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PubMed1992

Indian spinal injuries centre.

A 110-bedded spinal injury centre is under construction in New Delhi. This centre will be equipped through Indo-Italian friendship with the latest medical and technical equipment. The centre will be ready in September 1992 for the treatment of acute injuries from Delhi and surrounding areas and will treat complicated cases referred by other centres/hospitals in India. Research and training of doctors, nurses and rehabilitation staff will be an integral part of the centre.

Health Facilities↗
PubMed2004

Effects of peer training and written text cueing on social communication of school-age children with pervasive developmental disorder.

This study consecutively examined the effects of 2 social interventions-- peer training and written text treatment--on the social communication of 5 elementary students with pervasive developmental disorder. Each child with autism was paired with 2 peers without disabilities to form 5 triads. In Intervention 1 (peer training), peers were taught to use 5 facilitative social skills over 5 days. After peer training, 4 children with autism increased or used more stable rates of initiations and contingent responses overall. However, all children continued to demonstrate deficits in specific social-communication skills. Once Intervention 2 (direct instruction using written text cues) was implemented, increased use of 3 different communication skills was observed across all 5 participants. In addition, social validity outcomes revealed improved quality of child-peer interactions, 2 teacher reports of improved social skill development, and improved acceptance and friendship ratings for the children with autism. Results support the use of written text cues to improve children's social communication with peers, and suggest that combining approaches may be necessary to improve the quality of children's relationships.

Asperger Syndrome↗
PubMed1978

Effect of lisping on audience evaluation of male speakers.

The social consequences of adult listeners' first impression of lisping were evaluated in two studies. Five adult speakers were rated by adult listeners with regard to speaking ability, intelligence, education, masculinity, and friendship. Results from both studies indicate that listeners rate adult speakers who demonstrate frontal lisping lower than nonlispers in all five categories investigated. Efforts to correct frontal lisping are justifiable on the basis of the poor impression lisping speakers make on the listener.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

How adolescents comprehend unfamiliar proverbs: the role of top-down and bottom-up processes.

Typically achieving students who were 12, 15, and 18 years old (n = 150) participated in this investigation. The goal was to determine the extent to which students' prior knowledge of the nouns in unfamiliar proverbs would be associated with their ability to comprehend the expressions and how the relationship between word knowledge and proverb comprehension might change during the developmental period from late childhood to late adolescence. Proverbs containing concrete nouns (e.g., "Two captains will sink a ship") (concrete proverbs) and those containing abstract nouns (e.g., "Envy is destroyed by true friendship") (abstract proverbs) were presented in a multiple-choice task designed to examine comprehension of the expressions. Knowledge of the relevant semantic features of each noun was examined in a separate multiple-choice task. Word knowledge was found to be associated with proverb comprehension in all groups--and particularly so in the case of abstract proverbs. The results support a model of proverb comprehension in adolescents that includes bottom-up in addition to top-down processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Peer relations in childhood.

We present a developmental model that describes normal peer relations and highlights processes that underlie the emergence of problems with peers in childhood. We propose that children's relationships with peers begin in the first years of life, with stable individual differences and preferences for particular peers emerging by three years of age. Social skills that facilitate peer relationships consolidate in the preschool years, during which time peer groups become structured with respect to friendship groups, gender, and dominance relations; some children begin to be rejected by their peers. In later childhood some children develop entrenched problems with peer relationships, in terms of loneliness, bullying and victimisation. Underlying cognitive and emotional processes that facilitate successful peer relationships at all ages are identified, and the extent to which peer relations play a causal role in the genesis of disorder is evaluated. A review of the evidence suggests that, rather than a simple pathway from problematic peer relations to disorder, there is a reciprocal relationship between children's problems with peers and their psychological problems from infancy to adolescence.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

Family and friends' influences on the uptake of regular smoking from mid-adolescence to early adulthood.

AIMS: To examine the effect of family and friends' smoking on uptake of regular smoking among young people from mid-adolescence to early adulthood; whether such effects are time limited, vary by social class and gender, and the extent to which uptake precedes or follows friends' smoking. SETTING: The West of Scotland. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A longitudinal survey of 1009 15-year-olds interviewed at baseline, followed-up at 16, 18, 21 and 23 years of age, using interviews and postal questionnaires. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported measures of smoking were used, allowing analysis of the uptake of regular smoking (1 + cigarette per day) between 15 and 23, and in the periods 15-16, 16-18 and 18-21 years. Measures of parental and sibling smoking and social class were obtained at baseline and respondents' reports of friends' smoking at 15 and 18 years. FINDINGS: Regular smoking more than doubled between 15 (14%) and 23 (36%). Adjusted for other factors, no independent effect of parental smoking on uptake in any period was observed, an effect of sibling smoking being confined to uptake between 15 and 16. Friends' smoking at 15 increased the likelihood of uptake up to 10 times over the next year, but did not extend to later years; that at 18 increased it up to three times between 18 and 21. These effects did not vary by gender or social class. Further analysis revealed a strong effect of friends' smoking at age 18 on earlier as well as later uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Contrasting with prevalent assumptions, the period from mid-adolescence to early adulthood is important for uptake of regular smoking, and in particular reveals friends' smoking to be of continuing significance, especially around school-leaving when friendship networks often change markedly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Perceptions of the quality of life for the adolescent with a chronic illness by teachers, parents and health professionals: a Delphi study.

AIMS: The perceptions that teachers, parents and health professionals have on the relative importance of different aspects of quality of life (QOL) for the adolescent with a chronic illness were explored using a three-round Delphi study. METHODS: The first round questionnaire identified the level of importance each panel attached to 16 aspects relating to QOL. Panellists were also encouraged to provide additional comments on why they felt a particular item was important. In round two, panellists were asked to prioritize the items in order of importance, whereas round three attempted to achieve consensus among each of the three panels. RESULTS: Differences between and within panels in the prioritization of items in round one and round two were evident. However, consensus was achieved in round three, except for the prioritization of very important items by the panel of teachers. Items identified by all three panels as extremely important included the adolescent's attitude, family relationships and friendships with the same age group. Themes to emerge from the qualitative responses to the open-ended questions included the perception of the chronically ill adolescent 'not wanting to be different' and the importance of a 'positive attitude'. The majority of participants also perceived adolescents with a chronic illness as having worse QOL than their healthy counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: By increasing the awareness among the different groups of the impact of chronic illness on various aspects of adolescent QOL, the overall care and support of those adolescents could be improved. Further studies should also be undertaken to explore the views of the chronically ill adolescents themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Patient perceptions of nursing care: an emerging theory of interpersonal competence.

Nurse-patient interactions were examined to identify elements of interpersonal competence among nurses from the perspective of patients. Forty patients and 12 nurses participated in this qualitative study at a private acute care hospital. Two-hundred and forty-five observations were completed. Open-ended questions were utilized in 85 audio-taped semi-structured interviews. Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously using the constant comparative method. Four major processes emerged from the data to provide the framework for the themes: 'translating', 'getting to know you', 'establishing trust', and 'going the extra mile'. In the 'translating' theme, patients expressed satisfaction with the nurse-patient interaction when nurses informed, explained and instructed on specific aspects of treatment, and taught general principles of care. The nurses' personal sharing, kidding and clicking appeared as important processes in 'getting to know you'. Patients reported confidence and trust when nurses took charge and appeared to enjoy their work. The theme of 'going the extra mile' included friendship and providing care beyond that expected. The processes provide a framework for an emerging theory of interpersonal competence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

From individual to group: use of narratives in a participatory research process.

AIMS: This paper provides a theoretical understanding of narrative research and its use in research. It aims to expose the ways narrative research, when taken beyond the researcher's lone analysis of text, can contribute to the development of clinical knowledge. BACKGROUND: Methodological approaches involving the construction of narratives are increasingly apparent in the nursing and allied health literature. Narratives, constructed from stories of nursing practice, become texts available for analysis. This is undertaken predominantly by a researcher engaged in a lone activity with little involvement of those contributing the stories. METHODS: This paper is drawn from a critical praxis study of nurse-patient friendship utilizing participatory research processes. The nurses involved in the study were co-researchers in an indepth study of their relationships with patients. FINDINGS: The paper traces the movement from naïve story, through individual narratives during interviews with each nursing and demonstrates the changes in understanding about the narrative accounts that occurred during the participatory group process. CONCLUSION: The nurses involved in this study were able, through the use of narrative stories reexamined in a group context, to develop new insights and understandings about their practice. Knowledge generated in these ways remains grounded in the real life world of clinical nursing and gives voice to the complexity of those aspects of nursing practice that are taken for granted.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Mutual relating: developing interpersonal relationships in the community.

AIM OF THE PAPER: This paper, which is part of a larger study that examined how community mental health nurses promoted wellness with young adult who were experiencing an early episode of psychotic illness, aims to explicate how nurses develop interpersonal relationships with these consumers. RATIONALE: Research into the development of interpersonal skills is important because they are an essential foundation to the promotion of wellness in psychotic illness. DESIGN/METHODS: The study used Strauss and Corbin's approach to grounded theory methodology. Concurrent data collection and analysis was undertaken incorporating interviews and observations. The study took place in the community, in rural and regional New South Wales, Australia, and involved consumers, significant others, and community mental health nurses. RESULTS: The findings show that several strategies are associated with mutual relating. Attempting to understand necessitates nurses trying to see it from insiders' points of view, while acknowledging that they can never completely understand their illness experience. Being friendly indicates that the qualities of a friendly relationship should be implicit in a professional friendship. Tuning in involves taking account of and adjusting to consumers' ways of dressing, communicating, and the types of approaches that consumers prefer. Revealing oneself is a process that helps put both consumers and nurses at ease, and helps dispel the perception consumers take part in a one-sided relationship. Being there for them, is a particular type of obligation that entails nurses being accountable for the care they provide, being a spokesperson for consumers, if required, and avoiding collusion with others. Related to avoiding collusion, is the issue of maintaining confidentiality, particularly within the context of interacting with significant others. CONCLUSION: The results of the study have implications for the way nurses develop and maintain interpersonal relationships with consumers, and this is affected by nurses' personal and professional attributes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A critique of research on the use of activities with persons with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic literature review.

TOPIC: The topic of this paper concerns the use of therapeutic activities with persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). PURPOSE: The purpose is to present a critique of the research on these activities, with an emphasis on methodology. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT AND SCOPE: Nursing literature identifies a number of purposes for activities for persons with AD. Activities should be therapeutic, enhance quality of life, arrest mental decline, and generate and maintain self-esteem. Other purposes of activities for this population are to create immediate pleasure, re-establish dignity, provide meaningful tasks, restore roles, and enable friendships. Activities may be more important to the psychological state of well-being of persons with dementia than the general physical and social environments in which they live. SOURCES: The literature reviewed was identified with the use of computer data bases (Medline - 1991-March 2001; Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) - 1991-March 2001; and PsychLit - 1988-March 1999). In addition, data bases of Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Indexes as they appear in the computer base, Web of Science, were searched for 1992-2001. The time period for each search was determined by the manner in which the literature was grouped for inclusion in the particular database. Hand searches of 11 selected journals included the years 1993-2001. The search dates were selected to reflect the time period when the largest number of studies on activities and AD have appeared in the professional literature. We critique a total of 33 studies. CONCLUSIONS: While researchers have demonstrated interest in the use of activities with persons with AD, theoretical and methodological difficulties, unclear findings and gaps exist, including a lack of emphasis on gender, ethnic, racial or cultural differences. Sampling issues involving diagnosis and staging complicate the research on individuals with AD. Case studies, single subject experimental designs, and tightly controlled quasi-experimental and experimental designs are needed to advance knowledge in this important area.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

The impact of incontinence on older spousal caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The role of informal spousal caregivers has increased as the population ages, levels of disability in society increase, and governments seek to restrain expenditure on the provision of institutional health care. Care giving has attracted a vast body of research, largely directed at caregiver burden. Incontinence, however, has been relatively unexplored, despite being a common problem faced by caregivers, and being recognised as a major caregiver burden and predictor of institutional placement. AIMS: This study began to explore the impact of care recipient incontinence on major care providers, that is, their spouses. APPROACH: A qualitative approach based on the grounded theory method was used. Eight home-based caregivers of spouses with incontinence were interviewed. FINDINGS: Data analysis revealed a number of categories, grouped under three major themes: underpinnings, processes and consequences. The underpinnings were lifelong love and friendship, and acceptance; the processes were problem-solving and constant watchfulness. The consequences were role change, financial cost, decreased intimacy, emotional responses, sleeping issues and social isolation. DISCUSSION: The research highlighted the interconnectedness of factors in the experiences of carers, reinforcing the need for holistic assessment beyond a focus on the "continence issue" alone. Nevertheless, simple interventions could make substantial differences. A framework is proposed which may guide nursing assessment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Mature women's experiences of preregistration nurse education.

BACKGROUND: The government of the United Kingdom is encouraging more flexible recruitment strategies to overcome the shortage of qualified nurses. Mature women returning to education, often after completing their families, are a major target, but there has been little evaluation of their experiences as higher education students of nursing. AIM: The aim of the study was to follow-up a previous quantitative study of mature women students' outcomes on preregistration diploma courses in order to gain a deeper understanding of their experiences, and consider ways in which their needs might be addressed. METHODS: Five focus groups were conducted in one higher education institution, and data were analysed using thematic analysis, assisted by the 'spike' feature of Word for Windows. FINDINGS: Three major themes were identified: 'Didn't know what to expect', 'Reality shock' and 'Learning the game'. Subthemes of 'Learning the game' were 'Academic study', 'Practice placements and shift work', 'Managing the effect of course workload on domestic roles', 'Personal growth and changing relationships', and 'Support systems and friendships'. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are discussed in relation to reports of women's experiences in higher education in general. We conclude that the situation and needs of mature women preregistration nursing students are such that fundamental curriculum redesign is needed so that they can participate in higher education in ways that allow integration of their family and student lives, and permit them to benefit from the higher education experience in the same ways as younger students. The study is limited by its local nature, but the findings mirror those of other work, giving reassurance of its wider applicability. Recommendations are made for changes in the philosophy and organization of future programmes to improve their appropriateness and acceptability to mature women nursing students.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Mothers' experience of social support following the death of a child.

1. This study aimed at analysing the grief and coping of mothers whose child had died under the age of 7 years. The paper describes the social support received as experienced by mothers. 2. Data were collected using a survey (n=91) and interviews (n=50) with mothers who had lost their child at least 1 year previously. The questionnaire contained questions concerning background characteristics, the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist and open-ended questions. Survey data were analysed using a two-way analysis of variance, Wilcoxon test, cross-tabulation and content analysis. Interview data were analysed using inductive content analysis. 3. Findings showed that the spouse, children, grandparents, next of kin, friends and colleagues were the main sources of support. 4. Support consisted of emotional support, informational and instrumental support, and consolation and caring. Informational support consisted of advice and guidance from the mother's own mother or fellow sufferers. Instrumental support consisted of assistance with practical issues. Negative support manifested itself in unwarranted interference by relatives in the family's affairs or breaking up of friendships. 5. Mothers expected professional practitioners to provide honest information about the dying child's illness and practical arrangements after the child's death, and to keep up hope as long as the child was alive. 6. The care facility was also expected to maintain contact with the family after the child's death.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Psychosocial disadvantages in the lives of persons with long-term mental illness living in a Swedish community.

The aim of this study was to gain in-depth knowledge of how persons with long-term mental illness experience their everyday situation, in order to identify potential psychosocial obstacles to a meaningful existence. The focus was on psychosocial aspects, such as contact with others and the quality of these contacts. An ethnographic design was used, in order to provide an inside perspective. Four persons with long-term mental illness participated in the study. Three open-ended interviews, at 1-week intervals, were conducted with each informant. Analysis of transcribed material consisted of naive reading and content analysis guided by the investigators' understanding of the psychiatric context. Three themes were generated: feeling lonely but being unable to establish friendships; knowledge of what to do but lacking initiative; and awareness of the need for support but not wanting to be subject to control. These themes reflect contradictions between thoughts, feelings and actions, which seem to contribute to a psychosocial disadvantage in the life of persons with long-term mental illness.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Child rotavirus infection in association with acute gastroenteritis in two Chinese sentinel hospitals.

Rotavirus gastroenteritis is an important pediatric disease in China. In a survey of rotavirus infection at two sentinel hospitals in China (Beijing Friendship Hospital and Changchun Children's Hospital), 296 cases were detected. A total of 283 (95.6%) cases of rotavirus infection occurred in children under 5 years of age. Serotype G1 (62%) was most prevalent followed by G2 (28.5%), G3 (5%) and G4 (2%). Mixed infections (n = 8, 3%) were rate, and 16 isolates (5.5%) remained non-typeable. A consistent epidemic occurred during the winter. Rotavirus was responsible for about 61.8% of diarrhea-related hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age, with a mean hospital stay of 5.6 days (1.0-21 days). The estimated rate of rotavirus-attributed hospitalizations was 16/1000 children under 5 years of age per year. Rotavirus-related death is rare in Changchun and Beijing. The present findings suggest that a rotavirus vaccine for the prevention of severe disease and a reduction of treatment costs would be of significant benefit to China.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ICN story--1899-1999.

Despite wars, political and economic chaos and racial and religious strife the International Council of Nurses (ICN) has been held together for 100 years by a "special glue" concocted by dedicated nurses. Its ingredients: friendship, collegial support and enthusiasm. Today ICN is still thriving, leading and representing nurses from all over the world. Below, a part of its fascinating history based on Nurses of all Nations: A History of the International Council of Nurses, 1899-1999 to be published this Spring by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2002

'From victim to agent': the clinical and social significance of self-help group participation for people with life-threatening diseases.

AIM: The main objective of the paper is to discuss the ways in which self-help groups can be useful to persons with life-threatening diseases like cancer or human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The paper offers an outline of the central characteristics of self-help groups, highlighted by the participants themselves. BACKGROUND: Self-help groups are a growing phenomenon across national borders. New empirical sociological studies show that nurses have become important agents in self-help groups, both within and outside the public health-care system. However, research on self-help groups is a relatively new area within nursing studies yet it serves an important function in shedding light on a rather unique form of social practice organized and managed partly by the participants themselves. METHODS: Qualitative interviews designed to examine how participants evaluate their experiences with self-help groups. The study includes 53 self-help group participants suffering from cancer or HIV/AIDS. FINDINGS: Contact with other people, forming of friendships, new networks and increased self-confidence are some of the effects indicated by the participants. Participation in a self-help group has a positive impact on the patients' ability to cope with the psychological and social consequences of living with a life-threatening disease. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that the positive effects of self-help groups are mainly because of their inherent capacity for universalizing personal problems, which, in itself, legitimizes the scientific relevance of self-help groups. There is no evidence to indicate that self-help groups have a positive influence on the life expectancy of participants who suffer from cancer or HIV/AIDS, but it should be noted that this is not the explicit concern when groups are formed. By their very existence self-help groups indicate the need for a reevaluation of the scope and focus of the individualized care and nursing. The clinical and social significance of self-help group participation has not been sufficiently accounted for.

Denmark↗