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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Immunomodulation by altered gastrointestinal tract flora. The effects of orally administered, killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas on systemic immune responses.

We investigated the role of microbial products from the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of immunosuppression in critical illness. Rats were gavaged daily for three weeks with killed Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida, and Pseudomonas--organisms frequently isolated from the upper gastrointestinal tract of the critically ill patient; nonspecific immunity was measured by the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. Gavage with either Pseudomonas or Candida resulted in significant suppression of DTH responses, while gavage with S epidermidis produced modest enhancement of DTH. Animals given Pseudomonas demonstrated impaired ability to localize a subcutaneous Staphylococcus aureus challenge and decreased IgM but enhanced anti-Pseudomonas IgA and IgG responses after intraperitoneal immunization. Pulmonary bacterial clearance at seven days was normal. These findings suggest that gut colonization with Candida or Pseudomonas may contribute to impairment of cell-mediated immunity in the critically ill patient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

L-Carnitine dissimilation in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat.

Results of previous studies in this laboratory and others have suggested that L-carnitine is degraded in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat, perhaps by the action of indigenous flora. L-[methyl-14C]Carnitine was administered to rats either orally or intravenously in doses of 86 nmol or 124 mumol, and expired air, 48-h urine and fecal collections, and selected tissues at 48 h after isotope administration were examined for radiolabeled carnitine and metabolites. Urine and feces of rats receiving oral L-[methyl-14C]carnitine consistently contained two radiolabeled metabolites which were identified as trimethylamine N-oxide (primarily in urine) and gamma-butyrobetaine (primarily in feces). In these rats, these metabolites accounted for up to 23% and 31% of the administered dose, respectively. By contrast, for rats receiving intravenous L-[methyl-14C]carnitine or germ-free rats receiving the isotope orally or intravenously, virtually all of the radioactivity recovered was in the form of carnitine. Analyses for 14CO2 and [14C]trimethylamine in expired air revealed little or no (less than 0.1% of dose) conversion to these compounds, regardless of size of dose or route of administration. Results of this study demonstrate conclusively that L-carnitine is degraded in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat and that indigenous flora are responsible for these transformations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The derivation and use of mice which do not harbour lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract.

Penicillin treatment used in conjunction with germfree technology has allowed the derivation of a colony of BALB/c mice which do not harbour lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract. The animals continue to harbour Gram-negative anaerobes and coliforms, but not enterococci or filamentous segmented ileal microbes. Isolates of lactobacilli from rodents were able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the mice; and isolate from a fowl could not establish in these animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Healing of the anastomosis in various suture techniques in the gastrointestinal tract. Physiology, experimental and clinical results].

New and further development of anastomoses induce new orientation for selection and indication of the several suture procedures in the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the wound healing principles, the different techniques are evaluated experimentally and in clinical tests. The results allow to discriminate indications for the different suture techniques. For the gastrointestinal tract the technique of choice is the serosubmucous single row suture with an absorbable 4.0 monofilament. For the esophagus and rectum, the stapled anastomosis offers more safety and better practicability than manual sutures. Studies have shown comparable results in colonic surgery for compression ring anastomoses. Additional procedures are of minor importance for the safety of anastomoses.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

The diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract injuries resulting from blunt trauma.

BACKGROUND: This review studies the efficacy of the methods of assessment of the abdomen in blunt trauma for the detection of gastrointestinal tract injuries (GITI). METHODS: MEDLINE searches of English language publications on the subjects of diagnostic peritoneal lavage, abdominal computed tomography (CT) in blunt trauma and gastrointestinal tract injuries between 1980 and 1998 were used to identify relevant material. Earlier publications were identified from reference lists. The methodology, data and conclusions of all studies were examined in detail. The contemporary roles of clinical assessment, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, CT and other diagnostic modalities in detection of significant GITI were determined based on the best available evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The most accurate and safest methods of assessment of the abdomen in haemodynamically unstable patients with suspected abdominal injuries following blunt trauma are immediate laparotomy or diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL). The goal of assessment of the abdomen in stable patients is to accurately define the site and extent of intra-abdominal injury, in order that further management may be tailored to the specific injuries. The most recent evidence suggests that CT of the abdomen fulfils these criteria better than the other modalities of assessment available. The risk of overlooking a significant GITI on CT scan is minimal provided that unexplained free fluid, bowel wall thickening or enhancement, mesenteric fat streaking and bowel dilatation are taken as evidence of GITI. When scan quality is suboptimal or expert interpretation is unavailable, DPL is recommended. Fully cooperative patients with negligible abdominal signs can be safely observed clinically.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1984

Enzymatic maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and its relevance to food allergy and intolerance in infancy.

The biologic clock that determines the temporal sequence of maturation of digestive and absorptive processes in the gastrointestinal tract is genetically predetermined, but may be modified by dietary, hormonal, or other factors. In general it may be said that the gastrointestinal tract of full-term neonates is capable of digesting and absorbing a nutritionally adequate quantity of dietary protein but capacity is limited. Very low birth weight preterm infants, who are surviving the early neonatal period in increasing numbers, have immaturity of a wide range of digestive and membrane-associated absorptive processes; in addition macromolecular absorption may be increased. Whether a limited capacity to digest food protein results in increased or altered antigenic stimulation of these immature infants remains speculative with present knowledge. Immaturity of intestinal lactase may lead to problems of lactose intolerance, but there is recent evidence that lactase activity may be inducible by milk feeding.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Multichannel digital recording of intraluminal temperature in the upper gastrointestinal tract of man: techniques and analyses.

A recording system has been developed to measure intraluminal temperature changes from six sites simultaneously in the upper gastrointestinal tract at rates up to 10 Hz from each site. The temperature probe contains six type K thermocouples mounted in 14 French gauge orogastric tube. The data is logged, after digital conversion and signal multiplexing, onto disc storage by a dedicated microcomputer. The fluctuating temperature profile, defined as temperature spikes, has been subjected to novel computer analysis to allow definition of temperature load and dissipation within the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. This system enables the effects of drinking and eating hot and cold foods on the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract to be studied accurately.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2000

[Human gastrointestinal tract mucins encoded by the MUC gene family].

Epithelial mucins, MUC gene products, are widely expressed in human organs such as airways, the urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts, and the eyes. MUC-type mucins have very large sizes and complex structures with very extensive O-glycosylation and are regarded as protective molecules. The aim of this review is to discuss mucin glycoproteins structure, biosynthesis and functions in normal and pathologically altered epithelial mucosa of human gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive System↗
PubMed1995

Molecular evidence links lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract with mantle cell lymphoma.

Lymphomatous polyposis (LP) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma manifested by numerous polyps affecting long segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The malignant cells of LP often share morphological and immunophenotypic similarity with cells of nodal-based mantle cell lymphoma. Recent genetic studies have shown that mantle cell lymphomas frequently possess a characteristic translocation of the JH/bcl-1 loci. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis were used to show the presence of JH/bcl-1 translocation in a typical case of LP of the gastrointestinal tract. This provides strong molecular evidence for a biologic link between LP and mantle cell lymphoma. The findings also imply that detection of this translocation may be useful in the diagnosis of morphologically equivocal gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

[AIDS and gastrointestinal tract: a summary for gastroenterologists and surgeons].

The majority of patients with Aids suffer from diarrhea and weight loss, as well as opportunistic infection and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract; endoscopy is frequently necessary. Often, but not always, it is possible to identify an opportunistic tumor or infection which explains the patient's signs and symptoms. In other cases, HIV may itself be pathogenic. The most important opportunistic pathogens are Candida albicans (stomatitis and esophagitis), cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus (esophagus, stomach, biliary system, colon), cryptosporidium (small intestine, biliary system), Isospora belli (small intestine), salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter (small and large intestine, septicemia), and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (liver, spleen, intestinal submucosa, and bacteremia). Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is frequent in Kaposi's sarcoma, though it is often asymptomatic. In contrast, gastrointestinal lymphomas are aggressive and rapidly progressive tumors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Absorption of ipsapirone along the human gastrointestinal tract.

Isapirone-HCl (5 mg) was administered orally, rectally and locally, by a remote control drug delivery device (HF-capsule) into different segments of the gastrointestinal tract, to four young healthy male adults. The relative systemic bioavailability of the drug from the colon and rectum was 2-3-fold greater than that from the upper gastrointestinal tract. This supports a rationale for a prolonged-release formulation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Influence of folate-binding protein from bovine milk on the absorption of folate in gastrointestinal tract of rat.

The absorption of [14C]pteroylglutamic acid (PteGlu) bound to the folate-binding protein of bovine milk was investigated in rat gastrointestinal tract in vivo and in situ. When bound [14C]PteGlu was given to rat intragastrically via oral intubation, a considerable amount of PteGlu was released from folate-binding protein under the acidic conditions in stomach, and it recombined with folate-binding protein in jejunum in vivo. Compared with free PteGlu, bound PteGlu was more gradually absorbed in small intestine, but finally the total amount of bound PteGlu absorbed was almost the same as that of free PteGlu. In all experiments in situ, bound PteGlu was only slightly absorbed in jejunum, where free PteGlu was rapidly absorbed under the same conditions. On the other hand, the absorption rates of the two forms of PteGlu were almost similar to each other in ileum. These results suggest that PteGlu bound to folate-binding protein is absorbed by a manner different from that of free PteGlu in rat gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on positive-contrast upper gastrointestinal tract examination in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acepromazine (ACE) and butorphanol (BUT) combination can be used for restraint of dogs during positive-contrast upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) examination. ANIMALS: 6 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: In a randomized crossover design study, weekly UGIT examinations were performed on each dog for 5 weeks after administration of normal saline solution (0.5 ml), xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or a combination of ACE (0.1 mg/kg) and 1 of 3 doses of BUT (0.05, 0.2, 1.0 mg/kg). Gastrointestinal tract emptying time, GI motility, pulse, respiratory rate, and quality of restraint were assessed. RESULTS: Total gastric emptying time was significantly prolonged by use of an ACE and BUT (0.05 mg/kg) combination. Xylazine and higher dosages of BUT significantly prolonged gastric and intestinal emptying times. All anesthetic protocols significantly decreased motility and facilitated nonmanual restraint. Xylazine and BUT (1.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased pulse and respiratory rate. CONCLUSION: The ACE and BUT combination prolonged GI tract emptying times, decreased GI motility, and facilitated nonmanual restraint for duration of the examination. Although GI motility was decreased and total gastric emptying time was prolonged, administration of ACE (0.1 mg/kg) plus BUT (0.05 mg/kg) allowed morphologic examination of the GI tract within 5 hours. Xylazine prolonged GI tract emptying, decreased GI motility, and provided good to excellent initial restraint. Clinical Relevance-The ACE and BUT combination prohibits functional examination of the GI tract; however, morphologic examination is possible when low dosages of BUT (0.05 mg/kg) are used.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of peptide YY in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat, dog, and monkey.

The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution and concentration of peptide YY (PYY) in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat, dog, and monkey. In the rat, the greatest concentration of PYY was detected in the ileum and colon. The concentrations of PYY in the ileum and colon were 72 +/- 49 and 768 +/- 180 ng/g tissue, respectively. In the dog, PYY was found primarily in extracts of the mucosal layer of the ileum and colon, with smaller amounts in the distal jejunum. The concentration of PYY in the mucosal layers of the canine distal jejunum was 113 +/- 25 ng/g tissue, proximal jejunum 302 +/- 56, mid jejunum 507 +/- 151, distal ileum 691 +/- 184, and colon 1706 +/- 774 ng/g tissue. In the monkey gastrointestinal tract, PYY was detected predominantly in mucosal extracts of the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The concentration of PYY in the mucosal layer extract of the jejunum was 92 +/- 23, ileum 615 +/- 127, and colon 1013 +/- 243 ng/g tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Inducible Cre-mediated control of gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract: effect of loss of beta-catenin.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A system for introducing specific gene mutations into the epithelia of the adult murine gastrointestinal tract by the transcriptional regulation of Cre recombinase is presented and applied to delete beta-catenin, a central mediator of Wnt signaling, within the small intestine (SI). METHODS: In a transgenic line (Ahcre), cre expression is inducible from a cytochrome P450 promoter element that is transcriptionally up-regulated in response to lipophilic xenobiotics such as beta-napthoflavone. RESULTS: Recombination at a lacZ reporter locus showed extensive expression of beta-galactosidase in liver, intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, esophagus, and stomach in response to beta-napthoflavone treatment. Expression patterns were stable in renewing epithelia for at least 6 months, implying that long-lived stem cells undergo recombination. Analysis of the intestinal epithelium showed dose responsiveness in the extent of recombination and that villus and crypt populations could be targeted differentially by varying the route of administration of beta-napthoflavone. The use of this system to delete beta-catenin in the SI caused crypt ablation, increased apoptosis, depleted numbers of goblet cells, and detachment of villus absorptive cells from the villus core as intact sheets. CONCLUSIONS: The Ahcre model provides a simple route for introducing specific gene mutations into many of the epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract of the mouse. It has been used here to show that beta-catenin is required for the maintenance of intestinal cell proliferation and is implicated in goblet cell differentiation and enterocyte-matrix attachment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

MR imaging of the gastrointestinal tract: value of Gd-DTPA.

To determine the value of gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) as an MR contrast material for the gastrointestinal tract, we obtained T1-, T2-, and proton-density-weighted MR scans of the abdomen in 20 volunteers before and after oral administration of the compound (10 ml/kg of a 0.5- or 1.0-mM solution). Gd-DTPA was given either alone or with mannitol (15 or 30 g/l). Opacification of the small bowel after the administration of 1.0 mM Gd-DTPA was superior to that achieved after administration of the 0.5-mM solution. In the absence of Gd-DTPA, the pancreas could be delineated partly in 11 cases. After administration of Gd-DTPA, the pancreas could be well differentiated from stomach and duodenum in 16 of 20 cases. In the absence of mannitol, two of the five subjects had homogeneous opacification of the entire small bowel. When Gd-DTPA was given with either 15 or 30 g mannitol/l, homogeneous opacification of the entire small bowel was obtained in nine of 10 volunteers. Diarrhea not discomforting to the volunteers was noted in four of 20 cases. No abnormal blood tests were recorded after administration of Gd-DTPA. The results suggest that oral administration of Gd-DTPA (1.0 mM) given with mannitol (15 g/l) is effective as an MR contrast agent for the gastrointestinal tract. The formulation was found to be safe in a small series of 20 volunteers.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Antacid vs sucralfate in preventing acute gastrointestinal tract bleeding in abdominal aortic surgery. A randomized trial in 50 patients.

We carried out a randomized, controlled trial of sucralfate vs antacid as prophylaxis against upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in 50 patients who had undergone abdominal aortic surgery. The groups were similar in age, sex, duration of prophylaxis, and number of risk factors per patient. No patient in the antacid group had upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. One patient in the sucralfate group had frank bleeding from the nasogastric tube; however, she also had a coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia. The bleeding stopped when these conditions were corrected. No complications occurred in the sucralfate group; five patients in the antacid group had minor complications. Sucralfate was as effective as antacid in this trial, and it resulted in a considerable saving in nursing time.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Vanilloid receptor (VR1) expression in vagal afferent neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract.

The vanilloid receptor VR1 is a nonselective cation channel activated by capsaicin as well as increases in temperature and acidity, and can be viewed as molecular integrator of chemical and physical stimuli that elicit pain. The distribution of VR1 receptors in peripheral and central processes of rat primary vagal afferent neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Forty-two percent of neurons in the nodose ganglia retrogradely labeled from the stomach wall expressed low to moderate VR1 immunoreactivity (VR1-IR). VR1-IR was considerably lower in the nodose ganglia as compared to the jugular and dorsal root ganglia. In the vagus nerve, strongly VR1-IR fibers ran in separate fascicles that supplied mainly cervical and thoracic targets, leaving only weakly VR1-IR fibers in the subdiaphragmatic portion. Vagal afferent intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) in the gastric and duodenal myenteric plexus did not express VR1-IR. Similarly, VR1-IR was contained in fibers running in perfect register with vagal afferents, but was not colocalized with horseradish peroxidase in the same varicosities of intramuscular arrays (IMAs) and vagal afferent fibers in the duodenal submucosa anterogradely labeled from the nodose ganglia. Only in the gastric mucosa did we find evidence for colocalization of VR1-IR in vagal afferent terminals. In contrast, many nerve fibers coursing through the myenteric and submucosal plexuses contained detectable VR1-IR, the majority of which colocalized calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. In the dorsal medulla there was a dense plexus of VR1-IR varicose fibers in the commissural, dorsomedial and gelatinosus subnuclei of the medial NTS and the lateral aspects of the area postrema, which was substantially reduced, but not eliminated on the ipsilateral side after supranodose vagotomy. It is concluded that about half of the vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract express low levels of VR1-IR, but that presence in most of the peripheral terminal structures is below the immunohistochemical detection threshold.

Animals↗