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At least 937 records · Page 52Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Computerized detection of supporting forelimb lameness in the horse using an artificial neural network.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether artificial neural networks could be used to determine equine lameness by computational means only. The integral parts of our approach were the combination of automated signal tracking of horses on a treadmill and the computational power of artificial neural networks (ANN). The motion of 175 horses trotting on a treadmill was recorded using the SELSPOT II system for motion analysis. Two cameras traced infrared (IR) markers on the head and on the left forehoof. The motion of the head was Fourier-transformed and further processed by a multilayer feedforward ANN, which was trained to distinguish healthy from pathological gaits and to quantify the lameness. The classification was correct in 78.6% of cases. In 12% of cases the network gave contradictory results, in 5.9% the network found no answers, and in 3.5% the answers were wrong. However after proper training, it is proposed that neural networks are potentially capable of making a non-human diagnosis of equine lameness.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effects of low spinal injury on the latencies of cortical evoked responses from forelimb stimulation.

A previous report showed that following spinal cord transaction well below the C7 level in cats, later components of the cortical somatic evoked potential (SEP) (40 msec or longer) produced in response to median or radial nerve stimulation were abnormal (Katz et al., 1977). Evidence presented here shows that early components of the radial nerve SEP are also altered following spinal cord transection. Latencies of both early and late components were increased as higher functional transections of the spinal cord were made. This monotonic increase in latency of the primary components supports the hypothesis that the results may be due to increasing loss of excitatory input. Correlation of latency change with level of injury may serve as a useful diagnostic tool.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The mouse mutation claw paw: forelimb deformity and delayed myelination throughout the peripheral nervous system.

We describe a murine autosomal recessive mutation claw paw (gene symbol clp), which in homozygous clp/clp mice produces striking abnormalities of limb posture within the first one or two postnatal days. Affected animals have delayed and abnormal myelination in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system, and also have persistently blocked myelination of small caliber axons that are myelinated in normal mice. Both abnormalities suggest that an important effect of the clp mutation is to impair the putative signaling mechanism by which an axon instructs a Schwann cell whether or not to myelinate it. The early onset of behavioral abnormalities in clp/clp mutant mice, as well as certain other features of the disorder, suggest that some effects of the clp gene are not accounted for by the pathological findings. The clp gene has been mapped to chromosome 7 near the Gpi-1 locus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Motor cortical muscimol injection disrupts forelimb movement in freely moving monkeys.

To investigate how GABAA inhibition in the motor cortex is involved in motor control in freely moving infant macaque monkeys, muscimol, a GABAA agonist, was injected into the hand motor area and changes in movement parameters of visual reaching during apple pickup tests or a delayed response task were examined. After the injection (30 micrograms microliters-1) the monkeys tended to use the contralateral hand, and the ipsilateral hand showed a posture of dropped wrist and fingers, as if the radial nerve were paralysed. Movement time and/or reaction time of the ipsilateral hand was prolonged. Motorcortical GABAA inhibition is important for initiation of smooth flexion and/or extension movement of the hand and fingers.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

An assessment of the peripheral antinociceptive potential of remoxipride, clonidine and fentanyl in sheep using the forelimb tourniquet.

A modification of the intravenous regional anaesthesia technique was used to assess the peripheral antinociceptive effect of remoxipride, clonidine and fentanyl. Drugs administered intravenously via peripheral catheters were restricted to the distal limb and nociceptive threshold test site by prior inflation of a tourniquet proximal to both the catheter and a threshold-testing device. Lignocaine (1 mg/kg) induced peripheral antinociception during tourniquet inflation. Clonidine (6 micrograms/kg) only induced significant elevations in thresholds after tourniquet deflation. A low dose of remoxipride (2 mg/kg), which had no systemic antinociceptive effect, produced antinociception after its restriction to the periphery. Peripheral administration of saline and tourniquet-induced restriction of blood flow to the distal limb did not alter threshold values. Peripheral administration of fentanyl was used to test a further modification of the injection protocol designed to reduce the incidence of leakage into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl administration (11.2 micrograms/kg) failed to elicit an increase in thresholds when it was restricted to the distal limb test site. The contribution of a peripheral mechanism to the antinociception induced by systemic administration of a higher remoxipride dose (7.5 mg/kg) was investigated using an inflated tourniquet to exclude remoxipride from the periphery. Exclusion of remoxipride from the periphery reduced its antinociceptive effect, i.e. threshold values were lower than if remoxipride was allowed free access to the limb prior to tourniquet inflation. The technique described here was effective in demonstrating that the increase in noninflammatory nociceptive thresholds seen with clonidine and fentanyl is not peripherally mediated whilst that seen with remoxipride has a peripheral component.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1987

A test of the punctuated-cycling hypothesis in Ambystoma forelimb regenerates: the roles of animal size, limb innervation, and the aneurogenic condition.

The punctuated-cycling (PC) hypothesis [39] predicts that the proportion of actively cycling (AC) cells within the blastema influences the rate of limb regeneration in urodele amphibians. To test this, we compared the rate of regeneration and the parameters of the PC hypothesis in small and large Ambystoma mexicanum larvae and in aneurogenic limbs of Ambystoma maculatum. Aneurogenic limbs regenerated more slowly than limbs of small axolotls, but considerably faster than limbs of large axolotls. Regardless of regeneration rates, virtually all blastema cells were in the proliferative fraction (Pf) (ranging from 92.3% +/- 4.2% to 96.2% +/- 3.4%). As predicted, in the blastemata of more rapidly regenerating small axolotls, 86% of the proliferative fraction was actively cycling, but as regeneration slowed, the proportion of the proliferative fraction that was actively cycling decreased (the AC of aneurogenic limbs being 69.5%, and that of large axolotl limbs being 57.3%) and the proportion of transiently quiescent cells increased. The parameters of the PC hypothesis were also examined in small axolotls at two different times during regeneration. During dedifferentiation and initial blastema formation, 61% of the cells in the proliferative fraction were actively cycling and 34% were transiently quiescent. During the rapid-growth phase of the blastema, 88% of the cells in the proliferative fraction were actively cycling and only 7% of the cells were transiently quiescent. It therefore appears that dedifferentiated cells do not immediately begin active cycling and that the transiently quiescent population is relatively large; however, during the period of rapid growth the proportion of transiently quiescent cells is small. In amputated/denervated limbs of small axolotls, the size of the proliferative fraction decreased as the length of the denervation interval increased. Furthermore, with prolonged denervation the total proportion of actively cycling blastema cells also declined (to about 15%). The failure of denervated limbs to regenerate was correlated with an increased nonproliferative fraction and a reduced proportion of actively cycling cells.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1990

Spinal nerve root origin of the median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves and their muscle nerve branches to the canine forelimb.

The contribution individual ventral spinal nerve roots made to the canine median nerve, ulnar nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and their muscle nerve branches was determined electrophysiologically. Each spinal nerve root was sequentially stimulated. Utilizing quantitative signal averaging techniques, the evoked potential was measured at each tested peripheral nerve. Evoked potential to the median nerve originated from the seventh cervical spinal root (C7) through the second thoracic spinal root (T2) with most input from C8 and T1. The ulnar nerve received evoked potential from C7-T2. Although T1 provided the major input to both the median and ulnar nerves, the relative contribution of T1 was greater in the ulnar nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve received input from ventral spinal roots C6-T1 with C6 and C7 providing most of the evoked potential. The ventral spinal roots which supplied the bulk of the evoked potential to a particular muscle nerve were consistent between individual dogs. Variation of evoked potential input was greatest from spinal roots which supplied less than 10% of the total potential.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral head) muscle flap for reconstruction of distal forelimb injuries in two dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle as a rotational flap for reconstruction of distal antebrachial, carpal, and metacarpal injuries in two dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Description of clinical cases. RESULTS: Local rotation of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle provided coverage of the carpal and carpometacarpal bones and joint structures exposed by soft tissue avulsion. CONCLUSIONS: The distal portion of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle can be used as a local muscle flap. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Early soft tissue coverage of large wounds to the carpal and metacarpal regions can be accomplished without resorting to a more technically difficult procedure, such as a free vascularized flap transfer.

Accidents, Traffic↗