilities of mice on tests of associative fear conditioning, operant avoidance, path integration, discrimination, and spatial navigation were assessed. Tasks were designed so that each made unique sensory, motor, motivational, and information processing demands on the animals. A sample of 56 genetically diverse outbred mice (CD-1) was used to assess individuals' acquisition on each task. Indicative of a common source of variance, positive correlations were found between individuals' performance on all tasks. When tested on multiple test batteries, the overall performance ranks of individuals were found to be highly reliable and were "normally" distributed. Factor analysis of learning performance variables determined that a single factor accounted for 38% of the total variance across animals. Animals' levels of native activity and body weights accounted for little of the variability in learning, although animals' propensity for exploration loaded strongly (and was positively correlated) with learning abilities. These results indicate that diverse learning abilities of laboratory mice are influenced by a common source of variance and, moreover, that the general learning abilities of individual mice can be specified relative to a sample of peers.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[A study of the P300 cognitive potential on mental deficiency in children].

The study of 36 cases of P300 Cognitive Potential (P300 CP) of mental deficiency children have been made. The results of examination were abnormal in 31 cases (85%). In the 31 cases the latency of P300 the cognitive waves (P300 CW) were prolonged, the amplitude were reduced and the P300 CW disordered. After discussion of the relation among the P300 CW, the intelligence quotient (IQ) and the EEG, it were pointed out that P300 CP is as sensitive, objective, valuable indexes for checking and testing intelligence of mental deficiency children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice on cognitive performance.

Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was introduced to our medical center in March 1971. To assess the influence of phototherapy on subsequent cognitive outcome, we compared the intelligence test scores at 17 years of age of subjects born 4 months before and 10 months after the introduction of phototherapy. The intelligence quotient score (mean +/- SE) at 17 years for 84 subjects with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was 108 +/- 2 for those treated by phototherapy and 107 +/- 2 for controls matched for gestational age and birth weight. The confounding effect on intelligence quotient scores of perinatal factors (bilirubin concentrations, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score) and demographic characteristics (ethnic origin, socioeconomic status, paternal education) was taken into account in a multiple logistic regression analysis by using a General Linear Models procedure. Phototherapy was found to have no independent effect on intelligence quotient scores after adjustment for the effect of confounding factors. We conclude that for full-term newborn infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, phototherapy had neither a beneficial nor an adverse effect on intellectual ability in late adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Establishing mental retardation in capital cases: a potential matter of life and death.

Psychological test obstacles to gaining the acceptance of a diagnosis of mental retardation in criminal defendants was described, and the use of the Revised Beta intelligence test with defendants who may be retarded was questioned. A possible modification of the adaptive behavior criterion for criminal defendants was suggested, and some thoughts on the appropriateness of the death penalty for persons with mental retardation were offered.

Capital Punishment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motor speech impairment in a case of childhood basilar artery stroke: treatment directions derived from physiological and perceptual assessment.

The perceptual and physiological characteristics of the speech of a nine year old child who suffered a basilar artery stroke at the age of five years were investigated using a battery of perceptual and physiological instrumental measures. Perceptual tests administered included the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment, a perceptual analysis of a speech sample based on a reading of the Grandfather Passage and a phonetic intelligibility test. Instrumental procedures included: spirometric and kinematic analysis of speech breathing; electroglottographic evaluation of laryngeal function, nasometric assessment of velopharyngeal function and evaluation of lip and tongue function using pressure transducers. Physiological assessment indicated the most severe deficits to be in the respiratory and velopharyngeal sub-systems with significant deficits in the articulatory sub-system, all of which resulted in severely reduced intelligibility. These results were compared and contrasted with the subject's performance on the perceptual assessment battery. In a number of instances the physiological assessments were able to identify deficits in the functioning of components of the speech production apparatus either not evidenced by the perceptual assessments or where the findings of the various perceptual assessments were contradictory. The resulting comprehensive profile of the child's dysarthria demonstrated the value of using an assessment battery comprised of both physiological and perceptual methods. In particular, the need to include instrumental analysis of the functioning of the various subcomponents of the speech production apparatus in the assessment battery when defining the treatment priorities for children with acquired dysarthria is highlighted. Treatment priorities determined on the basis of both the perceptual and physiological assessments for the present CVA case are discussed.

Basilar Artery↗
PubMed2005

Intelligibility of bone-conducted ultrasonic speech.

Ultrasound can be perceived through bone conduction by the profoundly deaf as well as by normal-hearing subjects. Moreover, speech signals modulated onto ultrasound can be detected through bone conduction. This study explored how well listeners can understand ultrasonic speech and the confusion patterns to evaluate and improve bone-conducted ultrasonic hearing. The intelligibility of Japanese words classified by familiarity and Japanese monosyllables with bone-conducted ultrasound was investigated. Results showed that the intelligibility of familiar words was higher than that of unfamiliar words. Further, the results of a monosyllable intelligibility test with bone-conducted ultrasound and those of a test with air-conducted sound showed a similar pattern of speech recognition with regard to the errors made. The relationship between speech intelligibility and sound level showed that the increase in the intelligibility of bone-conducted ultrasonic speech did not exceed the increase in the intelligibility of air-conducted speech as the sound level rose.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of three hearing aid fittings using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) Test.

This study compared the effects of three different hearing aids on subjective ratings of speech intelligibility. Insertion gain measurements on KEMAR indicated that the hearing aid fittings differed primarily in midfrequency gain. The test passages of the Speech Intelligibility Rating Test (SIR) were recorded onto tape through each hearing aid. The processed passages were presented monaurally to 13 subjects with hearing loss limited to frequencies above 2000 Hz. They rated five passages through each frequency responses (FR) in a randomized order. Each subject was retested within 2 or 3 days to assess test-retest reliability. Results indicated that the FR with the most midfrequency amplification did not differ significantly from the aid with the least amount of midfrequency gain. However, the FR with intermediate midfrequency gain received significantly lower ratings than did FR with most gain. Examination of the data from individual subjects indicated that the SIR results did not show differences among the FRs for the majority of subjects.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive enhancement therapy improves emotional intelligence in early course schizophrenia: preliminary effects.

This research examined the preliminary effects of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) on social cognition in early course schizophrenia, using an objective, performance-based measure of emotional intelligence. Individuals in the early course of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either CET (n=18) or Enriched Supportive Therapy (n=20), and assessed at baseline and after 1 year of treatment with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. A series of analyses of covariance showed highly significant (p=.005) and large (Cohen's d=.96) effects favoring CET for improving emotional intelligence, with the most pronounced improvements occurring in patients' ability to understand and manage their own and others' emotions. These findings lend preliminary support to the previously documented benefits of CET on social cognition in schizophrenia, and suggest that such benefits can be extended to patients in the early course of the illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

A single-microphone-based self-adaptive filter of noise from speech and its performance evaluation.

This paper discusses a single-microphone-based self-adaptive filter of environmental noise from speech. This filter, based on the work of Graupe (3) and of Graupe and Causey (4), has been incorporated in standard in-the-ear (ITE) and in behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids by several hearing aid manufacturers. Intelligibility tests by the authors and by independent researchers are presented in this paper to illustrate the filter's performance. Significant monosyllabic-word-list intelligibility improvements are shown in hearing-impaired and in normal-hearing subjects for virtually any environmental noise, including white noise, babble (interfering background conversations), cafeteria noise, high-frequency noise, and low-frequency noise at signal-to-noise ratios to below -20 dB.

Acoustics↗