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PubMed1975

Pathogenesis of in utero infection: experimental infection of five-week-old porcine fetuses with porcine parvovirus.

Injection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) into the allantoic fluid of 3 or 4 fetuses of each of 4 litters of PPV-immune gilts early in gestation (34 to 36 days) resulted in fetal maceration and mummification. A high concentration of virus demonstrated in many tissues of fetuses collected 1 week after initial intraallantoic exposure indicated extensive viral replication. Progressively lesser amounts of virus were isolated from tissues of macerated and mummified fetuses collected after longer intervals; however, direct examination of many of the same tissues by immunofluorescence microscopy revealed masses of viral antigen throughout. Abortion was not a sequela of infection of fetuses of immune gilts nor was either virus or viral antigen ever demonstrated in maternal tissues, including those contiguous with infected fetuses. Intrauterine transmission of PPV from fetuses exposed by intraallantoic injection of virus was only confirmed for 2 of the 18 littermate controls that were tested.

Allantois↗
PubMed2000

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in thymus and hypothalamus of rat fetuses: suppressing effect of antagonist and of antibodies on concanavalin A-induced proliferation of thymocytes.

The effect of endogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) on the proliferation induced by concanavalin A (Con A) in rat fetal thymocytes was studied. A selective antagonist (2 microg per fetus) or antibodies to LHRH (20 microl per fetus) were injected in utero into 20-day-old rat fetuses, and this resulted in a two- or fivefold decrease in the Con A-induced proliferation of thymocytes, respectively. In combined culture of the antagonist (10-5-10-6 M) with fetal thymocytes, the proliferative response was not decreased. The concentration of LHRH was determined by radioimmunoassay in tissues of immunocompetent organs and in blood serum of 18- and 21-day-old fetuses, and the hormone was found in the hypothalamus, thymus, and peripheral blood. The initially low level of LHRH in the thymus increased by 65 and 40%, respectively, on the first day after birth and became similar to the level in the hypothalamus. In the fetal blood serum, the LHRH level was significantly higher than in the thymus and hypothalamus of fetuses of the same age. The hormone concentration was greatest in the 18-day-old fetuses, and it decreased twofold by the 21st day. The findings indicate that LHRH is involved in regulation of T-cell immunity even during prenatal ontogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Chromatographic analyses of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolism in adult and fetal mice and the occurrence of conjugating enzymes in the fetus.

Adult pregnant mice were given i.v. injections of (3H)3-methylcholanthrene (20 muCi in 1.1 mug/mouse) or (14C)3-methylcholanthrene (1.0 muCi in 48 mug/mouse). Ethanol extracts of their tissues were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20. Three groups of 3-methylcholanthrene metabolites were obtained: one group as yet unidentified, one containing the hydrocarbon and hydroxylated derivatives, and a third consisting of conjugated metabolites from the treated adult mice and their fetuses. The conjugated metabolites in tissue and in bile were separated into two fractions; one was acted on by beta-glucuronidase and to a lesser extent by arylsulfatase, and the other was resistant to these enzymes but completely susceptible to acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis resulted in altered chromatographic behavior characteristic of the hydroxy compounds, which also appear in tissue. The enzyme-resistant conjugates were predominant in brain, muscle, and lung, and the enzyme-labile conjugates were predominant in the kidney, liver, and bile of adult mice. These conjugated metabolites were also demonstrated in fetal mice; some appeared in the fetus as early as the thirteenth day of gestation, the most immature fetus so far examined. The resistant group was predominant in the early developmental stages of the fetus and the susceptible group was increased in the excretory organs such as the kidney, liver, and contents of the intestinal tract as the fetuses approached term. transplacental transfer of conjugated metabolites from the mother to the fetus did not take place, although the parent 3-methylcholanthrene and its nonconjugated metabolites were transferred. We therefore assume that drug-metabolizing enzymes, including hydroxylases and conjugases, are active in the fetal mouse tissues as well as in the adult.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Fetus in fetu in an adult: diagnosis by computed tomography imaging.

The term "fetus-in-fetu" refers to a monozygotic, diamniotic twin that is incorporated into the body of another sibling early in embryonic development. A fetus in fetu is a differentiated mass that, in contrast to a teratoma, has a discrete spinal column and well developed internal organs. Most cases of fetus-in-fetu are discovered as a retroperitoneal mass in the first year of life, and the condition is unusual in adulthood. We describe a case of fetus-in-fetu incidentally discovered in a 39-year-old man who complained of mild epigastralgia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a mass at the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Fetus-in-fetu was diagnosed by computed tomography as an incidental finding, which was not clearly related to his abdominal discomfort. The fetus-in-fetu was treated conservatively. His radiologic as well as clinical condition remained unchanged during 4 years of follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Clinico-metabolic status of fetuses and newborn infants with fetal macrosomia].

A study was made of the development of large fetuses during pregnancy with regard to the clinical picture, ultrasound screening of the placenta and fetuses, biochemical and immunological monitoring of blood of pregnant women, fetuses and neonates. 172 pregnant women were placed under observation. Of these, large fetuses (the main group) were born in 70 cases, whereas in 102 cases, the fetuses were of medium body weight (the control group). The comparison of the data obtained allows a conclusion that macrosomia gives rise to the acceleration of maturation of the fetal organs and systems, to the intensification of metabolism within the system mother--placenta--fetus.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Correlation of weight estimation in large and small fetuses with three-dimensional ultrasonographic volume measurements of the fetal upper-arm and thigh: A preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of measuring fetal upper-arm and thigh volume using three-dimensional ultrasonography with weight estimation in large and small fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors included 46 pregnant women admitted for delivery in the Labor Room at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, between February 1 and September 30, 2004. Inclusion criteria were: 1) singleton pregnancy; 2) delivery within 48 hours after study; 3) estimation birthweight < 2,500 g (small fetuses group: n = 22) or > 3,500 g (large fetus group: n = 24). All patients received two- and three-dimensional ultrasound examinations by an experienced practitioner The upper-arm and thigh volume were assessed using a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. RESULTS: In the large fetus group, upper-arm and thigh volume measurements by three-dimensional ultrasound strongly correlated with birthweight, r = 0.805 (95%CI = 0.594-0.912) and r = 0. 739 (95%CI = 0.478-0.880), respectively. In the small fetuses group, the upper-arm and thigh volume measurements, by three-dimensional ultrasound, strongly correlated with birthweight, r = 0.868 (95%CI = 0.689-0.946) and r = 0.835 (95%CI = 0.638-0.929), respectively. CONCLUSION: Upper-arm and thigh volumes measured by three-dimensional ultrasound highly correlates with weight estimation in large and small fetuses and can be used as a new modality for estimating fetal weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Hypothalamic influence on differentiation of the immunoreactive ACTH beta-LPH, alpha- and beta-endorphin containing cells in adenohypophysial primordia of rat fetus in organ culture (author's transl)].

Adenohypophysial primordia were isolated in rat fetuses from day 12.5 to day 15.5 of gestation. The organ culture employed for maintenance of the primordia was made up according to Watanabe et al. (1973). The fixation of primordia in Bouin Hollande's solution was performed after 9, 8, 7 or 6 days of culture when the normal duration of pregnancy was achieved. The cultivated primordia were immunologically studied using different antisera: anti-alpha(17-39)ACTH, anti-beta(1-24)ACTH, anti-beta-LPH, anti-alpha and anti-beta-endorphins, with immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence techniques, including control experiments of the specificity of the antisera. A similar study was performed on pituitaries removed from normal rat fetuses from day 16.5 of gestation and each day up to birth, and fixated immediately. In vivo the first cells reacting with all the antisera used in this study were observed on day 16.5 of gestation; their number increased during gestation (Fig. 1 A, B and C). Immunoreactive cells with the different antisera could be detected in primordia isolated on day 12.5 of gestation after 9 days of culture. Numerous groups of cells were observed in primordia of older fetuses (Fig. 2 A and B). These data indicate that the corticotropic cells in rat fetuses could start to be differentiated without stimuli from the hypothalamus since primordia were isolated before the appearance of this cell type in normal rat fetuses and before the differentiation of the hypothalamus. The presence of ACTH and other peptides such as beta-LPH or beta-endorphin would support the hypothesis of a common precursor in this cell type existing early in gestation. Similar results were obtained in human fetuses.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1979

The indirect fluorescent antibody technique as a method for detecting antibodies in aborted fetuses.

In this investigation the indirect fluorescent antibody technique was used to titrate antibodies in bovine sera to parainfluenza 3, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. These results were compared to those determined on the same samples by hemagglutination inhibition for parainfluenza 3 virus and serum neutralization for bovine virus diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The results of the serological methods agreed closely. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique is a rapid and sensitive method for detecting antibodies and the procedure lends itself to use in diagnostic laboratories. In addition to the above viruses the presence or absence of antibodies to bovine coronavirus and bovine adenovirus 3 were determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique in thoracic fluids from 100 aborted fetuses and 50 nonaborted fetuses. Results on these samples were not compared to hemagglutination inhibition or serum neutralization as the condition of fluid samples from aborted fetuses renders interpretation of such tests unreliable. Antibodies to one or more viruses were detected in 30 of the 100 aborted fetuses and in seven of the 50 nonaborted fetuses. Antibodies to more than one agent were detected in eleven of the 100 aborted and in one of the 50 nonaborted fetuses. Reasons for this occurrence and application of the test in determination of causes of abortion are discussed.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1989

In vivo regulation of adrenocorticotrophin secretion in the immature ovine fetus. Modulation by ovine corticotrophin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin.

This study investigates the in vivo regulation of ACTH secretion in the immature ovine fetus by AVP and oCRH. Previously we have demonstrated that whilst AVP-containing neurones are present from 42 days, oCRH-containing neurones cannot be detected in the fetal paraventricular nucleus or median eminence until after 90 or 100 days respectively. In acutely exteriorized fetuses aged between 64-90 days (n = 5), a haemorrhagic stress elicited a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in ACTH values. There was also a significant correlation between plasma ACTH and AVP concentrations in these fetuses. In chronically cannulated fetuses less than 100 days (n = 6) injection of AVP (200 ng) significantly elevated fetal plasma ACTH values at 10 min (P less than 0.01) post injection. Simultaneous injection of AVP (200 ng) and oCRH (10 micrograms) into these fetuses produced a plasma ACTH value that was significantly greater at 10 min (P less than 0.05) than the summed response obtained with separate injection of oCRH and AVP. When AVP and oCRH were injection in equimolar amounts to fetuses between 101-118 days, AVP (2 micrograms) was found to have a greater effect on ACTH than was oCRH (2 micrograms). Pretreatment with a specific vascular antagonist of AVP-d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP failed to significantly inhibit the increase in mean arterial pressure associated with AVP (2 micrograms) injection but partially antagonized (P = 0.04) the decrease in fetal heart rate. The antagonist however completely abolished any effect of AVP on fetal plasma ACTH values. This study suggests that AVP most likely acts through receptors in the fetal pituitary with V1 characteristics.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the thyroid and thymic arteries of Japanese adults and fetuses.

The arterial system of the thyroid gland and the thymus was reinvestigated in 43 fetuses and 77 adults. The textbook-type was low in frequency, being 2.3% in fetuses and 20.8% in adults. It is largely due to the existence of many abnormalities in constant arteries and of the anomalous arteries. Most of them were more abundant in fetuses than in adults with a few exceptions. Among the anomalous arteries, the middle thymothyroid artery showed the highest frequency of 44.2% in fetuses and of 27.3% in adults. The superior thymic artery and the middle thymic artery were also abundant, being 33.7%, 18.8% and 32.6%, 14.3% in fetuses and adults respectively. On the other hand, the supreme thymic artery and the thyroid ima artery arising from the internal thoracic artery were extremely rare. From these results, the basic arterial pattern of both glands and its transition to the textbook-type were discussed. It is suggested that if the thyroid and thymic arteries arising from the aortic arch or brachiocephalic artery are considered to be almost constant, the frequencies of the textbook-type increase to 14% in fetuses and 41.6% in adults respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Development of a system for ultrasonic three-dimensional reconstruction of fetus].

We have developed a system for ultrasonic three-dimensional (3-D) fetus reconstruction using computers. Either a real-time linear array probe or a convex array probe of an ultrasonic scanner was mounted on a position sensor arm of a manual compound scanner in order to detect the position of the probe. A microcomputer was used to convert the position information to what could be recorded on a video tape as an image. This image was superimposed on the ultrasonic tomographic image simultaneously with a superimposer and recorded on a video tape. Fetuses in utero were scanned in seven cases. More than forty ultrasonic section image on the video tape were fed into a minicomputer. The shape of the fetus was displayed three-dimensionally by means of computer graphics. The computer-generated display produced a 3-D image of the fetus and showed the usefulness and accuracy of this system. Since it took only a few seconds for data collection by ultrasonic inspection, fetal movement did not adversely affect the results. Data input took about ten minutes for 40 slices, and 3-D reconstruction and display took about two minutes. The system made it possible to observe and record the 3-D image of the fetus in utero non-invasively and therefore is expected to make it much easier to obtain a 3-D picture of the fetus in utero.

Computer Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of imipramine and its major metabolites in pregnant rats and their fetuses following a single dose.

The pharmacokinetic profiles of imipramine (IMI) and its major active metabolites were determined in pregnant rats following an acute 30 mg/kg ip IMI dose. At timed intervals from 10 min to 18 hr, groups of five animals were sacrificed and whole blood, plasma, maternal and fetal brain, fetal liver, placental tissue, and whole fetus were retained for measurements of drug concentrations. IMI, 2-hydroxyimipramine (2-OH-IMI), and desipramine (DMI) rapidly appeared in all tissues and showed complex disposition kinetics. The 2-hydroxydesipramine (2-OH-DMI) metabolite was detectable in occasional samples. The area under the drug concentration-time curve for both IMI and DMI was more than 7-fold greater in whole fetus than in maternal plasma. Drug concentrations were greater in fetal brain than in whole fetus. The DMI concentration exceeded that of IMI in all tissues and DMI persisted in tissues longer: mean residence time for DMI in whole fetus was 21.2 hr compared to 3.5 hr for IMI. The area under the curve of DMI in fetal brain was 5.35 times greater than that of IMI. These results demonstrate that IMI and two of its major metabolites freely distribute to the rat fetus, that drug distribution within the fetus is regional, and that the major drug to which the fetal brain is exposed following maternally administered IMI is DMI. Studies of the teratogenic effects of extensively biotransformed drugs like IMI should consider the effects of active metabolites.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Campylobacteriosis in an aborted equine fetus.

Abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was diagnosed in a 7-month-old equine fetus. The fetus was small for its gestational age. Macroscopically, the proximal portion of the small intestine was hemorrhagic and its wall was thick. Histologically, the Brunner glands were distended with neutrophils, and the submucosa was thick, owing to fluid accumulation and/or cellular infiltrates. Curved bacteria were observed in the Brunner glands and intestinal glands. Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was isolated from stomach contents, liver, and lungs, and was detected by dark-field microscopic examination of ocular fluid and stomach contents. Placenta was not available for examination.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1987

A comparative study of the growth of Campylobacter fetus strains in liquid media.

The growth of C. fetus fetus, C. fetus venerealis and C. fetus venerealis biotype intermedius was examined in 10 liquid media. From the data obtained, a 10% inoculum size and an oxygen level of 6% seemed imperative for consistent growth, especially for the C. fetus venerealis strain. A lowered redox potential obtained by the addition of 0, 1% cysteine-HC1 to the media was stimulatory. The medium which yielded the best growth was the one described by Dennis & Jones (1959). The fastidious C. fetus venerealis strain yielded maximum values of 0,5% packed cell volumes after 48 h cultivation in a microaerophilic atmosphere on this medium. The other strains yielded higher values.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1987

The development of perirenal fat depots in obese and lean pig fetuses.

The differentiation of perirenal adipose tissue was ascertained in fetuses from Ossabaw (wild and obese) and cross-bred lean dams at 70, 90 and 110 days gestation and from domestic lean and obese dams (USDA) at 110 days gestation. Condensation of presumptive adipocyte clusters was more apparent in Ossabaw sections than in cross-bred (lean) sections at 90 and 110 days gestation. Enzyme and lipid histochemistry showed fat cell cluster development to be largely independent of fetal strain (Ossabaw vs crossbred). However, adipocytes in Ossabaw fetuses were larger (110 days) and more reactive for esterase activity (all three ages) than were adipocytes from crossbred fetuses. Fetuses from USDA-obese dams had larger fat cell diameters (P less than 0.01), a higher percentage of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) positive cells than did fetuses from USDA-lean dams. Perirenal fat pad weights, percent depot lipid, percentages of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) positive cells were independent of fetal strain (USDA, lean vs obese). Fat cell cluster development was independent of fetal strain but large cellular condensations of presumptive cells were only present in sections from lean fetuses. Immature capillary beds (devoid of adipocytes) were demonstrable in lean sections but were not observed in obese sections. Morphological and histochemical results from both studies provide no evidence for brown adipocyte-like cells in fetal perirenal tissues.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

[Dynamics of quantitative changes in mineral components of body fluids and organs of sows and their fetuses in ontogenic development].

The experiment was carried out on 4 gilts and 29 pregnant sows and their fetuses (pregnancy period from 21st to 112th day). The animals were divided into groups in relation to the duration of pregnancy. The content of Na, K, Mg and Ca in the serum of sows and fetuses and also in several organs of the sows and fetuses was determined by the method of atomic absorbtion whereas the content of inorganic and total P was determined by colorimetric method. The results were converted into 1 kg of dry matter content. It was found that there is difference in administration of Ca and Na during pregnancy of swine in compare with other species. During pregnancy large amounts of these elements accumulate in placenta but their increase in the serum of fetuses becomes unaffected, although this occurs in other species. Inner organs of sows, i.e. liver, kidneys and spleen accumulate considerable amounts of Na and Ca, especially in early pregnancy, towards the the end of pregnancy the content of all mineral components in the liver of fetus decreases, whereas in kidneys only the content of Na and Ca, and in the spleen only Na content is depressed. In the fetuses liquids several irregular changes in the concentration of mineral substances were found, particularly in the allantoic fluid.

Allantois↗
PubMed1985

[Kinetics of 3H-remantadine accumulation and excretion in the tissues of pregnant mice and their fetuses].

The authors studied the pharmacodynamics of remantadin in fetuses, liver, kidneys and spleen of pregnant mice after a single oral administration of 3H-remantadin in a dose of 2.8 mg/kg. Thirty to 60 min after the drug administration the fetuses and tissues showed the maximal amount of the drug penetrating an organ. The greatest amount of remantadin was detected in the liver, the least amount in the kidneys and fetuses. The drug half-life in organs and fetuses did not exceed 2 hours. Twelve hours after the drug administration the kidneys and spleen demonstrated remantadin traces (less than 0.1%), the fetuses showed 0.2% and the liver about 0.7% of the drug. It is concluded that remantadin is marked by good placenta permeability and that it is completely eliminated from the fetus.

Adamantane↗
PubMed1983

Changes in the LH response to GnRH in the ovine fetus and neonate.

The in vivo responsiveness of the ovine fetal and neonatal pituitary was investigated using acute and chronic preparations. Several studies were performed on six fetuses and six lambs from 112 days' gestation through 5 weeks after birth. Ten micrograms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was injected intravenously into each fetus and lamb, and serial blood samples were collected from the fetus, ewe and lamb. The luteinizing hormone (LH) content of each sample was determined by species-specific radioimmunoassay. Both the fetus and the neonate showed a response to GnRH. A significant elevation of LH was found in all animals by 15 minutes. There was no response in the ewe when GnRH was injected into its fetus. Great variability in response was noted among various age groups and between animals, with the maximum individual LH response reaching 33.7 ng/ml. The maximum LH response of the neonate during the first week of life was significantly depressed (p < 0.05) as compared to that of the fetus and the older neonate.

Age Factors↗